<p>This dissertation explores the struggle between the impulse to cover up intimate violence and the impulse to make it public and consumable in nineteenth century England. It shows that intimate violence was both spectacular and unspeakable, rendering woman abuse a highly contested site of representation. It also reveals, however, that these ostensibly diametric modes of portraying violence worked in tandem to test the limits of what was socially and culturally representable during the period, and, in turn, to challenge hierarchies of genre, gender, class, and sexuality.</p> <p>This thesis is therefore both a study of the ways in which representations of intimate violence have avowed the imagined differences between members of disparate social categories and a study of how these differences often break down in the face of brutality. Chapter One shows that although street literature's representations of abuse seem invested in spectacularizing working-class violence, they often gesture towards the failures of middle-class domestic life and thus presume a unique vision of cross-class, shared moral experience. Chapter Two explores how feminist poet, pamphleteer, and novel writer Caroline Norton conflates multiple female identities to emphasize the importance of women's creative self-imagining as a means to resist physical violence and the rhetoric that encourages or allows it. Reading Anthony Trollope's Barchester Towers, Chapter Three intersects discourses on abuse with disability studies to interrogate how the conspicuous bodies of battered women can disrupt male homosocial interactions and complicate discourse on trauma and representation. Finally, Chapter Four considers the ways in which displacements of intimate violence in Wilkie Collins's The Woman In White create sympathetic bonds that blur subjective distinctions between abusive men and violated women to test male authority over representation.</p> / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

This dissertation presents a series of studies related to the characterization and optimization of consumables during Chemical Mechanical Planarization (CMP). These studies are also evaluated with the purpose of reducing the cost of ownership as well as minimizing the potential environmental impacts. It is well known that pad-wafer contact and pad surface micro-structure have significant impacts on polishing performance. The first study in this dissertation investigates the effect of pad surface contact and topography on polishing performance during copper CMP. Two different types of diamond discs (3M A2810 disc and MMC TRD disc) are used to condition the polishing pad. Pad surface contact area and topography are analyzed using laser confocal microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to illustrate how variations in pad surface micro-texture affect the copper removal rate and the coefficient of friction (COF). Polishing results show that the 3M A2810 disc generates significantly higher COF (16%) and removal rate (39%) than the MMC TRD disc. Pad surface analysis results show that the 3M A2810 disc and MMC TRD disc generate similar pad surface height probability density function and pad surface abruptness. On the other hand, the MMC TRD disc generates large flat near contact areas that correspond to fractured and collapsed pore walls while the 3M A2810 disc generates solid contact area and clear pore structures. The fractured and collapsed pore walls generated by the MMC TRD disc partly cover the adjacent pores, making the pad surface more lubricated during wafer polishing and resulting in a significantly lower COF and removal rate. In the next study, the individual "large" pad surface contact areas are differentiated from the "small" contact areas and their role in copper CMP is investigated. Surface topography and the structure of a typical individual large contact area are examined via laser confocal microscopy and SEM. In addition, the Young's Modulus of the pad surface material is simulated. A case study is presented to illustrate the role of the individual large contact area of IC1000 K-groove pad in copper CMP. SEM analysis shows that the individual large pad surface contact areas are induced by fractured pore walls and loosely attached pad debris. Simulation results indicate that individual large contact areas correspond to very low values of the Young's modulus (about 50 MPa). Such low values indicate that the pad material is soft and the summit underlying the individual large contact is not fully supported. As a result, individual large contact area implies low contact pressure and may contribute little to removal rate. Case study results confirm that the individual large contact area has minimal contribution to removal rate and indicate that the removal rate is mainly caused by small individual contact areas. In our case, small contact areas correspond to those smaller than 9 square microns. We believe that this methodology can be also applied for other kinds of pad, although the threshold values that may define "small" and "large" individual contact areas for different pads and processes need to be further investigated. In the third study, the effect of pad surface micro-texture in interlayer dielectric CMP is also investigated. Blanket 200-mm oxide wafers are polished and the polishing pad is conditioned under two different conditioning forces (26.7 and 44.5 N). Results show that when conditioning force is increased from 26.7 to 44.5 N, oxide removal rate increases by 65% while COF increases by only 7%. Pad surface contact area and topography are measured and analyzed to illustrate their effects on the oxide removal rate. While the two conditioning forces generate similar pad surface abruptness, pad surface contact area is significantly lower (by 71%) at the conditioning force of 44.5 N. Such dramatic decrease in pad surface contact area leads to a significant increase in local contact pressure and therefore results in a significant increase in oxide removal rate. The oxide removal rate and local contact pressure exhibits a Prestonian relationship. Besides the above studies on the effect of the pad surface micro-texture during blanket wafer polishing, the fourth study investigates how pad micro-texture affects dishing and erosion during shallow trench isolation (STI) patterned wafer polishing. Two different types of diamond discs (3M A2810 disc and MMC TRD disc) are used to condition the pad during wafer polishing. Dishing and erosion analysis for the patterned wafer polishing is performed using a surface profiler. To illustrate the effect of pad surface micro-texture on dishing and erosion, pad surface abruptness and mean pad summit curvature are analyzed using laser confocal microscopy. Polishing results show that the two discs generate similar blanket wafer removal rates, while the MMC TRD disc generate significantly higher dishing and erosion than the 3M A2810 disc during patterned wafer polishing. Results of pad surface micro-texture analysis show that the MMC TRD disc generates sharper asperities with higher mean pad summit curvature than the 3M A2810 disc, resulting in higher dishing and erosion. Another contribution of this dissertation is the development of a slurry film thickness quantification technique using ultraviolet-enhanced fluorescence. The technique is developed to measure slurry film thickness at any location of interest. In the next study of this dissertation, this new technique is applied to determine how two different slurry application/injection schemes (standard pad center area application method and novel slurry injection system) along with various polishing conditions such as sliding velocity, ring pressure and slurry flow rate affect slurry availability in the bow wave region of the polisher. For the standard pad center area application method, slurry is directly applied onto the pad center area and a large amount of fresh slurry flow directly off the pad surface without flowing to the pad-retaining ring interface due to the centrifugal forces. For the novel slurry injection system, slurry is introduced through an injector that is placed adjacent (<3 cm) to the retaining ring on the pad surface. Such a close distance between the injector and retaining ring allows most of the fresh slurry to be delivered efficiently to the leading edge of the retaining ring after it is injected onto the pad surface. Results show that the novel slurry injection system generates consistently thicker bow waves (up to 104 percent) at different sliding velocities, slurry flow rates and ring pressures, therefore providing more slurry availability for the pad-retaining ring interface and potentials for slurry consumption reduction in CMP processes. First order calculations yield estimates of slurry savings associated with the novel slurry injection system ranging between 8 and 48 percent depending on specific process conditions. In the last study of this dissertation, the effect of retaining ring slot design and polishing conditions on slurry flow dynamics at the bow wave is investigated. The ultraviolet-enhanced fluorescence technique is employed to measure the slurry film thickness at the bow wave for two retaining rings with different slot designs. Multiple sliding velocities, slurry flow rates and ring pressures are investigated. Results show that the retaining ring with the sharp angle slot design (PEEK-1) generates significantly thicker (on average 48%) slurry films at the bow wave than PEEK-2 which has a rounded angle slot design. For PEEK-1, film thickness at the bow wave increases with the increasing of flow rate and ring pressure and decreases with the increasing of sliding velocity. On the other hand, film thickness at bow wave does not change significantly for the PEEK-2 ring at different polishing conditions indicating an apparent robustness of the PEEK-2 design to various operating conditions. With retaining rings having different designs, and all else being the same, a thinner bow wave is preferred since it is indicative of a ring design that allows more slurry to flow into the pad-wafer interface. Therefore, the work underscores the importance of optimizing retaining ring slot design and polishing conditions for efficient slurry utilization.

In recent years a strong interest has been expressed to produce lighter structures.One possible solution to reduce the weight is to utilize high strength steels and use welding as the joining method. Many components experience fatigue loadingduring all or part of their life time and welded connections are often the prime location of fatigue failure. This becomes more critical in welded high strength steels as fatigue strength of welds does not increase by increasing the steel strength. A possible solution to overcome this issue is to use fatigue improvement methods.The main objectives of this project are, therefore, to increase understanding of the factors that control fatigue life and to investigate how the fatigue strength improvement methods; high frequency mechanical impact (HFMI) treatment and use of Low Transformation Temperature (LTT) consumables will affect fatigue properties of welds in high strength steels. In this regard, Gas Metal Arc Welding(GMAW) was used to produce butt and fillet welds using LTT or conventional fillers in steels with yield strengths ranging from 650-1021 MPa and T-joint weldsin a steel with 1300 MPa yield strength. The effect of HFMI on fatigue strength of the welds in 1300 MPa yield strength steels was also investigated. Butt and fillet welds in 650-1021 MPa steels were fatigue tested under constant amplitude tensile loading with a stress ratio of 0.1 while T-joints were fatigue tested under constant amplitude fully reversed bending load with a stress ratio of -1. The nominal stress approach was used for fatigue strength evaluation of butt and fillet welds whereas the effective notch stress approach was used in case of T-joints. Relative effectsof the main parameters such as residual stress and weld toe geometry influencing fatigue strength of welds were evaluated. Residual stresses were measured using X-ray diffraction for as-welded and HFMI treated welds. Neutron diffraction was additionally used to investigate the near surface residual stress distribution in 1300 MPa LTT welds.Results showed that use of LTT consumables increased fatigue strength of welds in steels with yield strengths ranging from 650-1021 MPa. For butt welds, the vii characteristic fatigue strength (FAT) of LTT welds at 2 million cycles was up to46% higher when compared to corresponding welds made with conventional fillermaterials. In fillet welds, a maximum improvement of 132% was achieved when using LTT wires. The increase in fatigue strength was attributed to the lower tensile residual stresses or even compressive stresses produced close to the weldtoe in LTT welds. Weld metals with martensite transformation start temperatures around 200 °C produced the highest fatigue strength. In 1300 MPa yield strength steel, similar FAT of 287 MPa was observed for LTT welds and 306 MPa for conventional welds, both much higher than the IIW FATvalue of 225 MPa. The relative transformation temperatures of the base and weldmetals, specimen geometry and loading type are possible reasons why the fatigue strength was not improved by use of LTT wires. Neutron diffraction showed that the LTT consumable was capable of inducing near surface compressive residual stresses in all directions at the weld toe. It was additionally found that there arevery steep stress gradients both transverse to the weld toe line and in the depth direction, at the weld toe. Due to difficulties to accurately measure residual stresses locally at the weld toe most often in the literature and recommendations residual stresses a few millimetre away from the weld toe are related to fatigue properties. However, this research shows that caution must be used when relating these to fatigue strength, in particular for LTT welds, as stress in the base materiala few millimetre from the weld toe can be very different from the stress locally at the weld toe.HFMI increased the mean fatigue strength of conventional welds in 1300 MPa steels about 26% and of LTT welds by 13%. It increased the weld toe radius slightly but produced a more uniform geometry along the treated weld toes. Large compressive residual stresses, especially in the longitudinal direction, were introduced adjacent to the weld toe for both LTT and conventional treated welds. It was concluded that the increase in fatigue strength by HFMI treatment is due to the combined effect of weld toe geometry modification, increase in surface hardness and introduction of compressive residual stresses in the treated region.It was concluded that the residual stress has a relatively larger influence than the weld toe geometry on fatigue strength of welds. This is based on the observation that a moderate decrease in residual stress of about 15% at the 300 MPa stress level had the same effect on fatigue strength as increasing the weld toe radius by approximately 85% from 1.4 mm to 2.6 mm, in fillet welds. Also, a higher fatigue strength was observed for HFMI treated conventional welds compared to as welded samples having similar weld toe radii but with different residual stresses.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:23:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rafael Molinari Rodrigues.pdf: 958282 bytes, checksum: fbab66e40a4153aa98ad880dd360f379 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-10-08 / This study has the purpose of analyzing the possibility of constituting fiduciary alienation over farming products as guarantee to the financing of the Brazilian agribusiness. For this purpose, we have divided this paper in three big parties. Firstly, in order to contextualize this study, we have mentioned brief considerations about the Brazilian agribusiness, its importance to the country and to the world, and indicated an overview about the public and private financing of the activities related to the agribusiness sector. Also as a background to reach the purpose of this study, we have established in the second chapter some notions about the historical origin of the fiduciary alienation and, further, we highlighted the types of fiduciary alienation as guarantee, its legal bases and requirements, as well as we pointed out the main advantages of the fiduciary alienation as guarantee before pledge and mortgage. After this important part of contextualization, the research follows in the last chapter with a detailed analysis of the doctrinaire and jurisprudential understandings consolidated in the 1990s and until today applicable, regarding the supposed impossibility of fiduciary alienation of fungible, consumable and alienable (in stock) movable goods, as it would be the case of the farming products. After that, we propose a reanalysis of such understanding, mainly based on the legislative evolution of the fiduciary alienation as guarantee in the Brazilian legal system in the last decades and on new jurisprudence about the issue, to then defend the possibility of the fiduciary alienation over fungible, consumable and alienable movable goods. Finally, we highlight existing peculiarities and special legislation about the fiduciary alienation of farming products and we conclude that is possible the constitution of fiduciary alienation as guarantee over farming products to the financing of the agribusiness, both when those products are fungible, consumable and alienable (in stock), and in case such farming products are duly individualized, thus, they have become not fungible products / O presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar a possibilidade de constituição de alienação fiduciária sobre produtos agropecuários, como garantia para o financiamento do agronegócio brasileiro. Para tanto, dividimos a dissertação em três grandes partes. Primeiramente, de forma a contextualizar o estudo, tecemos breves considerações sobre o agronegócio brasileiro, sua importância para o país e para o mundo, e traçamos um panorama geral sobre o financiamento público e privado das atividades relacionadas ao agronegócio. Ainda como pano de fundo para se atingir o objetivo deste trabalho, trazemos, no segundo capítulo, noções sobre a origem histórica da alienação fiduciária, para depois destacar as modalidades de alienação fiduciária em garantia, suas bases e requisitos legais, bem como as principais vantagens da alienação fiduciária em garantia frente ao penhor e à hipoteca. Após esta importante fase de contextualização, a pesquisa segue, no último capítulo, com análise detalhada acerca dos entendimentos doutrinário e jurisprudencial consolidados em meados de 1990 e até hoje aplicados, quanto à suposta impossibilidade de garantia fiduciária de bens móveis fungíveis, consumíveis e comerciáveis ou de estoque, como seria o caso dos produtos agropecuários. Em seguida, propomos uma reanálise de tais entendimentos, principalmente com base na evolução legislativa da alienação fiduciária em garantia no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro nas últimas décadas e em nova jurisprudência sobre o assunto, para depois defender a possibilidade da alienação fiduciária sobre bens móveis fungíveis, consumíveis e comerciáveis. Por fim, destacamos peculiaridades e legislação especial existentes sobre alienação fiduciária de produtos agropecuários e concluímos pela possibilidade de constituição de garantia fiduciária de produtos agropecuários para financiamento do agronegócio, tanto quando tais produtos forem fungíveis, consumíveis e comerciáveis ou de estoque, quanto no caso em que os produtos agropecuários estiverem devidamente individualizados e, por isso, terem se tornado produtos infungíveis

No description available.