"Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de Maîtrise en droit (LL.M.)" / L'étude de notre common Law révèle que les tribunaux canadiens et anglais ont constamment été appelés à décider de l'admissibilité d'éléments de preuve impliquant la participation de l'accusé à la détermination de sa culpabilité. Qu'il s'agisse des confessions obtenues auprès d'un suspect lors de l'interrogatoire policier, ou du témoignage rendu par un accusé dans le cours du processus judiciaire (par exemple lors du procès d'un complice ou d'un premier procès dont le verdict a été annulé par la cour d'appel), on constate que l'État a régulièrement tenté de prouver la culpabilité d'un accusé par le biais de ses propres aveux. On tente généralement de justifier le recours à cette méthode d'obtention de la preuve en invoquant que les aveux faits par un accusé sont de loin la meilleure preuve de sa culpabilité et donc, qu'ils aident le juge des faits à découvrir la vérité. Il appert toutefois qu'au fil des années, l'État a souvent abusé de ce pouvoir et que des condamnations ainsi obtenues l'ont parfois été au mépris des droits des accusés, notamment le droit à un procès juste et équitable et le droit encore plus fondamental de ne pas être contraint à fournir contre sa volonté une preuve de nature à établir sa culpabilité dans son propre procès. De plus, les nombreuses erreurs judiciaires mises à jour au cours de dernières années au Canada démontrent clairement que des verdicts de culpabilité ont aussi été erronément prononcés contre des accusés sur la foi de confessions qui se sont révélées plus tard être fausses. Pour cette raison, il apparaît important de déterminer si ce moyen de preuve est toujours légitime aujourd'hui, en regard de deux des grandes théories du droit pénal: la «théorie de la gestion des risques» et la «théorie de la justice» ou de l'équité du procès. De façon plus générale, cette étude cherche à répondre à la question suivante: en droit criminel canadien, la fin (recherche de la Vérité) justifie-t-elle tous les moyens employés pour la découvrir? / The study of our "common Law" reveals that the Canadian and English courts were constantly called upon in order to decide on the admissibility of elements of proof involving the participation of the defendant in the assertion of his guilt. Whether it is confessions obtained from a suspect during a police interrogation, or the testimony given by a defendant during the course ofthe legal process (for example, at the time of a trial of an accomplice or a first trial for which the verdict was cancelled by a court of appeal), we notice that the State regularly tried to prove the guilt of a defendant by way of his own statements. We generally try to justify the recourse to this method of obtaining proof by invoking that the statements made by a defendant are by far the best proof of his guilt and thus help the judge to uncover the truth. It appears, however, that over the years the State often abused this power and that ensuing convictions were sometimes obtained with a disregard of the rights of the defendants; in particular, the right to a fair trial and the right even more fundamental not to be constrained to provide against his will, a proof likely to establish his guilt in his own trial. In addition, many legal updates in the recent years in Canada c1early show that verdicts of guilt were also incorrectly pronounced against defendants on the faith of confessions which were later proved to he false. As such, it appears important to determine ifthis type ofproofretains its legitimacy today in regards to two of the great theories of criminallaw: the "Theory of Risk Management" and the "Theory of Justice" or the equity of the trial. More generally, this study seeks to answer the following question: "In Canadian criminallaw, does the end (search for the truth) justify the means used to uncover it?"

With criminal cases continuing to be exonerated across the United States, research must be done on the subject to advance current practices to reduce its occurrence in the future. This study combines county population data with the National Registry of Exonerations to analyze the contributing factors to wrongful convictions and the possible effect of population on their frequency. The objective of this study was to identify specific policy changes based on the five contributing factors to wrongful convictions that could be applied to population specific areas. The results yielded multiple patterns that are discussed thoroughly. These findings allowed the introduction of policy changes and proposals for future research.

O controle da corrupção passa pela adoção de medidas que garantam a efetividade do sistema de accountability legal para responsabilização criminal de autoridades políticas. Neste sentido, esta dissertação realiza um estudo sobre as mudanças legais e jurisprudenciais no foro especial por prerrogativa de função no Brasil, i.e. “foro privilegiado”, de forma a subsidiar a análise empírica dos fatores preditivos da condenação criminal de Prefeitos Municipais pelo Tribunal de Justiça do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (TJRS). Para tanto, o trabalho se utiliza de análise de regressão multivariada (logística e linear) para testar hipóteses relacionadas ao perfil do réu, às características do ambiente político local e do sistema de justiça, a partir do exame de 1.716 processos julgados pela 4ª Câmara Criminal do TJRS entre os anos de 1992 e 2016. Trata-se, com efeito, de todos os processos para os quais há informações publicamente disponíveis no sítio eletrônico do tribunal, excluídas duplicidades e inconsistências. Adicionalmente, a dissertação analisa questões relativas à prescrição, à severidade das penas aplicadas e à celeridade processual. Como resultados, a análise encontra que foram positiva e estatisticamente significativas em praticamente todos os modelos testados as variáveis relativas ao tempo de tramitação dos processos, ao seu número de volumes e à presença de auditorias do Tribunal de Contas do Estado como provas relatadas nas decisões. Isso sugere que razoável tempo de maturação e tramitação do processo, adequada instrução processual e presença de elementos de prova técnica de qualidade incrementam as chances de condenação criminal dos prefeitos. A presença dessas três variáveis também está altamente correlacionada a maior severidade na aplicação de penas de reclusão e/ou detenção. Por sua vez, dentre as variáveis estatisticamente significativas em apenas alguns modelos, encontra-se: os partidos e o espectro político do réu, a disposição para a política conforme a ocupação anterior do réu, o número de réus, o porte, o tempo de existência e a localização do município, o tipo de crime e a origem do relator. Estas, sugere-se, pesquisas mais aprofundadas para examinar seu impacto. Finalmente, não foram estatisticamente significativas na quase totalidade dos modelos as variáveis relativas ao PIB, IDHM, Índice de Gini e recebimento de royalties de petróleo. Isso sugere que a Câmara não parece orientar sua atuação de forma políticopartidária ou ideológica, nem intensifica condenações contra Prefeitos de municípios de determinado porte, região ou nível de desenvolvimento. De modo geral, fatores relacionados ao sistema de justiça apresentam forte impacto nas condenações de Prefeitos pela 4ª CCriminal. / The control of corruption passes through the adoption of measures that guarantee the effectiveness of the system of legal accountability for criminal accountability of political authorities. In this sense, this dissertation carries out a study on legal and jurisprudential changes in the special forum by prerogative of function in Brazil, ie "privileged forum", in order to subsidize the empirical analysis of the predictive factors of the criminal conviction of Municipal Mayors by the Court of Justice of the State of Rio Grande do Sul (TJRS). For this, the work uses a multivariate regression analysis (logistic and linear) to test hypotheses related to the profile of the defendant, the characteristics of the local political environment and the justice system, based on the examination of 1,716 cases judged by the 4th Criminal Chamber of the TJRS between 1992 and 2016. These are all cases for which publicly available information is available on the court's website, excluding duplicities and inconsistencies. Additionally, the dissertation analyzes issues related to the prescription, the severity of the penalties applied and the procedural speed. As a result, the analysis found that the variables related to the processing time, the number of volumes and the presence of audits by the State Audit Court as evidence reported in the decisions were positive and statistically significant in practically all models tested. This suggests that a reasonable time for process maturation and processing, adequate procedural instruction and the presence of quality technical evidence increase the chances of criminal conviction of mayors. The presence of these three variables is also highly correlated with greater severity in the application of prison sentences and / or detention. In turn, among the variables that are statistically significant in only a few models, are: the parties and the political spectrum of the defendant, the disposition for politics according to the previous occupation of the defendant, the number of defendants, the size, existence and location of the municipality, the type of crime and the origin of the rapporteur. These, it is suggested, further research to examine their impact. Finally, the variables related to GDP, HDI, Gini Index and oil royalties were not statistically significant in almost all the models. This suggests that the Chamber does not seem to orient its action politically-partisan or ideological, nor intensifies condemnations against Mayors of municipalities of a certain size, region or level of development. In general, factors related to the justice system have a strong impact on the convictions of mayors by the 4th CCriminal.

Our criminal justice system works very hard to prevent criminals from harming other individuals; however, unfortunately mistakes happen. One wrongful conviction is one too many. There are multiple factors that can be assumed to be the cause of wrongful convictions. However, due to the lack of directly related research, the determents are not well established. The following research addresses wrongful convictions as a result of public defender representation. Through the process of theory construction, the research uses critical race theory and social disorganization theory to show the relationship between court appointed representation and wrongful convictions. A new theory is also established that is referred to as the partial load reduction theory. This theory establishes the relationship that exists between wrongful convictions and public defender representation and provides solutions as well as new avenues for future research.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of the teaching practice in grade 12 Biblical Studies in private Christian schools in the Limpopo Province in South Africa during 2003, with the specific objective to make recommendations towards possible improvements. Although but a few private Christian schools in the Limpopo Province participated in the study, while the title implies that all the South African schools were involved, the findings are assumed to be a cross section of the general situation of grade 12 Biblical Studies teaching in South Africa, as teaching is more or less subjected to similar conditions in all the Provinces. This study consists of a theoretical section wherein literature regarding the variables of the study are discussed, as well as an empirical section wherein the results of the research are reported and interpreted with the aim of reaching certain conclusions regarding the typical profile of Biblical Studies teaching practice in the Limpopo Province. The theoretical basis is grounded in the didactical foundations of teaching as discussed in Chapter 2. This is followed by the empirical study (described in Chapter 3) grounded in the results obtained from classroom observations, questionnaires, interviews and the November 1996-2002 Biblical Studies grade 12 final examination of the four participating schools. Chapters 4 and 5 respectively evaluate and consolidate the findings from the classroom observations, the responses from the interviews and questionnaires, and the November 1996-2002 grade 12 Biblical Studies examination results. The main thesis on which this study rests is that the teaching practice of grade 12 Biblical Studies in private Christian schools during 2003 was unsatisfactory because of, inter alia, lack of work ethics, negative attitudes of both teachers and learners, lack of or insufficient application of didactical principles, teaching methods and teaching aids, low morale and insufficient or improper training of Biblical Studies teachers. The study revealed that the teaching of grade 12 Biblical Studies in private Christian schools during 2003 was indeed unsatisfactory because of lack of work ethics, negative attitude of both teachers and learners, lack of and insufficient application of didactical principles and a variety of teaching methods, low morale and improper training of some Biblical Studies teachers. The most aggravating factor was that teachers often did not even show up for Biblical Studies classes. Conclusively, it is therefore recommended that heads of departments and principals regularly monitor and evaluate the quality and quantity of Biblical Studies teaching in schools. The inspectors of schools may also support these forms of control by more regular inspection of schools, and more specifically, of the Biblical Studies classroom. Incentives and recognition of performance by both teachers and learners in the Biblical Studies classroom may be incorporated into these recommendations. / Thesis (M.A.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004.

L'étude de notre common Law révèle que les tribunaux canadiens et anglais ont constamment été appelés à décider de l'admissibilité d'éléments de preuve impliquant la participation de l'accusé à la détermination de sa culpabilité. Qu'il s'agisse des confessions obtenues auprès d'un suspect lors de l'interrogatoire policier, ou du témoignage rendu par un accusé dans le cours du processus judiciaire (par exemple lors du procès d'un complice ou d'un premier procès dont le verdict a été annulé par la cour d'appel), on constate que l'État a régulièrement tenté de prouver la culpabilité d'un accusé par le biais de ses propres aveux. On tente généralement de justifier le recours à cette méthode d'obtention de la preuve en invoquant que les aveux faits par un accusé sont de loin la meilleure preuve de sa culpabilité et donc, qu'ils aident le juge des faits à découvrir la vérité. Il appert toutefois qu'au fil des années, l'État a souvent abusé de ce pouvoir et que des condamnations ainsi obtenues l'ont parfois été au mépris des droits des accusés, notamment le droit à un procès juste et équitable et le droit encore plus fondamental de ne pas être contraint à fournir contre sa volonté une preuve de nature à établir sa culpabilité dans son propre procès. De plus, les nombreuses erreurs judiciaires mises à jour au cours de dernières années au Canada démontrent clairement que des verdicts de culpabilité ont aussi été erronément prononcés contre des accusés sur la foi de confessions qui se sont révélées plus tard être fausses. Pour cette raison, il apparaît important de déterminer si ce moyen de preuve est toujours légitime aujourd'hui, en regard de deux des grandes théories du droit pénal: la «théorie de la gestion des risques» et la «théorie de la justice» ou de l'équité du procès. De façon plus générale, cette étude cherche à répondre à la question suivante: en droit criminel canadien, la fin (recherche de la Vérité) justifie-t-elle tous les moyens employés pour la découvrir? / The study of our "common Law" reveals that the Canadian and English courts were constantly called upon in order to decide on the admissibility of elements of proof involving the participation of the defendant in the assertion of his guilt. Whether it is confessions obtained from a suspect during a police interrogation, or the testimony given by a defendant during the course ofthe legal process (for example, at the time of a trial of an accomplice or a first trial for which the verdict was cancelled by a court of appeal), we notice that the State regularly tried to prove the guilt of a defendant by way of his own statements. We generally try to justify the recourse to this method of obtaining proof by invoking that the statements made by a defendant are by far the best proof of his guilt and thus help the judge to uncover the truth. It appears, however, that over the years the State often abused this power and that ensuing convictions were sometimes obtained with a disregard of the rights of the defendants; in particular, the right to a fair trial and the right even more fundamental not to be constrained to provide against his will, a proof likely to establish his guilt in his own trial. In addition, many legal updates in the recent years in Canada c1early show that verdicts of guilt were also incorrectly pronounced against defendants on the faith of confessions which were later proved to he false. As such, it appears important to determine ifthis type ofproofretains its legitimacy today in regards to two of the great theories of criminallaw: the "Theory of Risk Management" and the "Theory of Justice" or the equity of the trial. More generally, this study seeks to answer the following question: "In Canadian criminallaw, does the end (search for the truth) justify the means used to uncover it?" / "Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de Maîtrise en droit (LL.M.)"

The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of the teaching practice in grade 12 Biblical Studies in private Christian schools in the Limpopo Province in South Africa during 2003, with the specific objective to make recommendations towards possible improvements. Although but a few private Christian schools in the Limpopo Province participated in the study, while the title implies that all the South African schools were involved, the findings are assumed to be a cross section of the general situation of grade 12 Biblical Studies teaching in South Africa, as teaching is more or less subjected to similar conditions in all the Provinces. This study consists of a theoretical section wherein literature regarding the variables of the study are discussed, as well as an empirical section wherein the results of the research are reported and interpreted with the aim of reaching certain conclusions regarding the typical profile of Biblical Studies teaching practice in the Limpopo Province. The theoretical basis is grounded in the didactical foundations of teaching as discussed in Chapter 2. This is followed by the empirical study (described in Chapter 3) grounded in the results obtained from classroom observations, questionnaires, interviews and the November 1996-2002 Biblical Studies grade 12 final examination of the four participating schools. Chapters 4 and 5 respectively evaluate and consolidate the findings from the classroom observations, the responses from the interviews and questionnaires, and the November 1996-2002 grade 12 Biblical Studies examination results. The main thesis on which this study rests is that the teaching practice of grade 12 Biblical Studies in private Christian schools during 2003 was unsatisfactory because of, inter alia, lack of work ethics, negative attitudes of both teachers and learners, lack of or insufficient application of didactical principles, teaching methods and teaching aids, low morale and insufficient or improper training of Biblical Studies teachers. The study revealed that the teaching of grade 12 Biblical Studies in private Christian schools during 2003 was indeed unsatisfactory because of lack of work ethics, negative attitude of both teachers and learners, lack of and insufficient application of didactical principles and a variety of teaching methods, low morale and improper training of some Biblical Studies teachers. The most aggravating factor was that teachers often did not even show up for Biblical Studies classes. Conclusively, it is therefore recommended that heads of departments and principals regularly monitor and evaluate the quality and quantity of Biblical Studies teaching in schools. The inspectors of schools may also support these forms of control by more regular inspection of schools, and more specifically, of the Biblical Studies classroom. Incentives and recognition of performance by both teachers and learners in the Biblical Studies classroom may be incorporated into these recommendations. / Thesis (M.A.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004.

Text in Afrikaans, abstract in Afrikaans and English / Die nie-nakoming van onderhoudsbevele is 'n universele problem. Wereldwyd word daar gedurig pogings aangewend om by wyse van wetgewing effektiewer afdwinging van onderhoudsbevele te bewerkstellig. Op 1 Maart 1992 het die wetgewer hier te lande 'n aantal nuwe maatreels vir hierdie doel beliggaam in die Wysigingswet op Onderhoud, 2 van 1991, wat op genoemde datum in werking getree het. 'n Ondersoek is gedoen by die Johannesburgse Landdroshof waar 'n studie gemaak is van 2,248 afgehandelde sake en strek oor die periode 1Maart 1992 tot 31Augustus1995. Die ondersoek bring aan die lig dat die bepalings van genoemde Wysigingswet op Onderhoud, wat gerig is op effektiewer afdwinging van onderhoudsbevele, nie 'n noemenswaardige verbetering in effektiewer afdwinging van hierdie bevele in die praktyk tot gevolg gehad het nie. Dit blyk dat die meeste howe geneig is om belangrike afdwingingsmeganismes soos besoldigingsbeslag bevele en lasbriewe vir eksekusie oor die hoof sien. Kritiek word uitgespreek op sommige van hierdie bepalings en voorstelle word gemaak hoe relatiewe geringe wysigings daaraan effektiewer afdwinging van onderhoudsbevele kan bewerkstellig. Daar word kortliks verwys na die afdwinging van onderhoudsbevele in antler regstelsels en hoe hulle poog om effektiewer afdwinging van onderhoudsbevele te bewerkstellig. / The ineffective enforcement of maintenance orders appears to be a world wide phenomenon. Legislators here and aboard are always attempting to improve the effectiveness of maintenance collection and enforcement methods. Research done at the Johannesburg Magistrate's Court involving 2,248 cases covering the period 1 March 1992 to 31 August 1995 reveals that the Maintenance Amendment Act, 2 of 1991, which is aimed at improving the enforcement of maintenance orders had a negligible effect on enforcement mechanisms used by the courts. It appears that most courts are inclined to overlook important collection methods such as garnishee and attachment orders. Criticism is levelled at certain provisions contained in the Maintenance Act, 23 of 1963, as amended. Suggestions are made how relatively simple amendments would contribute to more effective enforcement of maintenance orders. A brief survey is made of attempts by some Western countries to improve the manner of maintenance collection. / Private Law / LL. M. (Law)

O controle da corrupção passa pela adoção de medidas que garantam a efetividade do sistema de accountability legal para responsabilização criminal de autoridades políticas. Neste sentido, esta dissertação realiza um estudo sobre as mudanças legais e jurisprudenciais no foro especial por prerrogativa de função no Brasil, i.e. “foro privilegiado”, de forma a subsidiar a análise empírica dos fatores preditivos da condenação criminal de Prefeitos Municipais pelo Tribunal de Justiça do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (TJRS). Para tanto, o trabalho se utiliza de análise de regressão multivariada (logística e linear) para testar hipóteses relacionadas ao perfil do réu, às características do ambiente político local e do sistema de justiça, a partir do exame de 1.716 processos julgados pela 4ª Câmara Criminal do TJRS entre os anos de 1992 e 2016. Trata-se, com efeito, de todos os processos para os quais há informações publicamente disponíveis no sítio eletrônico do tribunal, excluídas duplicidades e inconsistências. Adicionalmente, a dissertação analisa questões relativas à prescrição, à severidade das penas aplicadas e à celeridade processual. Como resultados, a análise encontra que foram positiva e estatisticamente significativas em praticamente todos os modelos testados as variáveis relativas ao tempo de tramitação dos processos, ao seu número de volumes e à presença de auditorias do Tribunal de Contas do Estado como provas relatadas nas decisões. Isso sugere que razoável tempo de maturação e tramitação do processo, adequada instrução processual e presença de elementos de prova técnica de qualidade incrementam as chances de condenação criminal dos prefeitos. A presença dessas três variáveis também está altamente correlacionada a maior severidade na aplicação de penas de reclusão e/ou detenção. Por sua vez, dentre as variáveis estatisticamente significativas em apenas alguns modelos, encontra-se: os partidos e o espectro político do réu, a disposição para a política conforme a ocupação anterior do réu, o número de réus, o porte, o tempo de existência e a localização do município, o tipo de crime e a origem do relator. Estas, sugere-se, pesquisas mais aprofundadas para examinar seu impacto. Finalmente, não foram estatisticamente significativas na quase totalidade dos modelos as variáveis relativas ao PIB, IDHM, Índice de Gini e recebimento de royalties de petróleo. Isso sugere que a Câmara não parece orientar sua atuação de forma políticopartidária ou ideológica, nem intensifica condenações contra Prefeitos de municípios de determinado porte, região ou nível de desenvolvimento. De modo geral, fatores relacionados ao sistema de justiça apresentam forte impacto nas condenações de Prefeitos pela 4ª CCriminal. / The control of corruption passes through the adoption of measures that guarantee the effectiveness of the system of legal accountability for criminal accountability of political authorities. In this sense, this dissertation carries out a study on legal and jurisprudential changes in the special forum by prerogative of function in Brazil, ie "privileged forum", in order to subsidize the empirical analysis of the predictive factors of the criminal conviction of Municipal Mayors by the Court of Justice of the State of Rio Grande do Sul (TJRS). For this, the work uses a multivariate regression analysis (logistic and linear) to test hypotheses related to the profile of the defendant, the characteristics of the local political environment and the justice system, based on the examination of 1,716 cases judged by the 4th Criminal Chamber of the TJRS between 1992 and 2016. These are all cases for which publicly available information is available on the court's website, excluding duplicities and inconsistencies. Additionally, the dissertation analyzes issues related to the prescription, the severity of the penalties applied and the procedural speed. As a result, the analysis found that the variables related to the processing time, the number of volumes and the presence of audits by the State Audit Court as evidence reported in the decisions were positive and statistically significant in practically all models tested. This suggests that a reasonable time for process maturation and processing, adequate procedural instruction and the presence of quality technical evidence increase the chances of criminal conviction of mayors. The presence of these three variables is also highly correlated with greater severity in the application of prison sentences and / or detention. In turn, among the variables that are statistically significant in only a few models, are: the parties and the political spectrum of the defendant, the disposition for politics according to the previous occupation of the defendant, the number of defendants, the size, existence and location of the municipality, the type of crime and the origin of the rapporteur. These, it is suggested, further research to examine their impact. Finally, the variables related to GDP, HDI, Gini Index and oil royalties were not statistically significant in almost all the models. This suggests that the Chamber does not seem to orient its action politically-partisan or ideological, nor intensifies condemnations against Mayors of municipalities of a certain size, region or level of development. In general, factors related to the justice system have a strong impact on the convictions of mayors by the 4th CCriminal.

Victim-offender reconciliation programs (VORPs), the hallmark of the restorative justice movement, offer an alternative to the retributive approach to crime. These programs seek to bring the victim and offender together for purposes of working out a mediated settlement agreement.