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Reconstruction 3D d'un bâtiment à partir de photographies prises par un mobileButzbach, Thomas 19 April 2018 (has links)
L’Office de l’Efficacité Energétique utilise des méthodes où l’opérateur est très sollicité pour réaliser les modèles 3D de bâtiments nécessaire pour le calcul énergétique. Cependant, les appareils mobiles sont de plus en plus présents sur le marché et pourraient être utilisé pour automatiser cette tâche. Ces appareils possèdent une caméra, et il existe des recherches sur la reconstruction 3D à partir d’images. Ces méthodes permettent d’obtenir un nuage de point et non un maillage devant répondre à certaines caractéristiques afin de pouvoir y réaliser des calculs de volumes. Ce mémoire présente une méthode permettant de réaliser l’acquisition et le traitement qui produit un modèle 3D du bâtiment qui sera utilisé pour les calculs écoénergétiques. Les méthodes de reconstruction 3D ont été passées en revue et ont permis d’imaginer une nouvelle méthode permettant de générer un nuage de points 3D qui sera utilisé pour générer le modèle 3D du bâtiment. / The Office Energy Efficiency use methods to perform 3D model of buildings. But the user is very solicited and he take a lot of time for the 3D reconstruction. The 3D model is using by software for energy calculation. They take some measure to generate an ugly 3D model. Mobile devices are increasingly present on the market at a lower price. These devices contain an integrated camera and there are multiple researches on 3D reconstruction from image. Unfortunately, these methods can generally get a points cloud rather than a mesh that must have some characteristics for accurate volume calculations. The purpose of this paper is to present a series of existing methods or not to perform data acquisition and processing needed to produce a 3D model of a building. The 3D reconstruction methods which we reviewed helped us to designed a new method based on various studies to generate a 3D points cloud. Then an algorithm based on the point cloud processing was performed to generate a 3D model of the building.
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Procesní postupy v rámci územního a stavebního řízení / Process procedures in area management and construction managementKřivánková, Jana January 2008 (has links)
This diploma thesis is focused on issues of positioning, licensing and fruition of civil engineering projects. The aim of this work is to analyze these matters and create subsequently single consecutions facilitating orientation in the construction law for the employers. First the elemental terms of procedure modelling and methodology are introduced to reader to be used further in the text for illustration of the processes. Furthermore particular types of construction positioning, planning permissions and fruition of constructions are analyzed to demonstrate the progression and essential inputs for gaining the authorization within the required moves. In the final part particular procedures giving instructions for the employers which steps to make for realization of their construction plan are elaborated. All the procedures are derived from the types of positioning, permissions and fruition of constructions as in the text described. Short presentation as an operative manual for employers assigning constructions to particular procedures is added.
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The importance of being "in time" : an integrational linguistic approachZhang, Tian, Shirly, 張恬 January 2015 (has links)
In orthodox linguistics, the relations between time and language are recognized only to a limited extent. Although there have been abundant and substantial investigations into the two topics of temporal deixis and linguistic change (Harris, 2006, pp. 28-29), questions concerning what integrational linguists call “cotemporality” remain largely unexplored. The principle of cotemporality, in integrational linguistic terms, states that “[t]he chronological integration of language with events in our daily lives requires us to suppose that what is said is immediately relevant to the current situation, unless there is reason to suppose otherwise.”(Harris, 1996, p. 81) The time-bounded nature of language, as spelled out in this principle, is not only of theoretical weight to linguistics, but also valuable to the understanding of time, and it is in this sense that the lack of relevant researches in orthodox linguistics signals the failure to realize the mutual dependence of a proper linguistic theory and a proper temporal theory.
The general interest of this thesis is to explore the interrelationship between time and language from an integrational linguistic perspective. To do this, the Saussurean anachronic linguistic model (1983) is called under scrutiny with the conclusion that it is beset by an inadequate notion of time and an inadequate view of history, induced largely by western literacy. Second, the theories against the reality of time put forward by philosopher McTaggart (1908) and physicist Greene (2004, 2011) are examined and I argue that they are built upon the psychocentric and reocentric (Harris, 2005, p. 3) versions of the fixed-code model of language respectively. Lastly, I deal with the very concept of time and take an integrational approach towards its reality, signhood, and in turn the principle of cotemporality. It is by this reflexive analysis that we can finally come to a clearer vision and a deeper understanding of time, language as well as integrational linguistics itself. / published_or_final_version / English / Master / Master of Philosophy
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Nominal tense logic and other sorted intensional frameworksBlackburn, Patrick Rowan January 1990 (has links)
This thesis introduces of a system of tense logic called nominal tense logic (NTL), and several extensions. Its primary aim is to establish that these systems are logically interesting, and can provide useful models of natural language tense, temporal reference, and their interaction. Languages of nominal tense logic are a simple augmentation of Priorean tense logic. They add to the familiar Priorean languages a new sort of atomic symbol, nominals. Like propositional variables, nominals are atomic sentences and may be freely combined with other wffs using the usual connectives. When interpreting these languages we handle the Priorean components standardly, but insist that nominals must be true at one and only one time. We can think of nominals as naming this time. Logically, the change increases the expressive power of tensed languages. There are certain intuitions about the flow of time, such as irreflexivity, that cannot be expressed in Priorean languages; with nominals they can. The effects of this increase in expressive power on the usual model theoretic results for tensed languages discussed, and completeness and decidability results for several temporally interesting classes of frames are given. Various extensions of the basic system are also investigated and similar results are proved. In the final chapter a brief treatment of similarly referential interval based logics is presented. As far as natural language semantics is concerned, the change is an important one. A familiar criticism of Priorean tense logic is that as it lacks any mechanism for temporal reference, it cannot provide realistic models of natural language temporal usage. Natural language tense is at least partly about referring to times, and nowadays the deictic and anaphoric properties of tense are a focus of research. The thesis presents a uniform treatment of certain temporally referring expressions such as indexicals, and simple discourse phenomena.
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Veganismens könstillhörighet i film. : Könsroller, manliga ideal och rädsla för förlorad maskulinitet i representationen av veganism i amerikansk film.Guggenheim, Bim January 2017 (has links)
The following essay describes a study made of eight American films, where the purpose of the study was to analyze how veganism was portrayed in the chosen films. Through a semiotic analysis, the aim was to investigate how views on traditional gender roles are reproduced in the way that the practice of veganism and discourse on veganism is portrayed in modern cinema. The reason for this study was firstly because most vegans are women, with a sizeable margin; close to 80% of vegans in America are women, while almost half of vegetarians are men. The question why so many vegans are women is something worth studying closer. Secondly, there has been very few studies made on this topic. There is a sufficient amount of texts which acknowledge and discuss the correlation between the practice of not eating animals and gender issues. Further there are accounts made on how vegans are typically portrayed in media in a society where the norm is to exploit animals. These accounts demonstrate that vegans are often portrayed unfavorably. However scientific studies made on how vegans are portrayed in film are practically nonexistent. This despite cinema being a large and powerful media tool for reproducing social and cultural values. The discourse on gender and veganism were missing a valuable angle and this was something that this essay aimed to bring to the discussions of both veganism and gender. By searching on internet for films which include either vegan characters or the word vegan, there were eight films found. And through an analysis of these the results concluded that veganism is indeed portrayed negatively in movies as well, however there is also another dimension to this negative perspective towards vegans: these negative portrayals of veganism in film is grounded in archaic views and values on traditional gender roles and equality.
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PERPETUAL NOVELTYCaverly, Brian 01 January 2004 (has links)
Within this thesis is a mapping out of the processes, concepts, and influences, behind the sculptural practice of Brian Caverly. From Complex Adaptive Systems to the world of order of Michel Foucault to the reexamination of the Modernist movement by Yve Alain Bois and Rosalind Krauss, a rhizomatic path of connections and lines form and cross over, weaving together into a swarming mayhem of over population. Out of this chaos and order grow complex installations and constructions that are inherently bound by the system of their making, yet attempt at every turn to escape conformity.
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The role of the interpretation task in the learning of the English ergative construction by Cantonese ESL learners.January 2001 (has links)
Ho Ki. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 141-145). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Background of the research --- p.4 / Chapter 2.1 --- Some principles of syntax --- p.4 / Chapter 2.2 --- The anatomy of the ergative construction in English --- p.6 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Properties of the ergative construction --- p.8 / Chapter 2.3 --- The anatomy of the passive construction in English --- p.10 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Properties of the passive construction --- p.11 / Chapter 2.4 --- Problems in learning the ergative construction --- p.12 / Chapter 2.5 --- Different approaches to the learning of English ergative construction --- p.16 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Differences in L1 and L2 acquisition --- p.16 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- The Subset Principle and the learning of ergative construction --- p.19 / Chapter 2.5.3 --- The role of negative evidence in L2 acquisition --- p.20 / Chapter 2.6 --- Some theoretical issues in SLA --- p.22 / Chapter 2.6.1 --- Different kinds of knowledge in SLA --- p.23 / Chapter 2.6.2 --- """Focus on form"" VS ""Focus on forms"" type of instruction in SLA" --- p.25 / Chapter 2.6.3 --- The role of awareness in SLA --- p.26 / Chapter 2.6.4 --- The role of input in SLA --- p.27 / Chapter 2.6.5 --- The role of output in SLA --- p.32 / Chapter 2.7 --- Issues under investigation --- p.34 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Methodology --- p.37 / Chapter 3.1 --- Subjects --- p.38 / Chapter 3.2 --- Experimental Design --- p.38 / Chapter 3.3 --- Research instruments --- p.44 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Formal grammar teaching materials --- p.45 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- The interpretation task --- p.46 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- The production task --- p.49 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- The grammaticality judgement task --- p.50 / Chapter 3.3.4.1 --- The grammaticality judgement task in the pretest --- p.51 / Chapter 3.3.4.2 --- The grammaticality judgement task in the posttests --- p.54 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- Free production task --- p.56 / Chapter 3.4 --- Scoring Method --- p.57 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- The grammaticality judgement task --- p.57 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- The interpretation task and production task --- p.59 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- The free production task --- p.59 / Chapter 3.5 --- Statistical procedures --- p.60 / Chapter 3.6 --- Presentation of results --- p.62 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Results: Key findings --- p.64 / Chapter 4.1 --- Overall results --- p.66 / Chapter 4.2 --- Results by subtype of ergative --- p.69 / Chapter 4.3 --- Detailed results of grammaticality judgement task --- p.73 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Detailed results of the interpretation task groups (with grammar lesson) --- p.74 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Detailed results of the interpretation task group (with grammar lesson) compared with the mere interpretation task group --- p.79 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Detailed results of the production task groups --- p.81 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Detailed results of the interpretation task group compared with the production task group --- p.84 / Chapter 4.4 --- Analysis of key findings of the grammaticality judgement tests --- p.86 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Differences between the treatment groups (the interpretation task group) and the other groups (the no task group and the control group) --- p.86 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Differences between the interpretation task group and the mere interpretation task group in the posttest --- p.88 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Differences between the interpretation task group and the production task group in the second posttest --- p.89 / Chapter 4.5 --- Free production task results --- p.89 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- The free production task results of the interpretation task groups and the production task group --- p.90 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- The free production task results of the interpretation task group (with grammar instruction) compared with the production task group --- p.92 / Chapter 4.6 --- Summary --- p.92 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Results: Further observations --- p.95 / Chapter 5.1 --- The discrepancy in students' response towards the verbs which belong to the same verb category --- p.95 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Paired ergatives (Judgement data) --- p.96 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- Paired ergatives (Error analysis) --- p.97 / Chapter 5.1.3 --- Unpaired ergatives (Judgement data) --- p.98 / Chapter 5.1.4 --- Unpaired ergatives (Error analysis) --- p.100 / Chapter 5.2 --- Failure of the students in learning the unpaired ergatives --- p.102 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Judgement data for unpaired ergatives --- p.102 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Error analysis for unpaired ergatives --- p.104 / Chapter 5.3 --- The treatment effects in School A and School B --- p.107 / Chapter 5.4 --- Results of the interpretation task and the production task --- p.111 / Chapter 5.5 --- Summary --- p.113 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Discussion --- p.115 / Chapter 6.1 --- The effect of the interpretation task (with grammar instruction) vs. the interpretation task (without grammar instruction) --- p.117 / Chapter 6.2 --- The effect of the production task --- p.119 / Chapter 6.3 --- The effect of interpretation task vs. the production task --- p.121 / Chapter 6.3.1 --- Students' performance in the grammaticality judgement task in the pretest-posttest comparisons --- p.121 / Chapter 6.3.2 --- Students' performance in the free production task in the posttest --- p.126 / Chapter 6.3.3 --- The role of the interpretation task in L2 acquisition --- p.128 / Chapter 6.4 --- Further observations --- p.131 / Chapter 6.4.1 --- Inconsistency of grammaticality judgement within a verb category --- p.131 / Chapter 6.4.2 --- The discrepancy in the performance of students in School A and School B --- p.132 / Chapter 6.4.3 --- The degree of difficulty of interpretation task VS. production task --- p.135 / Chapter 6.5 --- Limitations of the present study --- p.137 / Chapter 6.6 --- Summary of findings --- p.138 / Chapter 6.7 --- Conclusion --- p.139 / References --- p.141 / Appendix I Results tables for Chapter 4 and Chapter 5 --- p.1 / Appendix II The interpretation task --- p.12 / Appendix III The production task --- p.19 / Appendix IV Teaching material --- p.25 / Appendix V The grammaticality judgement task --- p.29 / Appendix VI The free production task --- p.32 / Appendix VII Results tables --- p.35 / Appendix VIII Mean scores of students in the grammaticality judgement tasks --- p.55
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The acquisition of the resultative verb compound in Mandarin Chinese.January 2010 (has links)
Deng, Xiangjun. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 179-184). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgements --- p.iv / Table of Contents --- p.vi / List of Tables --- p.ix / List of Figures --- p.x / Abbreviations --- p.xi / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Resultatives and the resultative verb compound in Mandarin --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Compositionality and event structure --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Compositionality --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Event structure --- p.5 / Chapter 1.3 --- Linguistic representation of the Mandarin RVC --- p.10 / Chapter 1.4 --- Issues of language acquisition --- p.11 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Acquisition of the resultatives and complex morphological forms --- p.11 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Issues addressed by previous studies on the acquisition of Mandarin RVCs --- p.14 / Chapter 1.5 --- Objectives of the present study --- p.16 / Chapter 1.6 --- Organization of the thesis --- p.18 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- The Resultative Verb Compound in Mandarin and Acquisition Issues --- p.20 / Chapter 2.1 --- RVC typology --- p.20 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- The result-state RVC --- p.23 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- The directional RVC --- p.24 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- The completive RVC --- p.26 / Chapter 2.2 --- The lexicalist approach to the RVC --- p.27 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- The syntactic vs. lexicalist approaches --- p.28 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- In defense of the lexicalist analysis of RVCs --- p.37 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Lexical formation rules and acquisition --- p.46 / Chapter 2.3 --- Compositionality and event structure --- p.48 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Compositionality --- p.48 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- "Event structure, aspect and headedness" --- p.55 / Chapter 2.4 --- Issues in the acquisition of Mandarin RVC --- p.68 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Rule-based vs. usage-based learning --- p.68 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Event structure and aspect --- p.73 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Predictions --- p.76 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- RVCs in the Naturalistic Speech of Two Mandarin-speaking Children --- p.78 / Chapter 3.1 --- Methodology --- p.78 / Chapter 3.2 --- Overview of the results --- p.83 / Chapter 3.3 --- Types of RVCs used by children --- p.84 / Chapter 3.4 --- Compositionality --- p.89 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- ZTX's data --- p.90 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- CY's data --- p.95 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Discussion --- p.98 / Chapter 3.5 --- Event structure and aspect --- p.109 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Children's use of aspect markers --- p.109 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Children's use of the RVC with le --- p.113 / Chapter 3.5.3 --- V1-only uses --- p.120 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Children's Comprehension and Production of Novel RVCs --- p.124 / Chapter 4.1 --- Methodology --- p.124 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Rationale --- p.124 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Subjects --- p.125 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Materials --- p.126 / Chapter 4.1.4 --- Testing procedure --- p.130 / Chapter 4.1.5 --- Data analysis --- p.135 / Chapter 4.2 --- Experimental results --- p.138 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Child performance on novel RVCs --- p.138 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Adult performance on novel RVCs --- p.140 / Chapter 4.3 --- Error analysis --- p.142 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Errors in children's comprehension and use of RVCs --- p.142 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Errors in adults' comprehension and use of RVCs --- p.145 / Chapter 4.4 --- Summary of findings --- p.147 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Discussion and Conclusions --- p.152 / Chapter 5.1 --- "Children's use of RVCs: productivity, compositionality and event structure" --- p.152 / Chapter 5.2 --- Theoretical implications --- p.155 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- The lexicalist vs. syntactic approaches --- p.155 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- The rule-based vs. usage-based accounts --- p.156 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Compositionality and event structure --- p.160 / Chapter 5.3 --- Conclusions --- p.162 / Appendices --- p.166 / Appendix 1 Subjects of the experiment --- p.166 / Appendix 2 Test items in the experiment --- p.168 / Appendix 3 Compositional and non-compositional RVCs used by children --- p.171 / References --- p.179
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Constructions grammaticales et discoursPietrandrea, Paola 02 December 2010 (has links) (PDF)
Dans ce mémoire d'Habilitation à Diriger les Recherches, je retrace mon parcours de recherche et présente de façon détaillée les travaux que j'ai menés ces dix dernières années autour de la problématique des constructions grammaticales (notamment modales) repérables au niveau du discours. Dans le premier chapitre, je décris les recherches engagées sur les langues des signes dans la période précédant mon doctorat soutenu en 2003. L'étude de ces langues m'a permis, d'une part, de me familiariser avec des méthodologies adaptées pour l'approche de corpus de langue réelle et m'a convaincu, d'autre part, de la nécessité de relativiser le répertoire des structures, catégories, unités et propriétés des langues en général. Dans le deuxième chapitre, je décris la problématique centrale soulevée par ma thèse de doctorat, à savoir la définition de la modalité. J'insiste sur la démarche structuraliste adoptée dans ce travail, et montre comment cette approche m'a conduite à une définition très étroite de la modalité en tant que catégorie grammaticale. Cette définition m'a amenée à réduire la modalité à la modalité épistémique et à focaliser mon attention sur les verbes modaux et le futur épistémique de l'italien. Quoique cette définition m'ait permis de circonscrire mon objet d'étude et de mener des analyse complexes, j'ai dû reconsidérer la démarche adoptée quand j'ai commencé à élargir mes observables en incluant les adverbes modaux. Partant de là, j'ai décidé, pour la poursuite de mes recherches ultérieures, de définir la modalité d'abord en tant que catégorie conceptuelle pour observer ensuite sa réalisation grammaticale. Cela m'a poussée à inclure dans mon horizon théorique des notions et des instruments de description élaborés par (certaines) grammaires cognitives. Cette nouvelle approche m'a confortée dans l'idée que la modalité a une structure conceptuelle très complexe et que cette complexité se reflète dans la structure sémantique des marqueurs modaux. Dans le chapitre 3, je justifie mon adoption du paradigme des grammaires de constructions et je montre que ces grammaires constituent un modèle théorique particulièrement adéquat pour la description d'objets linguistiques complexes, tels que les marqueurs modaux. Je montre également que les grammaires de constructions relativisent la notion de niveau d'analyse, en posant la construction (c'est-à-dire toute association conventionnelle d'une forme et d'une fonction) comme seule unité d'analyse. Dans ce cadre, il n'y a pas de séparation théorique entre morphologie, lexique, syntaxe et discours : il est accepté que des différents niveaux de structuration peuvent accomplir les mêmes fonctions. Les études exploitant conjointement les grammaires de constructions et la théorie de la grammaticalisation ont confirmé que l'encodage du sens grammatical, traditionnellement reconnu comme typique de la morphosyntaxe, peut être accompli par des niveaux de structuration plus complexes. Cela ouvre, d'un coté, la possibilité théorique que le sens grammatical puisse être encodé même dans des structures du discours et, d'un autre côté, appelle une redéfinition de la notion même de sens grammatical (habituellement défini comme le sens des structures morphosyntaxiques). Je propose une telle redéfinition en postulant qu'une construction (de n'importe quel niveau de structuration) encode du sens grammatical, si elle encode un sens d'arrière-plan portant sur le reste de l'énoncé. Partant de la définition de la grammaire proposée dans le chapitre 3, je montre dans le chapitre 4 que les constructions modales ne sont en elles-mêmes ni grammaticales, ni lexicales. Ceci n'exclut pas d'identifier des constructions modales grammaticales dans des constructions complexes et je présente les études menées dans la littérature, aussi bien que par moi-même, sur les constructions modales complexes. Dans ce cadre, je justifie et décris ma première approche des adverbes modaux (notamment dans l'italien parlé), que j'ai étudié dans leur contexte discursif, en tant que marqueurs grammaticaux de la modalité. L'analyse des adverbes modaux au niveau du discours m'a amenée à focaliser mon attention sur l'encodage du sens grammatical au niveau du discours et à chercher une définition plus rigoureuse des structures du discours. Je décris dans le chapitre 5, la façon dont j'a réélaboré, en collaboration avec des collègues de l'Università Roma TRE, la notion de configuration de discours introduite par l'équipe du G.A.R.S. d'Aix en Provence dans les années soixante-dix. La configuration de discours peut être définie comme la séquence de tous les éléments qui, dans un discours, contribuent à réaliser ou à rééditer la même structure syntaxique. La configuration de discours se caractérise par sa structure topologique. Une configuration de discours est définie non pas par les catégories des éléments qui la composent, mais par sa forme. Cette forme peut être décrite en se référant à un certain nombre de patterns topologiques : listes d'éléments réalisant la même position syntaxique, parallélismes entre structures syntaxiques, glissement d'éléments d'une position préverbale à une position postverbale, etc. Les études menées par le G.A.R.S aussi bien que par nous-mêmes ont montré que ces patterns topologiques sont significatifs et qu'ils peuvent être, par conséquent, considérés comme des constructions. Je décris en particulier une étude que nous avons menée sur les significations grammaticales des listes. v Dans le chapitre 6, je présente trois études que j'ai effectuées sur les adverbes modaux dans le contexte de leur configuration de discours. Une étude sur l'adverbe polysémique magari montre que cet adverbe est associé avec des listes dans tous ses emplois et que sa signification change en fonction de la forme de ces listes. J'interprète ces données sémantiquement en montrant que l'association de magari a une liste d'options tient au fait que magari est un marqueur de non factualité et que chacune des significations particulières qu'il peut prendre n'est qu'une spécification de cette signification générale. Je rapporte ensuite une étude diachronique que j'ai menée sur magari dans laquelle je montre comment cet adverbe, optatif à l'origine a pu développer une signification non factuelle en se fixant dans des constructions à liste. Pour finir, je présente une étude effectuée sur deux adverbes quasi-synonymes, certamente et sicuramente. Je montre notamment comment l'observation de ces deux adverbes dans le contexte de leurs configurations de discours permet de relativiser leur synonymie. Certamente apparaît dans des constructions polyphoniques, tandis que sicuramente n'apparaît pas dans de tels contextes. Cette étude ouvre deux perspectives : elle montre, d'une part, la nécessité d'inclure des aspects pragmatiques (tels que la polyphonie) dans la description sémantique des modaux et, d'autre part, que la non intégration syntaxique de ces adverbes oblige à inclure une définition des structures macrosyntaxiques dans la description formelle des configurations du discours. Dans le chapitre 7, je décris mon approche de la macrosyntaxe et plus généralement de la syntaxe de l'oral développée dans le cadre de ma participation au projet d'annotation syntaxique du français oral, Rhapsodie. Dans ce projet, j'ai contribué à la définition des unités d'analyse micro et macrosyntaxiques typiques du discours oral. Ces unités fournissent des repères importants pour la détection de constructions grammaticales du niveau du discours. Je décris en particulier deux constructions dont le sens grammatical peut être identifié grâce aux repères fournis par l'annotation Rhapsodie : à savoir les listes à fonction textuelle et interactionnelle et les constructions parenthétiques à fonction modale ou illocutoire. Dans le chapitre 8, je présente les orientations de mes recherches futures, qui seront centrées sur la poursuite des analyses syntaxiques de l'oral, sur l'élargissement du nombre des constructions grammaticales que l'on peut observer au niveau du discours, sur l'observation des fonctions textuelles et interactionnelles des constructions modales, aussi bien que sur la validation diachronique et typologique de l'encodage de la grammaire dans le discours.
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Focus expressions in FoodoFiedler, Ines January 2007 (has links)
This paper aims at presenting different ways of expressing focus in Foodo, a Guang language. We can differentiate between marked and unmarked focus strategies. The marked focus expressions are first syntactically characterized: the focused constituent is in sentence-initial position and is second always marked obligatorily by a focus marker, which is nɩ for non-subjects and N for subjects. Complementary to these structures, Foodo knows an elliptic form consisting of the focused constituent and a predication marker gɛ́. It will be shown that the two focus markers can be analyzed as having developed out of the homophone conjunction nɩ and that the constraints on the use of the focus markers can be best explained by this fact.
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