Submitted by Rosivalda Pereira (mrs.pereira@ufma.br) on 2017-05-16T17:11:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ChristianCarvalho.pdf: 1874919 bytes, checksum: 3c4ecd041d9c80194ae2c47a229bbd6a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-16T17:11:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ChristianCarvalho.pdf: 1874919 bytes, checksum: 3c4ecd041d9c80194ae2c47a229bbd6a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-31 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Maranhão (FAPEMA) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPQ) / The use of biodiesel/diesel mixtures out of the quality standards specified by the National Agency of Petroleum and Natural Gas and Biofuels - ANP can be harmful to the environment and automotive engines. Therefore, it is important to develop methodologies capable of certifying the commercial quality of such products. In such context, this project aims to design a low-cost sensor to the quantification of the biodiesel content in biodiesel / diesel pseudo-binary blends based on the dielectric constant as a response. Thus, pseudo-binary samples were prepared using soybean or babassu methyl biodiesel with commercial diesel. The dielectric measurements were performed using a LCR meter operating in parallel circuit. In this way, a voltage of 1.0 V, frequency ranging from 100 Hz to 2000 Hz and a pitch of 100 Hz were employed. The dielectric profile of diesel and biodiesel showed remarkable variations in the frequency range of 100-300 Hz and less intense changes in under 400 and 2000 Hz, which confirms greater system stability in this measurement range. The results obtained by ANOVA of pure soybean biodiesel, pure babassu biodiesel and diesel oil showed that there was no significant difference between data treatment at the 95% significance level, once the Fcalculate was lower than the Fcritical. The frequency of 1000 Hz was adopted in biodiesel analysis of content in diesel, as it was verified that the system had a higher stability at this frequency. The correspondent values of dielectric constant demonstrate regularity and stability as well as a precision between the values found. Observing the values of the dielectric constants as a function of the percentage of biodiesel in the diesel, it was possible to plot the correlation curve for a linear model. Finally, according to the Kruskal-Wallis test reinforces the thesis that measuring dielectric constants (K) can be used to determine the concentration of biodiesel in mineral diesel. / A utilização de misturas biodiesel/diesel fora dos padrões especificados pela Agência Nacional de Petróleo e Gás Natural e Biocombustíveis – ANP podem ser prejudiciais ao meio-ambiente e causar prejuízos aos donos de veículos automotivos. Neste sentido, torna-se necessário o desenvolvimento de novas metodologias capazes de certificar a qualidade destes produtos no Brasil. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo desenvolver um sensor de baixo custo para determinar o teor de biodiesel em misturas pseudo-binárias biodiesel/diesel, utilizando constante dielétrica como resposta. Para tanto, foram preparadas misturas utilizando biodieseis metílicos de soja e/ou babaçu e óleo diesel A comercial. As medidas dielétricas foram realizadas em um medidor LCR configurado para funcionar com o circuito em paralelo. Desta forma, foram empregadas tensão de 1,0 V, frequência de 100 Hz - 2000 Hz e um passo de 100 Hz. O perfil dielétrico do óleo diesel e dos biodieseis demonstrou variações acentuadas no intervalo de frequência de 100 - 300 Hz e alterações de menor intensidade entre as frequências de 400 a 2000 Hz, confirmando maior estabilidade do sistema nessa faixa. Os resultados obtidos por ANOVA do biodiesel de soja puro, biodiesel de babaçu puro e o óleo diesel, demostraram que não há diferença significativa entre os tratamentos ao nível de significância de 95%, visto que o Fcalculado foi menor que o Fcrítico. A frequência de 1000 Hz foi adotada nas análises do teor de biodiesel no diesel, pois verificou-se maior estabilidade do sistema nessa frequência. Os valores de constante dielétrica em questão demonstram regularidade e estabilidade, além de uma precisão entre os valores encontrados. Observando os valores das constantes dielétricas em função da porcentagem de biodiesel no diesel, foi possível traçar a curva de correlação para um modelo linear. Por fim, o teste de Kruskal-Wallis demonstrou que a tese de que as medidas constantes dielétricas (𝐾) podem vir a ser utilizadas para determinar a concentração de biodiesel no diesel mineral.

Esta pesquisa teve como o objetivo estudar a influência da temperatura e da umidade relativa do ar (UR) nos aspectos biológicos da mosca-minadora, Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess, 1880), em feijão caupi [(Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.)], para fornecer subsídios a futuros projetos de controle biológico desta praga. Verificou-se uma relação inversa entre a duração de desenvolvimento e o aumento da temperatura na faixa de 15 a 32°C. A viabilidade larval não foi afetada na faixa térmica estudada, enquanto a 32°C houve uma alta mortalidade da fase de pupa. O limiar térmico inferior de desenvolvimento obtido para o período ovo-adulto foi baixo (7,3°C), se comparado a outras espécies de Liriomyza, sendo bastante reduzido para a fase larval (3,4°C). De acordo com as exigências térmicas constatadas para L. trifolii, foi possível estimar a ocorrência de 24,5 gerações anuais em região produtora de melão no RN, sendo que apenas durante a safra da cultura, a praga pode dar 14,8 gerações. A longevidade dos adultos decresceu com a elevação térmica, sendo sempre maior para as fêmeas, independente da temperatura. Os períodos de pré-oviposição e oviposição também foram reduzidos com o aumento da temperatura. A fecundidade foi similar na faixa de 18 a 30°C, sendo reduzida a 32°C e o padrão da taxa de oviposição modificado em função da temperatura. A UR não afetou a duração dos estágios imaturos, embora tenha influenciado a viabilidade. A longevidade das fêmeas foi afetada pela UR, que viveram mais do que os machos em todas as condições estudadas. Independente da temperatura e da UR, L. trifolii colocou entre 83 - 87% dos ovos na face adaxial da folha de feijão caupi. A análise de agrupamento (\"cluster analyses\") permitiu definir que as temperaturas mais adequadas ao desenvolvimento do inseto são as de 28 e 30°C, sendo que a UR mais adequada foi a de 50%. A pesquisa permitiu que se esquematizasse um sistema de produção de L. trifolii, com base nas exigências térmicas e da UR das diferentes fases de desenvolvimento, para produção de inimigos naturais da praga ou de outras alternativas de controle. / This research was aimed at studying the influence of temperature and relative air humidity (RH) on biological aspects of the leafminer Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess, 1880) in cowpea [(Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.)], to provide essential information for future biological control projects against this pest. An inverse relation was observed between development duration and temperature increase in the range from 15 to 32°C. Larval viability was not affected in the temperature range studied, while a high mortality of the pupal stage was observed at 32°C. The lower developmental temperature threshold obtained for the egg-adult period was low (7.3°C) when compared with other species of Liriomyza, and was rather low for the larval stage (3.4°C). Based on the thermal requirements verified for L. trifolii, it was possible to estimate the occurrence of 24.5 annual generations at a melon producing region in RN, Brazil. During the melon cropping season alone, the pest can produce 14.8 generations. Adult longevity decreased as temperature increased, and was always higher for females, regardless of temperature. The pre-oviposition and oviposition periods also decreased as temperature increased. Fecundity was similar in the range from 18 to 30°C, but decreased at 32°C; the oviposition rate pattern changed as a function of temperature. RH did not affect duration of the immature stages, although it had an influence on viability. Female longevity was affected by RH, since females lived longer than males under all conditions studied. Regardless of temperature and RH, L. trifolii laid between 83 - 87% of its eggs on the adaxial surface of the cowpea leaves. By cluster analysis it was defined that the most suitable temperatures for development of this insect are 28 and 30°C, while the most suitable RH was 50%. This research allowed a production system to be devised for L. trifolii, based on the temperature and RH requirements for its various stages of development, aimed at the production of natural enemies of the pest or other control alternatives.

Selenium (Se) is a trace element essential to the nutrition of animals. On the other hand, in a narrow concentration range, Se can cause toxicity. The presence of Se in food is related to the concentration of the element in soil. Thus, the knowledge of the Se amount and its behavior in soil are very important to the better manage the environment and to prevent toxicological problems and human deficiency. The objectives of this study were: (i) to quantify the natural content of Se in some Brazilian soils and correlates them with soil attributes; (ii) to evaluate the adsorption of selenite and selenate as a function of pH and Se concentration in tropical soils; (iii) to adjust the constant capacitance model to describe the Se adsorption in tropical soil as compared to empiric models. Se concentrations ranged from <0.08 to 1.61 mg kg-1, with a mean of 0.19 mg kg-1. Concentrations of Se in the samples collected in the superficial layers were positively correlated to cationic exchange capacity, as well as to clay, organic matter and oxide contents of the soils. In the subsurface samples, only pH and aluminum oxide content were correlated with Se concentrations. Most samples with the highest Se concentrations were derived from sedimentary parent material. Se(IV) adsorption was high for all soils, decreased with increasing pH and was strongly correlated to organic matter and Fe and Al oxides contents. On the other hand, Se(VI) adsorption was very low at pH values commonly found in agricultural soils, except for the highly weathered Rhodic Acrudox which was positively correlated with the gibbsite content. The constant capacitance model fit the Se(IV) and Se(VI) adsorption data well, and was similar to Langmuir and Freundlich empirical models. Optimizations of mono and bidentate complexation and surface protonation constant were used for the Se(IV) adsorption data. For Se(VI), optimizations for the two monodentate species were employed. / O selênio (Se) é um elemento traço essencial a nutrição animal. Por outro lado, o limiar de concentração entre suficiente e tóxico é estreito. A presença de Se nos alimentos está relacionada à sua concentração no solo. Deste modo, conhecer a quantidade e o comportamento do Se no solo é muito importante para um correto manejo ambiental, previnindo problemas toxicológicos e deficiência em humanos. Os objetivos deste estudo foram: (i) quantificar os conteúdos naturais de Se em solos brasileiros e correlacioná-los com seus atributos; (ii) avaliar a adsorção de selenito e selenato em função da variação do pH e da concentração de Se em solos tropicais; (iii) ajustar o modelo de capacitancia constante para descrever a adsorção de Se em solos tropicais comparado a modelos empíricos. As concentrações de Se variaram de <0,08 - 1,61 mg kg-1, com média de 0,19 mg kg-1. As concentrações de Se nas amostras coletadas nas camadas superficiais do solo foram positivamente correlacionadas com a capacidade de troca catiônica, bem como os teores de argila, matéria orgânica e óxidos de Fe e Al do solos. Nas amostras subsuperficiais, apenas pH e teor de óxido de alumínio foram correlacionadas com as concentrações de Se. A maioria das amostras com maiores concentrações de selênio foram provenientes de material de origem sedimentar. A adsorção de Se(IV) foi elevada para todos os solos, diminuiu com o aumento do pH e foi fortemente correlacionada com teores de matéria orgânica e de óxidos de Fe e de Al. Por outro lado, a adsorção de Se(VI) foi muito baixa em valores de pH normalmente encontrados em solos agrícolas, excepto para o Latossolo Vermelho acriférrico, que foi positivamente correlacionada com o teor de gibbsita dos solos. O modelo de capacitância constante ajustou-se bem aos resultados de adsorção Se(IV) e Se(VI), com ajuste similar aos modelos empíricos de Langmuir e de Freundlich. Para os resultados de adsorção de Se(IV) foram utilizadas otimizações das constantes de complexação mono e bidentadas e da constante de protonação de superfície. Para Se(VI), foram empregadas otimizações para as duas espécies de monodentadas.

The DMPO type spin trap 5,5-Dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO) and the exceptionally similar spin trap 2-ethoxycarbonyl-2-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrrole-l-oxide (EMPO) are widely studied in computational and theoretical works. This particular study examines the addition reactions that both these molecules undergo with the carcinogenic hydroxyl radical. This work used a relatively new approximation method, called the correlation consistent composite approach or ccCA, for carrying out quantum mechanical calculations to give the free energies of the products and reactants of the reactions. The free energies are to be used to extrapolate the rate constants of the reactions from the Arrhenius equation. Though both the spin traps studied have been widely examined and assessed in both theoretical and experimental work, accurately calculated rate constants have not been previously obtained using computational methods. The results obtained here will help to assess the efficiency and the accuracy of the ccCA method, as well as lead to the design of better, more novel spin traps.

Neste trabalho, classificamos localmente as hipersuperfcies dos espaços produto S n × R e H n × R, n 6 = 3, com g curvaturas principais constantes e distintas, g {1, 2, 3}. Verifi- camos que tais hipersuperfcies são isoparamétricas de Q nc × R. Além disso, encontramos uma condição necessária e suficiente para que uma hipersuperfcie isoparamétrica de Q nc × R que possui fibrado normal plano, quando observada como uma subvariedade de codimensão dois de R n+2 contendo S n × R e de L n+2 contendo H n × R, tenha curvaturas principais constantes. / In this work, we classify locally the hypersurfaces in product spaces S n × R and H n × R, n 6 = 3, with g distinct constant principal curvatures, g {1, 2, 3}. We verify that such hy- persurfaces are isoparametric in Q nc × R. Furthermore, we find a necessary and sufficient condition for an isoparametric hypersurface in Q nc × R with flat normal bundle, when re- garded as a submanifold with codimension two of the flat spaces R n+2 containing S n × R and L n+2 containing H n × R, having constant principal curvatures.

The purpose of this study was to implement pivotal response training (PRT) strategies paired with constant time delay (CTD) to teach an individual with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and intellectual disability (ID) to self-initiate through question asking. A multiple probe across behaviors design was used to evaluate effectiveness of implementation. Results show that this naturalistic intervention is effective for some questions, while other questions need to be taught in more contrived scenarios.

No description available.

This thesis demonstrates how the geometric connection between the integrable Heisenberg spin equation, the nonlinear Schr??dinger equation and fluid flows with constant velocity magnitude along individual streamlines may be exploited. Specifically, we are able to construct explicitly the complete class of constant speed flows where the constant pressure surfaces constitute surfaces of revolution. This class is undoubtedly important as it contains many of the specific cases discussed earlier by other authors.

The properties of composite materials in which spherical inclusions are embedded in a matrix of some kind, have been studied for many decades and many analytical models have been developed which measure these properties. There has been a steady progression in the complexity of models over the years, providing greater insight into the nature of these materials and improving the accuracy in the measurement of their properties. Some of the properties with which this thesis is concerned are, the elastic, thermal and electrical properties of such composites. The size of the spherical inclusion which acts as the reinforcing phase, has a major effect on the overall properties of composite materials. Once an inclusion is embedded into a matrix, a third region of different properties between the inclusion and matrix is known to develop which is called the interphase. It is well known in the composite community that the smaller the inclusion is, the larger the interphase region which develops around it. Therefore, with the introduction of nanoparticles as the preferred reinforcing phase for some composites, the interphase has a major effect on its properties. It is the aim of this thesis to consider the role of the interphase on the properties of composites by modeling it as an inhomogeneous region. There is much scientific evidence to support the fact that the interphase has an inhomogeneous nature and many papers throughout the thesis are cited which highlight this. By modeling the inhomogeneous properties by arbitrary mathematical functions, results are obtained for the various properties in terms of these general functions. Some specific profiles for the inhomogeneous region are considered for each property in order to demonstrate and test the models against some established results.

Les théories de grande unification sont une extension possible au modèle standard. Elles impliquent l'existence d'un boson de jauge neutre supplémentaire, le Z'. L'étude des paramètres de ce boson dans le canal électronique, notamment la mesure de sa largeur, nécessite une bonne uniformité et une bonne résolution du calorimètre électromagnétique. La première partie de cette thèse, consiste en l'étude de la réponse de la partie tonneau du calorimètre électromagnétique d'ATLAS à un faisceau d'électrons de 245 GeV. La mesure de son uniformité a représenté la majeure partie de ce travail. Pour faire cette mesure, une recherche des canaux à problème dans le calorimètre a été faite et des corrections permettant de prendre en compte différents effets liés au détecteur et de considérer tous les événements enregistrés ont été développées. Dans la deuxième partie, j'ai étudié le potentiel d'ATLAS dans l'étude du Z' se désintégrant en leptons et plus particulièrement en électrons. Une étude de la cinématique et des bruits de fond a tout d'abord été faite. Cette analyse a porté sur les possibilités de différencier les modèles de grande unification possibles, et sur la possibilité de découvrir le Z', pour des masses allant de 1 TeV à 4 TeV.