The primary purposes of this dissertation were understanding the nature of an attitudinal scale designed to measure the consumptive orientation of recreational anglers and filling a gap in the published literature regarding measurement using the scale. Consumptive orientation was defined as the attitude anglers hold towards catching fish, including catching something, retaining fish (as opposed to releasing), catching large fish (size), and catching large amounts of fish (numbers). In order to confirm these four attitudes are measured by the scale, a model was hypothesized and tested using a confirmatory factor analysis on a sample of male anglers in Texas. It was reasoned that a different subculture may interpret the attitudinal statements differently; thus, the structure of the scale was explored using women as a separate sample. Finally, an example of how the scale could be used was provided by examining differences between tournament and nontournament anglers?? attitudes towards the four constructs measured by the scale. Overall, results were varied with the hypothesized model used to confirm the scale. While results indicated dropping four of the sixteen statements would not result in a significant change in the structure of the scale, results also confirmed there were four distinct attitudes measured by the consumptive orientation scale. The use of the scale with the larger angling population was confirmed by finding the same structure using a sample of women anglers. Finally, the scale was shown to be useful for examining activity-specific differences in angling social worlds. Differences were detected between tournament and nontournament anglers on three of the four consumptive attitudes: ??catching numbers,?? ??catching large/trophy fish,?? and ??retaining fish.?? Differences found were related to the commitment level of tournament and nontournament anglers. Further analysis examined how avidity may have affected differences among angler groups. These differences further current knowledge about tournament anglers and their expectations for fishing experiences. Overall, results support the usefulness of the consumptive orientation scale as a survey tool for understanding recreational fishing clientele.

5 pp. / This Extension Bulletin is similar to others previously completed for Tucson, Phoenix, Flagstaff, Prescott and Payson. The bulletin provides information on turfgrass consumptive use for the River Cities (Bullhead, Lake Havasu, etc.) and Kingman areas. Consumptive use is provided for each month of the year in units of inches/month and inches/day for three grass production systems: high quality overseeded turf, acceptable quality overseeded turf and acceptable quality turf with no overseeding. The bulletin concludes with a discussion on how to use incorporate this into turf irrigation management programs.

3 pp. / This publication is meant to be a short fact sheet that provides estimates of turfgrass consumptive use (of water) in the Payson area. The publication provides a brief description of the procedures used to generate the CU estimates, then presents the data both as a CU table and CU curve. The publication should prove useful for irrigation management and water resource planning.

3 pp.

Revised; Originally Published: 2005 / 4 pp.

3 pp. / Similar Fact Sheets for Payson & Flagstaff / This publication is intended as a brief Fact Sheet that provides estimates of turfgrass consumptive use for Prescott.

3 pp. / Similar titles for Payson and Prescott / This publication is intended to be a brief Fact Sheet that provides estimates of turf consumptive use for the Flagstaff area. The publication should find utility in both irrigation management and water resource management and planning.

Revised; Originally Published: 2005 / 3 pp.

Revised; Originally Published: 2005 / 3 pp.

When ovipositing, prey organisms avoid habitat patches containing predator cues because predators consume, and negatively affect the fitness of their prey. Richness of predator species often enhances the strength of consumptive predator effects, but little is known about how multiple predators combined affect prey non-consumptively. We quantified dipteran colonization in aquatic mesocosms in response to varied predator richness. Multiple predator species combined reduced oviposition by Culex mosquitoes, chironomid midges, and the general colonizing dipteran community more than predicted by the effects of the independent predator species. Previous research which quantifies effects of multiple predators on prey as prey abundance, but does not measure consumption by predators, may be underestimating or overestimating the strength of effect by assuming equal colonization. Our findings enhance understanding of the ways predators influence abundances and distributions of their prey, and yields insight into the ways predators may non-consumptively affect prey by changing prey behavior.