A tese investiga o apoio a egressos do sistema penitenciário no Brasil, a partir do estudo das produções legislativas, das políticas públicas e da criação de programas de apoio, surgidos no país, a partir da década de 1990. Seu foco principal de análise recai sobre a atuação e o papel dos programas de apoio nas trajetórias de vida de egressos. Para tanto, realizamos um levantamento das iniciativas nacionais, pesquisa em profundidade em programas públicos (Agentes da Liberdade, no Rio de Janeiro-RJ e Programa de Acompanhamento Social, em Porto Alegre-RS) e da sociedade civil (FAESP em Porto Alegre-RS e Pró-Egresso em Maringá-PR) e uma análise das trajetórias de vida e do impacto do apoio na visão dos egressos. A metodologia de pesquisa incluiu analise legislativa, de políticas públicas, visita aos programas com realização de pesquisas documental e entrevistas. O referencial teórico foi constituído por abordagens de políticas públicas, sociais e penais - Delmas-Marty (2004), Adorno (1991), Souza (2007); trajetórias de vida, capital social, esperanças e oportunidades - Bourdieu (1980, 1997, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2005); impactos do aprisionamento: disciplinamento, prisionização e estigma - Foucault (1996a, 1999, 2002a, 2002b, 2003), Baratta (1999), Goffman (1988); e inclusão/exclusão - redes sociais, religião e trabalho - Xiberras (1996), Barnes(1987), Quiroga (2005), Castel (2001). Nosso estudo parte da análise sobre a inserção, no Brasil, dos modelos de welfarismo penal - política criminal vigente nos países centrais na época dos Estados de Bem-Estar Social - e de Estado penal - política criminal surgida com a crise deste modelo estatal. Os programas de apoio investigados em profundidade revelam-se, à luz das teorias das políticas públicas e sociais, espaços de mediação para pequenas conquistas: acesso à cidadania formal, acesso aos meios de sobrevivência, como alimentação, transporte e vestuário, e à saúde. Em menor escala, as iniciativas permitem a inserção educacional e no trabalho, a partir de escassas e precárias, mas importantes concessões. Com relação aos egressos, suas trajetórias de vida revelam a existência de baixos níveis de capital econômico e cultural, responsáveis, na busca de sobrevivência, dinheiro fácil, aventura ou por fatalidade, pelo ingresso na criminalidade. Marcados pela experiência prisional e suas conseqüências, como a prisionização e o estigma, os egressos têm nos programas de apoio um local de construção de sociabilidade e de visibilidade. Neste aspecto, outros elementos são responsáveis por ampliar as esperanças e oportunidades dos egressos, como a formação de redes, a conversão religiosa e o acesso ao trabalho. Por fim, a passagem por programas de apoio implica em ganhos e frustrações. A temporariedade da condição de egresso, somada à temporariedade das próprias iniciativas, embora não permita inclusões sociais em sentido pleno, resulta em manutenções longe do crime e na redução do peso da condição de homens infames. / The present paper aims at studying the support granted to ex-convicts of the Brazilian penitentiary system based on legislative productions, public policies and programs from the 90´s onwards. It focuses mainly on the performance and role of support programs in relation to the life trajectory of ex-convicts. In order to accomplish such goal, national initiatives, public (Agentes da Liberdade, Rio de Janeiro, RJ and Programa de Acompanhamento Social, Porto Alegre, RS) and civil society programs (FAESP, Porto Alegre, RS, and Pro-Egresso, Maringá, Paraná) were deeply researched. Also, the life trajectory and the impact of support programs were analyzed from the viewpoint of ex-convicts. The research methodology comprised legislative and public policy analysis, and visits to programs so as to research documents and conduct interviews. The theoretical referential was based on public, social and criminal policies - Delmas-Marty (2004), Adorno (1991), Souza (2007); trajectories of life, social capital, hopes and opportunities - Bourdieu (1980, 1997, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2005); imprisonment impacts: discipline, prisionization and stigma - Foucault (1996, 1999, 2002a, 2002b, 2003), Baratta (1999), Goffman (1988); and inclusion/exclusion - social networks, religion and work - Xiberras (1996), Barnes(1987), Quiroga (2005), Castel (1999). This study also highlights the insertion of the Penal Welfarism model in Brazil, which was the criminal policy adopted by the central countries at the time of the Welfare State and the Penal Sate - such criminal policy rose during the crisis of the Welfare State model. In the light of public and social theories, the support programs examined showed mediation spaces to the rising of small victories: access to formal citizenship, food, means of transportation, clothing and health. Although in a smaller scale, the initiatives also granted educational and work insertion. Notwithstanding, the life trajectories of ex-convicts reveal the existence of low economic and cultural capital levels which, in the struggle for survival, may lead to crime. Once entering the prison system and experiencing its consequences such as prisioning and stigma, the ex-convicts rely on the support programs to help rebuild their sociability and visibility. Moreover, there are other elements responsible for broadening the hope and opportunities of such people, for instance, the formation of social networks, religious conversion and work access. On the other hand, attending a support program involves victories and frustrations. Furthermore, the stigma of being an ex-convict and the temporality of initiatives might not bring full social inclusion, but they certainly help keep these people from committing crimes and help lessen the stigma of infamous men.

A tese investiga o apoio a egressos do sistema penitenciário no Brasil, a partir do estudo das produções legislativas, das políticas públicas e da criação de programas de apoio, surgidos no país, a partir da década de 1990. Seu foco principal de análise recai sobre a atuação e o papel dos programas de apoio nas trajetórias de vida de egressos. Para tanto, realizamos um levantamento das iniciativas nacionais, pesquisa em profundidade em programas públicos (Agentes da Liberdade, no Rio de Janeiro-RJ e Programa de Acompanhamento Social, em Porto Alegre-RS) e da sociedade civil (FAESP em Porto Alegre-RS e Pró-Egresso em Maringá-PR) e uma análise das trajetórias de vida e do impacto do apoio na visão dos egressos. A metodologia de pesquisa incluiu analise legislativa, de políticas públicas, visita aos programas com realização de pesquisas documental e entrevistas. O referencial teórico foi constituído por abordagens de políticas públicas, sociais e penais - Delmas-Marty (2004), Adorno (1991), Souza (2007); trajetórias de vida, capital social, esperanças e oportunidades - Bourdieu (1980, 1997, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2005); impactos do aprisionamento: disciplinamento, prisionização e estigma - Foucault (1996a, 1999, 2002a, 2002b, 2003), Baratta (1999), Goffman (1988); e inclusão/exclusão - redes sociais, religião e trabalho - Xiberras (1996), Barnes(1987), Quiroga (2005), Castel (2001). Nosso estudo parte da análise sobre a inserção, no Brasil, dos modelos de welfarismo penal - política criminal vigente nos países centrais na época dos Estados de Bem-Estar Social - e de Estado penal - política criminal surgida com a crise deste modelo estatal. Os programas de apoio investigados em profundidade revelam-se, à luz das teorias das políticas públicas e sociais, espaços de mediação para pequenas conquistas: acesso à cidadania formal, acesso aos meios de sobrevivência, como alimentação, transporte e vestuário, e à saúde. Em menor escala, as iniciativas permitem a inserção educacional e no trabalho, a partir de escassas e precárias, mas importantes concessões. Com relação aos egressos, suas trajetórias de vida revelam a existência de baixos níveis de capital econômico e cultural, responsáveis, na busca de sobrevivência, dinheiro fácil, aventura ou por fatalidade, pelo ingresso na criminalidade. Marcados pela experiência prisional e suas conseqüências, como a prisionização e o estigma, os egressos têm nos programas de apoio um local de construção de sociabilidade e de visibilidade. Neste aspecto, outros elementos são responsáveis por ampliar as esperanças e oportunidades dos egressos, como a formação de redes, a conversão religiosa e o acesso ao trabalho. Por fim, a passagem por programas de apoio implica em ganhos e frustrações. A temporariedade da condição de egresso, somada à temporariedade das próprias iniciativas, embora não permita inclusões sociais em sentido pleno, resulta em manutenções longe do crime e na redução do peso da condição de homens infames. / The present paper aims at studying the support granted to ex-convicts of the Brazilian penitentiary system based on legislative productions, public policies and programs from the 90´s onwards. It focuses mainly on the performance and role of support programs in relation to the life trajectory of ex-convicts. In order to accomplish such goal, national initiatives, public (Agentes da Liberdade, Rio de Janeiro, RJ and Programa de Acompanhamento Social, Porto Alegre, RS) and civil society programs (FAESP, Porto Alegre, RS, and Pro-Egresso, Maringá, Paraná) were deeply researched. Also, the life trajectory and the impact of support programs were analyzed from the viewpoint of ex-convicts. The research methodology comprised legislative and public policy analysis, and visits to programs so as to research documents and conduct interviews. The theoretical referential was based on public, social and criminal policies - Delmas-Marty (2004), Adorno (1991), Souza (2007); trajectories of life, social capital, hopes and opportunities - Bourdieu (1980, 1997, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2005); imprisonment impacts: discipline, prisionization and stigma - Foucault (1996, 1999, 2002a, 2002b, 2003), Baratta (1999), Goffman (1988); and inclusion/exclusion - social networks, religion and work - Xiberras (1996), Barnes(1987), Quiroga (2005), Castel (1999). This study also highlights the insertion of the Penal Welfarism model in Brazil, which was the criminal policy adopted by the central countries at the time of the Welfare State and the Penal Sate - such criminal policy rose during the crisis of the Welfare State model. In the light of public and social theories, the support programs examined showed mediation spaces to the rising of small victories: access to formal citizenship, food, means of transportation, clothing and health. Although in a smaller scale, the initiatives also granted educational and work insertion. Notwithstanding, the life trajectories of ex-convicts reveal the existence of low economic and cultural capital levels which, in the struggle for survival, may lead to crime. Once entering the prison system and experiencing its consequences such as prisioning and stigma, the ex-convicts rely on the support programs to help rebuild their sociability and visibility. Moreover, there are other elements responsible for broadening the hope and opportunities of such people, for instance, the formation of social networks, religious conversion and work access. On the other hand, attending a support program involves victories and frustrations. Furthermore, the stigma of being an ex-convict and the temporality of initiatives might not bring full social inclusion, but they certainly help keep these people from committing crimes and help lessen the stigma of infamous men.

The thesis deals with the role of teachers and educators working in Stráž pod Ralskem Prison. The theoretical part of the thesis, therefore, focuses not only on the description of the Prison Service of the Czech Republic, but it also contains the characteristics of the Stráž pod Ralskem Prison and the Stráž pod Ralskem School Educational Center. It describes the educational system of convicts and mentions basic information about the Academy of Prison Service of the Czech Republic. Moreover, it briefly describes the activities of teachers and educators working in the prison environment. The diploma thesis aims to find out, what kind of roles teachers and educators play in the prison, what approaches, methods and forms are suitable and effective for working with convicts from the perspective of both workers and convicts, and what pitfalls limit the work of teachers and educators in this prison. A qualitative method was chosen for the research, and data were collected based on the questionnaire and the personal interview with a teacher, who used to work as an educator. The research was conducted in Stráž pod Ralskem Prison, the research sample consists of three groups: educators, teachers, and pupils - convicted in Stráž pod Ralskem Prison. The research survey shows that the role of the educator is...

Abstract in English, Venda and Tsonga / Released prisoners in Kenya have a 75% likelihood of committing another crime and a 50% probability of going to jail two years after their discharge from prison custody. From the trend of recidivism in Kenya, there are a staggeringly high number of offenders being incarcerated and eventually released back to the community, and the high risk of re-arrest and reincarceration is a concern for policymakers, criminologists and correctional managers. This study examined the influence of offender characteristics, offender reintegration and community perception and attitude regarding recidivism in Kakamega County, Kenya. The study adopted a survey research design. Findings reveal a statistically significant relationship between offender characteristics and recidivism. In addition, offender reintegration and community perception and attitude towards offenders greatly influence recidivism. From the study, it is recommended that the government provide correctional officers with the required resources to use the actuarial risk assessment model. The model is applied to the released offenders to predict the future probability of recidivism. In addition, it is recommended that the government and the various correctional stakeholders come up with an integrated approach that specifically targets successful re-entry of offenders upon release from prison. Finally, it is recommended that the government develop programmes targeting awareness of the community members to desist from stigmatising ex-offenders. / Vhafariwa vho vhofhololwaho ngei Kenya vha na khonadzeo ya 75% ya u ita vhuṅwe vhutshinyi na 50% ya khonadzeo ya u ya dzhele miṅwaha mivhili nga murahu ha u bva tshiṱokisini. U bva kha nzulele ya u tshinya fhafhu ngei Kenya, hu na u mangadza huhulwane ha tshivhalo tshi re nṱha tsha vhatshinyi vha re dzhele vhane vha fhedzisela vho vhofhololelwa murahu kha tshitshavha, khohakhombo khulwane ya u dovha u farwa hafhu na u valelwa hafhu dzhele zwi vhilaedzisa vhabveledzi vha mbekanyamaitele, vhaḓivhi vha zwa vhutshinyi na vhalanguli vha vhululamisi. Ngudo i ṱola ṱhuṱhuwedzo ya zwiṱaluli zwa mutshinyi, mbuedzedzo ya mutshinyi na zwine tshitshavha tsha mudzhiisa zwone na vhuvha zwi tshi ya kha u tshinya hafhu kha Dzingu ḽa Kakamega, Kenya. Ngudo yo shumisa tsedzuluso ya pulane yo dzudzanywaho ya ṱhoḓisiso. Mawanwa o dzumbulula tshivhalo tsha vhushaka ha ndeme vhukati ha zwiṱaluli zwa mutshinyi na u tshinya hafhu. U ḓadzisa khazwenezwo, mbuedzedzo y mutshinyi na zwine tshitshavha tsha mudzhiisa zwone na vhuvha zwi tshi ya kha vhatshinyi zwi ṱuṱuwedza nga huhulu u tshinya hafhu. U bva kha ngudo, hu themendelwa uri muvhuso u ṋetshedze vhaofisiri vha ndulamiso zwiko zwine zwa ṱoḓea u shumisa tshiedziso tsha u ṱola khohakhombo tsha vhukuma. Tshiedziso tshi shumiswa u vhofholola vhafariwa u humbulela khonadzeo ya vhumatshelo ya u tshinyahafhu. U ḓadzisa kha zwenezwo, hu themendelwa uri muvhuso na vhadzhiamukovhe vho fhambanaho vha vhululamisi vha ḓe na kuitele kwo ṱanganelaho kwo livhiswaho tshoṱhe kha u dzhena hafhu ha vhatshinyi musi vha tshi tou bva dzhele. Tsha u fhedzisela, hu themendelwa uri muvhuso u bveledzise mbekanyamushumo dzo livhiswaho kha u tsivhudza miraḓo ya tshitshavha u sa i sa phanḓa na u fara vhatshinyi vha kale nga nḓila i si yavhuḓi. / Vakhotsiwa lava tshunxiwaka eKenya va na 75% wa ntolovelo wa leswo va nga endla vugevenga byin’wana na 50% ta nkoteko wa ku ya ejele nakambe endzhaku ka ku tshunxiwa ka vona ejele. Kusuka eka ntolovelo wa ku vuyelela ku endla vugevenga nakambe eKenya, ku na nhlayo ya le henhla hindlela yo hlamarisa ya vaonhi lava va nga eku pfaleriweni ekhotsweni naswona endzhaku ka swona va tshunxiwa ku vuyela eka tindhawu ta vaaki, naswona ku na nxungeto wa le henhla wa ku khomiwa nakambe na ku pfaleriwa ekhotsweni nakambe hi vuntshwa, leswi i xivileriso eka vaendlatipholisi, vativi hi swa vugevenga na vafambisi va makhotso. Ndzavisisadyondzo lowu wu kambele nhlohlotelo wa swihlawulekisi swa vaonhi, ku hlanganisa nakambe vaonhi na vanhu eka tindhawu ta vaakandhawu na mavonelo na maehleketelo ya vaakandhawu hi mayelana na ku vuyelela ka swigevenga ku endla vugevenga eka Xifundza xa Kakamega, eKenya. Ndzavisisadyondzo lowu wu tirhise dizayini ya ndzavisiso wa mbalango ku nga survey research design. Leswi kumiweke swi paluxe vuxaka bya le henhla hindlela ya tinhlayonhlayo exikarhi ka swihlawulekisi swa vaonhi na vuyelelo bya ku endla vugevenga nakambe. Na le henhla ka sweswo, ku hlanganisa hi vuntshwa vaonhi na vaakandhawu nakambe hi vuntshwa na mavonelo na maehleketelo ya vaakandhawu eka vaonhi swi hlohlotela swinene vuyelelo bya ku endla vugevenga nakambe. Kusuka eka ndzavisisadyondzo, ku bumabumeriwa leswaku mfumo wu nyika vaofisiri va makhotso swipfuno leswi lavekaka ku tirhisa modlolo wa nhlahluvo wa nxungeto wa xiakichuwari ku nga actuarial risk assessment model. Modlolo lowu wu tirhisiwa eka vaonhi lava tshunxiweke ku vhumba nkoteko wa nkarhi lowu taka wa vuyelelo bya vugevenga nakambe. Ku tlhela nakambe ku bumabumeriwa leswaku mfumo na vakhomaxiave va makhotso vo hambanahambana va va na endlelo leri hlanganisiweke leri kongomisiwaka ngopfungopfu ku humeleka kahle ka ku vuyela ka vaonhi eka tindhawu ta vaaki loko vaonhi va tshunxiwa ekhotsweni. Xo hetelela, ku bumabumeriwa leswaku mfumo wu endla minongonoko leyi kongomisiweke eka vulemukisi bya vaakandhawu leswaku va tshika ku nyenyemuka khale ka vaonhi lava a va khotsiwile. / Corrections Management / Ph. D. (Criminal Justice)

This thesis is an exploration of ancestral narratives in the fiction of Thomas Keneally and Christopher Koch. Initially, ancestry in literature creates an historical relationship which articulates the link between the past and the present. In this sense ancestry functions as a type of cultural memory where various issues of inheritance can be negotiated. However, the real value of ancestral narratives lies in their power to aid in the construction of both personal and communal identities. They have the potential to transform these identities, to transgress “natural” boundaries and to reshape conventional identities in the light of historical experience. For Keneally, ancestral narratives depict national forbears who “narrate the nation” into being. His earlier fictions present ancestors of the nation within a mythic and symbolic framework to outline Australian national identity. This identity is static, oppositional, and characterized by the delineation of boundaries which set nations apart from one another. However, Keneally’s more recent work transforms this conventional construction of national identity. It depicts an Irish-Australian diasporic identity which is hyphenated and transgressive: it transcends the conventional notion of nations as separate entities pitted against one another. In this way Keneally’s ancestral narratives enact the potential for transforming identity through ancestral narrative. On the other hand, Koch’s work is primarily concerned with the intergenerational trauma causes by losing or forgetting one’s ancestral narrative. His novels are concerned with male gender identity and the fragmentation which characterizes a self-destructive idea of maleness. While Keneally’s characters recover their lost ancestries in an effort to reshape their idea of what it is to be Australian, Koch’s main protagonist lives in ignorance of his ancestor’s life. He is thus unable to take the opportunity to transform his masculinity due to the pervasive cultural amnesia surrounding his family history and its role in Tasmania’s past. While Keneally and Koch depict different outcomes in their fictional ancestral narratives they are both deeply concerned with the potential to transform national and gender identities through ancestry.