As part of the response to the threat of dangerous climate change a variety of methods have emerged for measuring greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere, assigning responsibility for those emissions, and informing decisions on mitigation actions. Many of these greenhouse gas accounting methods have developed in semi-isolated fields of practice, and this raises questions about how these different methods relate to each other, and whether they form ‘families’ of conceptually similar approaches. A useful distinction has developed within the field of life cycle assessment (LCA) between attributional and consequential methods, and this thesis explores the possibility of extending that distinction to categorise other forms of greenhouse gas accounting. Broadly, attributional methods are inventories of emissions/removals for a defined inventory boundary, while consequential methods aim to estimate system-wide changes in emissions that result from a decision or action. This thesis suggests that national greenhouse gas inventories, city inventories, corporate inventories, and attributional LCA are all attributional in nature, while project-level assessments, policy-level assessments, and consequential LCA are all consequential in nature. The potential benefits from creating this categorical framework include ensuring that individual methods are conceptually coherent, transposing lessons between methods of the same categorical type, and ensuring that the correct type of method is used for a given purpose. These various benefits are explored conceptually through the analysis of existing greenhouse gas accounting standards, and also empirically with the use of a bioenergy case study. The findings suggest that the attributional-consequential distinction is highly useful for conceptualising and developing greenhouse gas accounting methods, which is important, ultimately, for addressing dangerous climate change.

La lutte contre le changement climatique implique de modifier les modes de production et de consommation actuels pour réduire de façon drastique les émissions de gaz à effet de serre dont la grande majorité est liée à la combustion d’énergies fossiles. Face à ces enjeux, de nombreux pays se sont engagés dans une transition énergétique pour faire évoluer leur système énergétique, notamment électrique de façon à répondre en partie aux exigences d’une économie bas carbone. Pour guider les acteurs dans leurs choix stratégiques, des outils d’aide à la décision s’avèrent efficaces pour identifier les leviers potentiels de réduction des impacts environnementaux, notamment par la méthode d’Analyse du Cycle de Vie (ACV) qui évalue les impacts d’un produit sur tout son cycle de vie. L’un de ses développements, l’ACV conséquentielle, vise à analyser les impacts d’un changement, et prend donc en compte ses effets directs et indirects sur l’environnement. Cette méthode reste encore peu utilisée par les praticiens en raison du manque d’inventaires génériques pour ACV conséquentielle. Ce constat est d’autant plus marquant pour l’électricité, largement utilisée dans la technosphère, dont la production évolue significativement pour s’engager dans la transition énergétique. Les travaux présentés ici visent à proposer une méthode d’élaboration d’inventaires électricité génériques pour ACV conséquentielle, qui intègrent les spécificités techniques du produit électricité, à travers le bouquet énergétique ou mix qui combine les différents moyens de production, variables selon le pays considéré. Afin de parvenir à simplifier les mix de production d’électricité, une typologie est établie à partir de l’étude des émissions de Gaz à Effet de Serre (GES), des mix et de leur décomposition en moyens de production. Elle identifie 4 groupes de pays, classés par émissions GES croissantes, i.e., 0-37 gCO2eq/kWh, 37-300 gCO2eq/kWh, 300-600 gCO2eq/kWh et >600gCO2eq/kWh, et qui possèdent des caractéristiques de composition spécifiques. Afin de se positionner dans une perspective conséquentielle, l’évolution de douze mix électriques de 1960 à 2010 est analysée. L’analyse historique des phénomènes de transition, c’est-à-dire le passage d’un groupe à un autre de la typologie, est ensuite proposée. Un modèle basé sur une optimisation mono-objectif impliquant, dans un premier temps, un critère de minimisation des émissions GES, et puis dans un second temps, un critère de maximisation de la production d’origine renouvelable est développé. Les résultats sont discutés sur la base des données historiques. La méthode développée reste cependant suffisamment générique pour s’appliquer à des évolutions futures de mix. Enfin, une méthode d’élaboration des inventaires génériques est proposée. Prenant en compte les différentes situations auxquelles le praticien pourrait être confronté lors de la réalisation d’une ACV conséquentielle d’un produit, elle rend possible l’élaboration des inventaires électricité génériques pour ACV conséquentielle. L’établissement de données génériques quantifiées nécessiterait l’intégration d’un critère qualitatif d’inertie au changement et la validation de plusieurs cas d’étude à travers une étude statistique pour consolider les résultats / Climate change mitigation involves changes in production and consumption ways to boost a radical decrease in Greenhouse Gases (GHG) emissions, which come mostly from fossil fuels combustion. To meet these challenges, a lot of countries initiated an energy transition to switch to new energy system, especially concerning electricity production, in such a way that they partly fulfil low carbon economy requirements. To provide decision-makers guidance in their strategic choices, decision-aid tools are useful to identify and reduce environmental impacts burdens. In particular, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) which assesses environmental impacts throughout a product's life cycle is now a recognized and standard approach. Consequential LCA (cLCA), one of its most recent developments, assesses changes consequences considering either direct or indirect effects on environment. Currently, due to the lack of generic consequential Life Cycle Inventories (LCI), cLCA is scarcely used by practicioners. This situation is emphasized for electricity, due to its large involvement in technosphere and its shifts to production modes in the context of energy transition. This work aims at the development of a design methodology for generic inventories for consequential LCA, taking in account electricity technical specificities. Electricity is defined here as a different production means combination (a “mix”) which varies from country to country. To simplify electricity production mix, a typology is set using a GHG emissions study and electricity mix separation in production means. The typology identifies four groups, ranked by increasing GHG emissions, i.e, 0-37 gCO2eq/kWh, 37-300 gCO2eq/kWh, 300-600 gCO2eq/kWh and >600 gCO2eq/kWh, and specific compositions. Considering a consequential perspective, an evolution analysis of twelve selected countries from 1960 to 2010 is then conducted. Thus, an analysis of past transitions, i.e., shifting from a group to another, is given. Amono-objective optimisation model is developed, involving, first, the minimisation of GHG emissions, and secondly, the maximisation of renewable sources contribution. Significant results are then discussed based on historical data. The model is yet generic enough and can be applied to future mixes. Finally, a generic inventory development method for consequential LCA is proposed. Taking into account the different situations that practitioners may potentially meet when performing a consequential LCA of a product, the method makes generic inventory development for consequential LCA possible. The establishment of generic data would yet require the addition of a qualitative inertia-tochange criteria and the validation of various cases using a statistical analysis to strengthen the obtained results.

O presente trabalho apresenta o resultado da análise sobre o novo foco da ferramenta Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida (ACV): a ACV consequencial. O método convencional da ACV - ACV atribucional - tem sido criticado pelo fato de não suportar decisões baseadas em cenários futuros. Como resposta a esta deficiência, a ACV consequencial surge como uma proposta a um método mais apropriado que avalia consequências ambientais futuras provocadas pelo uso do produto em estudo. O enfoque consequencial apresenta uma abordagem nova da ACV; ainda existem visões distintas e, algumas vezes, divergentes desta abordagem na comunidade internacional da ACV, seja na área acadêmica, seja fora dela. Neste trabalho são apresentadas e discutidas as diferenças, limitações, vantagens e desvantagens entre essas duas ferramentas. Foi possível observar que na realização de um estudo de ACV de um produto ou serviço, a definição do objetivo e escopo do estudo é fundamental para a escolha de qual enfoque da ACV será aplicado. Observou-se, também, que há limitações metodológicas tanto para a ACV atribucional como para a ACV consequencial. No caso da ACV atribucional, por exemplo, há incertezas com relação à escolha subjetiva do método de alocação de co-produtos. Já no caso da ACV consequencial, os resultados podem ser mais sensíveis e mais suscetíveis a incertezas devido às inclusões de estudo da tendência e projeções do mercado para a escolha dos dados e tecnologias marginais, e para a previsão de dados. / The main purpose of this master is to present the analysis results on the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) new approach: consequential LCA. The conventional method of LCA the attributional approach - has been criticized for not supporting decisions based on future scenarios. In response to this deficiency, the consequential LCA appears as a proposal to a more appropriate method to evaluate future environmental consequences caused by the use of the product under study. As the consequential LCA represents a new approach to LCA, there still are divergent opinions within the LCA international community. In this work, there are shown and discussed the main differences, limitations between these two approaches. It was observed that in conducting an LCA study of a product or service, the definition of the objective and scope of the study is fundamental to the choice of which LCA methodology is applied. It was also observed that there are methodological limitations to both attributional LCA and consequential LCA. In case of attributional LCA, for example, there are uncertainties related to the subjective choice of the allocation method of co-products. In case of consequential LCA, the results may be more sensitive and more susceptible to uncertainties due to inclusions of trend studies and market projections for choosing marginal data and technologies, and for forecast data.

O presente trabalho apresenta o resultado da análise sobre o novo foco da ferramenta Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida (ACV): a ACV consequencial. O método convencional da ACV - ACV atribucional - tem sido criticado pelo fato de não suportar decisões baseadas em cenários futuros. Como resposta a esta deficiência, a ACV consequencial surge como uma proposta a um método mais apropriado que avalia consequências ambientais futuras provocadas pelo uso do produto em estudo. O enfoque consequencial apresenta uma abordagem nova da ACV; ainda existem visões distintas e, algumas vezes, divergentes desta abordagem na comunidade internacional da ACV, seja na área acadêmica, seja fora dela. Neste trabalho são apresentadas e discutidas as diferenças, limitações, vantagens e desvantagens entre essas duas ferramentas. Foi possível observar que na realização de um estudo de ACV de um produto ou serviço, a definição do objetivo e escopo do estudo é fundamental para a escolha de qual enfoque da ACV será aplicado. Observou-se, também, que há limitações metodológicas tanto para a ACV atribucional como para a ACV consequencial. No caso da ACV atribucional, por exemplo, há incertezas com relação à escolha subjetiva do método de alocação de co-produtos. Já no caso da ACV consequencial, os resultados podem ser mais sensíveis e mais suscetíveis a incertezas devido às inclusões de estudo da tendência e projeções do mercado para a escolha dos dados e tecnologias marginais, e para a previsão de dados. / The main purpose of this master is to present the analysis results on the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) new approach: consequential LCA. The conventional method of LCA the attributional approach - has been criticized for not supporting decisions based on future scenarios. In response to this deficiency, the consequential LCA appears as a proposal to a more appropriate method to evaluate future environmental consequences caused by the use of the product under study. As the consequential LCA represents a new approach to LCA, there still are divergent opinions within the LCA international community. In this work, there are shown and discussed the main differences, limitations between these two approaches. It was observed that in conducting an LCA study of a product or service, the definition of the objective and scope of the study is fundamental to the choice of which LCA methodology is applied. It was also observed that there are methodological limitations to both attributional LCA and consequential LCA. In case of attributional LCA, for example, there are uncertainties related to the subjective choice of the allocation method of co-products. In case of consequential LCA, the results may be more sensitive and more susceptible to uncertainties due to inclusions of trend studies and market projections for choosing marginal data and technologies, and for forecast data.

The subject of this diploma thesis is the analysis of the legal regulation of environmental impact assessment (EIA). EIA is one of the horizontal instruments of environmental law. It is based on the principle of prevention and sustainable development. The Czech legislation can be found primarily in the EIA Act which, to a large extent, is the result of the transposition of the EIA Directive. National and European regulation of environmental impact assessment is significantly influenced by international law, in particular by the Espoo Convention and the Aarhus Convention. Non-legally binding documents are also very important. During the environmental impact assessment process, which consists of several phases, the significant impacts of the project on the environment and public health are examined and evaluated. Not all projects are subject to assessment, but only those which are stipulated directly by law ("obligatorily assessed projects") or by the relevant administrative authority in the screening procedure ("facultatively assessed projects"). The result of the assessment, which is performed by authorized experts, serves as an objective expert basis for the so-called consequential proceedings, in which a decision is made on the approval of the project. The environmental impact assessment process...

A Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida é uma das principais técnicas de avaliação ambiental de bens e serviços e pode ser classificada em duas abordagens: atribucional e consequencial. A atribucional, caracterizada pelo uso de dados médios de ICV e de alocação de coprodutos, tem como objetivo a avaliação dos impactos ambientais de um produto do berço ao túmulo, em um sistema estático. A ACV consequencial consiste na avaliação das consequências ambientais em um sistema dinâmico, orientado por mudanças. Esta abordagem vem sendo intensamente discutida na literatura internacional, porém, no Brasil ainda se trata de um tema pouco explorado. O presente trabalho visa aprofundar a discussão entre as duas abordagens da ACV. Para isso, utilizaram-se os seguintes procedimentos metodológicos: revisão da literatura e aplicação das abordagens ao biocombustível etanol hidratado de cana-de-açúcar. Os resultados apontam que a ACV atribucional apresentou maiores cargas ambientais em todas as categorias de impacto, com principalmente nas categorias de Ecotoxicidade Aquática, Ecotoxicidade Terrestre e Depleção Abiótica. Isto se deve à subtração das cargas ambientais referentes aos produtos evitados, considerados na análise devido à expansão do sistema realizada na abordagem consequencial com a finalidade de evitar a alocação que, por sua vez, foi utilizada na abordagem atribucional. Notou-se que, em teoria, a principal diferença entre as abordagens da ACV consiste em seus distintos alinhamentos quanto à aplicação pretendida, sendo a atribucional voltada ao conhecimento dos impactos ambientais do ciclo de vida de um produto e identificação de pontos críticos no sistema, e a abordagem consequencial voltada à identificação das consequências ambientais geradas por uma mudança no sistema de produto investigado. Na prática, entretanto, foram encontradas algumas limitações que comprometeram a operacionalização do estudo consequencial, distanciando-a do seu propósito teórico. Dentre estas limitações merecem destaque: o grande número de simplificações intrínsecas ao método aplicado e a falta de transparência quanto à base de dados de background utilizada. Notou-se que a operacionalização da ACV consequencial é bastante complexa, pois despende muito tempo e recursos, principalmente na coleta e validação de informações de mercado. Portanto, reforça-se a necessidade de esforços no sentido do desenvolvimento de métodos menos subjetivos e mais sistemáticos para a abordagem consequencial além de diretrizes mais esclarecedoras explicitando as diferenças quanto ao conteúdo, contextos e formas de aplicação das abordagens atribucional e consequencial da ACV e indicando em quais situações elas podem ser complementares. / Life Cycle Assessment is one of the most used tool to asses environmental impact of goods and services. It can be classified into two approaches: attributional and consequential.Attributional LCA, characterized by the use of average data ICV and coproducts allocation is aimed at assessing the environmental impacts of a product from the cradle to the grave, in a static system. The consequential LCA is the evaluation of the environmental consequences in a dynamic system driven by changes. Both approaches have been intensively discussed in the literature in recent years, but in Brazil it is still a little discussed and explored topic. Thus, this study aims to deepen the discussion between the two LCA approaches. For this, the following methodological procedures are used: literature review and application of the approaches on hydrated bioethanol from sugarcane. The results show that the attributional LCA has higher environmental burdens in all impact categories, with greater difference with consequential in the categories of aquatic and terrestrial ecotoxicity and abiotic depletion. This is due to the subtraction of environmental charges related to avoided products, considered at the time of system expansion in consequential approach, which did not occur in attributional (where co- products were treated by means of allocation). The main differences between the approaches reflect their different alignments on the intended application, the attributional approach is mostly focused on the knowledge of the environmental impacts of the life cycle of a product and identification of improvement points to the system, while the consequential approach aims to verify potential environmental consequences generated by the change in product system investigated. In practice, however, it was observed that the consequential LCA results should be interpreted with great caution due to the fact that the application has brought a large number of limitations, such as: great number of simplifications of the method applied, consideration of standard assumptions when the lack of information for the collection of data and lack of transparency as to the basis of background data used. Moreover, its implementation is still quite complex, requiring much time and resources to collect data and market information. Therefore, we reinforce what has already been established through the literature review: efforts are needed towards the development of less subjective methods and more systematic for consequential approach as well as more enlightening guidelines explaining the differences in the content, context and application forms of attributional and consequential LCA approaches.

A Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida é uma das principais técnicas de avaliação ambiental de bens e serviços e pode ser classificada em duas abordagens: atribucional e consequencial. A atribucional, caracterizada pelo uso de dados médios de ICV e de alocação de coprodutos, tem como objetivo a avaliação dos impactos ambientais de um produto do berço ao túmulo, em um sistema estático. A ACV consequencial consiste na avaliação das consequências ambientais em um sistema dinâmico, orientado por mudanças. Esta abordagem vem sendo intensamente discutida na literatura internacional, porém, no Brasil ainda se trata de um tema pouco explorado. O presente trabalho visa aprofundar a discussão entre as duas abordagens da ACV. Para isso, utilizaram-se os seguintes procedimentos metodológicos: revisão da literatura e aplicação das abordagens ao biocombustível etanol hidratado de cana-de-açúcar. Os resultados apontam que a ACV atribucional apresentou maiores cargas ambientais em todas as categorias de impacto, com principalmente nas categorias de Ecotoxicidade Aquática, Ecotoxicidade Terrestre e Depleção Abiótica. Isto se deve à subtração das cargas ambientais referentes aos produtos evitados, considerados na análise devido à expansão do sistema realizada na abordagem consequencial com a finalidade de evitar a alocação que, por sua vez, foi utilizada na abordagem atribucional. Notou-se que, em teoria, a principal diferença entre as abordagens da ACV consiste em seus distintos alinhamentos quanto à aplicação pretendida, sendo a atribucional voltada ao conhecimento dos impactos ambientais do ciclo de vida de um produto e identificação de pontos críticos no sistema, e a abordagem consequencial voltada à identificação das consequências ambientais geradas por uma mudança no sistema de produto investigado. Na prática, entretanto, foram encontradas algumas limitações que comprometeram a operacionalização do estudo consequencial, distanciando-a do seu propósito teórico. Dentre estas limitações merecem destaque: o grande número de simplificações intrínsecas ao método aplicado e a falta de transparência quanto à base de dados de background utilizada. Notou-se que a operacionalização da ACV consequencial é bastante complexa, pois despende muito tempo e recursos, principalmente na coleta e validação de informações de mercado. Portanto, reforça-se a necessidade de esforços no sentido do desenvolvimento de métodos menos subjetivos e mais sistemáticos para a abordagem consequencial além de diretrizes mais esclarecedoras explicitando as diferenças quanto ao conteúdo, contextos e formas de aplicação das abordagens atribucional e consequencial da ACV e indicando em quais situações elas podem ser complementares. / Life Cycle Assessment is one of the most used tool to asses environmental impact of goods and services. It can be classified into two approaches: attributional and consequential.Attributional LCA, characterized by the use of average data ICV and coproducts allocation is aimed at assessing the environmental impacts of a product from the cradle to the grave, in a static system. The consequential LCA is the evaluation of the environmental consequences in a dynamic system driven by changes. Both approaches have been intensively discussed in the literature in recent years, but in Brazil it is still a little discussed and explored topic. Thus, this study aims to deepen the discussion between the two LCA approaches. For this, the following methodological procedures are used: literature review and application of the approaches on hydrated bioethanol from sugarcane. The results show that the attributional LCA has higher environmental burdens in all impact categories, with greater difference with consequential in the categories of aquatic and terrestrial ecotoxicity and abiotic depletion. This is due to the subtraction of environmental charges related to avoided products, considered at the time of system expansion in consequential approach, which did not occur in attributional (where co- products were treated by means of allocation). The main differences between the approaches reflect their different alignments on the intended application, the attributional approach is mostly focused on the knowledge of the environmental impacts of the life cycle of a product and identification of improvement points to the system, while the consequential approach aims to verify potential environmental consequences generated by the change in product system investigated. In practice, however, it was observed that the consequential LCA results should be interpreted with great caution due to the fact that the application has brought a large number of limitations, such as: great number of simplifications of the method applied, consideration of standard assumptions when the lack of information for the collection of data and lack of transparency as to the basis of background data used. Moreover, its implementation is still quite complex, requiring much time and resources to collect data and market information. Therefore, we reinforce what has already been established through the literature review: efforts are needed towards the development of less subjective methods and more systematic for consequential approach as well as more enlightening guidelines explaining the differences in the content, context and application forms of attributional and consequential LCA approaches.

The aim of this study was to investigate how midwives at youth centres relate to the potential ethical dilemma between parents’ right to information that young people between 15-17 years share at the centre, vs. youths right to integrity. The study was based on qualitative interviews with six midwives in various youth centres in Stockholm County. We analysed our empirical material according to Blennbergers consequential ethical model and Bronfenbrenners ecological system model. The empirical data was categorized based on categories of information and integrity in relation to midwives' opinions and actions. The results show that midwives are careful to protect the integrity of young people and that parents’ right to information are neglected, unless there is a great risk that the youths will harm their lives or health. Often it is only when the midwives need to report to the social service that the parents are given right to information, which indicates that the ethical decisions that midwives make are based on their beliefs that the best consequence for the youths is for their integrity to be protected. It was revealed that the midwives experienced the decision as difficult, and sometimes even found it to be a dilemma.

La construction et la réhabilitation des bâtiments et des quartiers induisent des dommages environnementaux de nature diverse (consommation de ressources, émissions de substances toxiques, atteintes aux écosystèmes). De plus, ces impacts peuvent être générés de manière indirecte (déchets radioactifs produits par la consommation d’électricité par exemple). D’où l’importance d’une approche d’évaluation environnementale holistique et multicritère. L’analyse de cycle de vie (ACV) correspond à ce cahier des charges. Cette méthode a été appliquée pour évaluer la contribution d’un bâtiment ou d’un quartier à un ensemble de thématiques environnementales (au contraire d’un outil monocritère comme le bilan carbone) et ce sur l’intégralité du cycle de vie : fabrication des matériaux, construction, utilisation, rénovation, démolition et traitement des déchets. Cette méthode peut être utilisée à différente étapes d’un projet : définition d’objectifs de programme, aide à la conception, aide à la gestion, aide à la rénovation, aide à la stratégie de déconstruction.Cette thèse s’inscrit dans le cadre de l’application de l’ACV à l’éco-conception des ensembles bâtis, de la maison individuelle jusqu’au quartier multifonctionnel. L’objectif est d’améliorer la qualité de l’aide à la décision fournie par les outils d’éco-conception en matière de réalisme et de précision des études.Trois axes de travail en interaction ont été explorés :- Conséquentiel : Quels apports conceptuels et pratiques peut-on mettre en œuvre sur la base des recherches sur l’ACV conséquentielle ?- Dynamique : Comment intégrer les interactions dynamiques entre le parc bâti et son système d’arrière plan, en particulier le système électrique?- Prospectif : Comment tenir compte de la longue durée de vie des ensembles bâtis ?La thèse propose premièrement un nouveau cadre conceptuel pour l’évaluation des projets de conception et de réhabilitation s’inspirant des récents travaux méthodologiques sur l’ACV conséquentielle. L’application pratique de cette nouvelle approche « conséquentielle-projet » nécessite la production de connaissances mobilisant l’ACV dynamique et l’ACV prospective.Concrètement, la thèse propose une modélisation dynamique du fonctionnement du système électrique dans un cadre « type » affranchi des aléas climatiques et économiques. Le modèle sert de base au développement de méthodes d’évaluation originales des impacts de l’électricité : une méthode dynamique moyenne et une méthode marginale. Ces méthodes améliorent la précision d’une étude d’analyse de cycle de vie, quel que soit l’objectif (certification ou écoconception) et l’approche méthodologique associée (attributionnelle ou conséquentielle-projet).La thèse propose ensuite l’intégration de scénarios prospectifs adaptés à l’étude des bâtiments et des quartiers. Celle-ci associe les recherches en prospective énergétique menées à l’échelle nationale et les recherches concernant l’impact du changement climatique sur le comportement thermique des bâtiments. Les effets conjoints de ces deux déterminants sont évalués au sein d’une approche originale et intégrée.La thèse explore également la question du changement d’échelle du bâtiment vers le quartier. Les cas du transport des occupants et du traitement des déchets sont analysés au prisme de l’approche « conséquentielle-projet ». Une méthodologie de couplage des outils de simulation transport au niveau local et de l’ACV est notamment proposée. Elle constitue un premier pas vers un couplage interdisciplinaire des outils d’analyse des projets urbains.Les différents développements méthodologiques sont finalement appliqués à une étude de cas afin d’analyser et d’interpréter l’effet des nouvelles approches sur l’aide à la décision fournie par les outils d’écoconception. / Environmental impacts induced by urban projects concern various topics (resources, health, biodiversity). Some are indirect impacts (for instance radioactive waste generated by electricity consumption). This calls for a holistic and multicriteria approach such as Life-Cycle-Analysis (LCA) in order to evaluate environmental performance of construction or retrofitting projects. Considering cradle to grave impacts this method is used at different project phases: program objectives, design aid, management strategies evaluation, retrofitting project, dismantling, and waste management.The thesis lies in the framework of life-cycle analysis applied to urban project design, from individual houses up to multifunctional neighborhoods. The underlying objective is to improve relevance and accuracy of the decision aid provided by LCA-based design tools.Three interacting topics have been investigated:- Consequential assessment: How can the results of current research on consequential LCA be implemented in Building LCA?- Dynamic: How to integrate dynamic interaction between buildings and the background system, mainly the electricity grid?- Prospective: How to take into account the long life span of buildings and urban districts?The dissertation firstly suggests a new framework for evaluating construction or retrofitting project, grounded in consequential LCA. The practical application of this consequential-project approach requires knowledge generation on dynamic and prospective LCA.A dynamic model of the electricity system has been developed. From this model, a reference operation year of the electricity system has been determined, mitigating climatic and economical hazards of real years. Based on this model, a dynamic average approach and a marginal approach are defined to assess life-cycle impacts of electricity consumption. These developments improve the accuracy of LCA independently of the chosen modeling approach, consequential or attributional.The prospective dimension is explored, through scenarios development. The suggested scenarios bring together national energy prospective research and global warming effects on buildings thermal behavior. The combined effects are evaluated using a novel and integrated approach.The thesis then addresses the scale issue when moving from building to district projects. Following the consequential-project approach principles, the focus is made on integrating daily transport and domestic waste models in LCA of urban projects. A method to combine local transport simulation models and building LCA is suggested. It establishes a first step towards integrated multidisciplinary assessment of urban projects.The developed approaches and methodologies are finally tested on a case study.

Esta tese volta-se para conflitos de sentido normativo que a análise econômica do direito (AED) traz para o ambiente jurídico ao aplicar métodos econômicos na interpretação jurídica, métodos estes que colocam como deve ser o direito. A AED associa-se ao método econômico como portador de verdade racional de índole científica, criando uma espécie de metalinguagem jurídica com pretensões explícitas de fixar juridicidade precisa. O direito nunca teve ambições tão extensas e totalizadoras. Ele se ajusta às necessidades históricas do conhecimento e vida do homem, e é, por isso, fracamente científico. A hipótese de trabalho é a de que a análise econômica pode ter usos viáveis no direto, se respeitar as condições fundamentais de entendimento jurídico. Sendo capaz de assumir que o direito, necessariamente, predica a correção do agir, tendo por referência o justo, as normatividades econômica e jurídica têm uma direção unívoca. Daí ser possível a interferência da economia no direito como padrão argumentativo empírico consequencialista, direcionado a resultados jurídicos que concretizem a distribuição do produto social, elemento de base da justiça socioeconômica nos estados liberais contemporâneos. O trabalho pretende, primeiramente, investigar as causas de incorreções, apontar para os equívocos e indicar as circunstâncias em que eles ocorrem, de modo a estabelecer, ao final, usos possíveis do método econômico no direito. A tese conclui que a AED adequada para o direito é a que consegue demonstrar, pela empiria, que uma decisão deve ser tomada porque tem efeitos distributivos concretos, patrocinando a justiça. Desenvolvimento do homem e não só crescimento econômico tem que ser a fórmula de integração interdisciplinar. Por se tratar de um problema de significado, optou-se pela perspectiva da hermenêutica jurídica como ponto de partida para o trabalho. A preocupação central da hermenêutica é o entendimento jurídico, não como método para tratar objetos jurídicos observados, mas como forma de revelar o sentido jurídico correto. Pela hermenêutica é que se mostram as dificuldades mais profundas da AED e as perspectivas mais promissoras de uso da economia no direito. / This thesis is aimed at dealing with normative conflicts that the economic analysis of law (EAL or, law and economics) brings to the legal knowledge applying economic methods to legal reasoning. Such methods determine how the law should be. The EAL is associated to the economic method as a bearer of rational truth of scientific nature, creating a kind of legal metalanguage with a clear intent of precision when bringing law into existence. The Law has never had such extensive and totalitarian ambitions. It adjusts itself to the historical needs of mans knowledge and life and this is why it is weakly scientific. The hypothesis of this work is that the economic analysis can have viable uses in law, if it complies with the fundamental conditions of legal knowledge. Being capable of establishing that the law mandatorily preaches the correction of action, having justice as a main reference, both economic and legal standards must have a common direction. That is why the interference of economy in law is possible as a consequential empirical standard argument, aimed at legal results that materialize the distribution of the social product, a base element for socioeconomic justice in contemporary liberal States. The work initially intends to investigate the causes of errors, pointing out the mistakes and indicating the circumstances in which they occur, in order to establish, in the end, the possible uses of the economic method in the law. The thesis concludes that the adequate EAL for the law is one that is able to demonstrate, through empirical arguments, that a decision should be taken because it has concrete distributing effects, sponsoring justice. The development of men and not only economic growth should be the form of interdisciplinary integration. Since the thesis reflects a question of meaning we have decided to establish the legal hermeneutics perspective as a starting point for the work. The main concern of hermeneutics is legal understanding, not as a method to treat observed legal objects, but as a way to reveal the correct legal sense. Through hermeneutics we can find the most profound difficulties of EAL and, at the same time, the most promising perspectives of use of economics in law.