Submitted by Claudinei Pracidelli (cpracide@ipen.br) on 2016-06-22T14:21:17Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-22T14:21:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Submitted by Claudinei Pracidelli (cpracide@ipen.br) on 2016-06-22T14:21:17Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-22T14:21:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Compostos farmacêuticos são identificados em matrizes ambientais em ordens de grandeza de ng.L-1 a μg.L-1. Dentre os fármacos, os antibióticos têm recebido atenção especial devido aos problemas que podem causar à biota aquática. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a citotoxicidade de Amoxicilina e Clavulanato de Potássio isolados e em associação para mexilhões Perna perna utilizando o ensaio do tempo de retenção do corante vermelho neutro, que avalia a estabilidade da membrana lisossômica de hemócitos dos organismos teste. A Amoxicilina causou citotoxicidade aos mexilhões nas concentrações de: CEO: 1 ng.L-1, CI25-24h: 0,44 ng.L-1, CI25-48h: 1,19 ng.L-1 e CI25-72h: 0,85 ng.L-1, o Clavulanato de Potássio foi citotóxico nas concentrações de: 10 ng.L-1 em 24h e 50 ng.L-1 e 100 ng.L-1 em 48h e 72h. Os valores de concentração inibitória foram de CI25-24h: 3,11 ng.L-1, CI25-48h: 3,45 ng.L-1 e CI25-72h: 3,43 ng.L-1. No ensaio realizado com a associação dos fármacos todas as concentrações foram citotóxicas aos mexilhões em 48h e em 72h apenas 40 ng.L-1 de Amoxicilina + 10 ng.L-1 de Clavulanato de Potássio e 200 ng.L-1 de Amoxicilina + 50 ng.L-1 de Clavulanato de Potássio. As concentrações inibitórias foram: CI25-48h: 1,67 ng.L-1 e CI25-72h: 1,36 ng.L-1 a partir dos dados de Amoxicilina e CI25-48h: 0,42 ng.L-1 e CI25-72h: 0,34 ng.L-1 a partir dos dados de Clavulanato de Potássio. / Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

本篇研究目的在於藉由分析句法直接性(syntactic directness)、語意修飾(semantic modification)以及內容 (content)來探討漢語母親規範語中的控制行為(control acts)，也就是指令(directives)和禁止(prohibitions)。語料來自一名以漢語為母語的母親與兒童之間的日常對話。研究結果顯示，指令隨著兒童年紀增長而遞減，而禁止卻隨著兒童年紀增長而遞增。句法直接性分析結果發現，不論指令或是禁止的情況下，漢語母親常使用祈使句(imperative)的句式。語意修飾方面結果發現，漢語母親主要是採用未修飾(bald)以及縮小(minimization)。內容方面顯示，指令常使用在從事能力活動(competent action)，而禁止常使用在得體行為(appropriate behavior)和自立(caretaking)。 / The purpose of this study is to investigate Mandarin maternal control acts including the directives and prohibitions in maternal regulatory language by analyzing syntactic directness, semantic modification, and content. The data collected were natural conversations of one Mandarin-speaking mother-child dyad. The data of maternal regulatory language was analyzed when the child’s ages were 2;1, 2;7, 3;1, and 3;7. The results show that the frequency of directives decreases with the child’s age, but the frequency of prohibitions increases. In addition, the preferred sentence type is imperative in both directives and prohibitions. The child’s cognitive development and the culture factors which would determine the style of regulatory language used by the Mandarin mother are discussed. Furthermore, the results of semantic modification reveal that bald and minimization are two dominant modifications. The mother’s adoption of bald and minimization may be influenced by her power status and politeness. Two major kinds of semantic combinations are also discovered in this study. Finally, the results of contents show that competent action often occurs in directives. As for prohibitions, appropriate behavior and caretaking are most related. Our finding would shed some light on the Mandarin maternal regulatory language.