This thesis is a study of assigned male convict labour in rural Van Diemen’s Land in the period 1820-40. Throughout this period agriculture and pastoralism were centxal to the colonial economy, and this sector was the largest private employer of convict labour, yet there has been no prior sustained investigation of the nature and experience of rural convict employment in Van Diemen’s Land. Research has involved use of records of convict transportation, the records of the convict department, colonial court records, and the correspondence of the colonial secretary’s office. Extensive use has also been made of the colonial press, published contemporary accounts, and unpublished journals of colonists. The thesis begins with a discussion of two oppositional representations of rural convict labour: John Glover’s painting ‘My Harvest Home’, and the ballad ‘Van Diemen’s Land’. These representations demonstrate the polarised debate on the nature of convict labour. Rural convicts have been largely neglected in the recent historiography of convict transportation; this thesis argues that this neglect is unwarranted, and that rural convict labour resists reductionist understanding of convict labour. Chapter 1 examines farming in the colony, demonstrating the importance and vitality of this sector of the economy. Chapters 2-4 discuss convict assignment, management, and convict responses. It is argued that assignment effectively placed those with experience of farm work with rural employers. Convicts’ skills are seen to have been relevant and useful to the rural economy. The management of convict servants operated both formally at the level of the Convict Department regulations and the magistrates bench, and informally on individual properties. Informal management best utilised incentives rather than force. Thus convicts were able to negotiate the authority of their employers through various means, including resistance. Chapters 5-7 discuss the convict experience of rural labour. Material conditions of diet, housing and clothing are examined in chapter 5. Convict recreational culture is investigated in chapter 6; it is argued that convicts created an important site of autonomy in this form. The intimate lives of convict men are discussed in chapter 7. Often seen as brutal and brutalising, it is argued that these relationships were important and meaningful sites in male convict experience.

Research Report submitted to the Faculty of Humanities in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree: Master of Arts in the field of Industrial & Economic Sociology School of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg South Africa July 2016 / This research study seeks to examine the South African labour market, using the case of ex-offenders and their difficulties in entering the formal labour market and securing full-time employment after they have been released from correctional facilities. The „Scarlet letter‟ in the title refers to a euphemism used to describe the effects of the criminal record on the prospect of employment. As part of the research, I also examine the perspectives of employers about their willingness to employ ex-offenders as well as some of the reservations they may have, as representatives of the labour market. Although there is extensive research on reintegration as well as barriers to reintegration, especially in Europe and the United States, none of these have married the labour market experiences and reintegration experiences of ex-offenders, especially in the South African context. This study employed qualitative research methods and techniques to explore the meaning ex-offenders attach to their social experiences. Data was collected by means of in-depth interviews in order to gain a comprehensive understanding of the lived experiences of these ex-offenders and a vivid picture from the key informants. In this regard, participants in the study consisted of thirteen Black male ex-offenders, three representatives from the National Institute for Crime Prevention and Reintegration of Offenders (NICRO), one representative from a Non-governmental Organisation (NGO) called We Can Change Our World (WCCOW), five Human resource managers at a property management firm as part of a focus group discussion and one executive at a recruitment company. All interviewed ex-offenders shared similar experiences of their challenges and limited social and economic reintegration, especially related to finding a job in South Africa. The study reveals that discrimination in the workplace continues in contemporary South Africa, but such experiences are even worse for ex-offenders. The study concludes that a lot still needs to be done to transform the South African labour market and correctional facilities, linked policies and practice for the majority, especially ex-offenders who have “paid their debt to society”. / GR2017

Text in English / The issue of offenders’ re-integration has become an important topic to the Department of Correctional Services in South Africa due to high number of incarcerated individuals who need to return back into the society as law abiding citizens. Around the world, scholars have researched about offenders’re- integration. However, they tend to focus on adult ex-offenders, neglecting young adult male ex-offenders’ experiences of the family re-entry process. Scholars neglected that the consequences of being incarcerated at a young age (age 19-34) puts young people at overwhelming risks of future incarceration, unemployment, poor physical and mental health. Therefore, this study focused on seven young adult male ex-offenders in Sekhukhune district, aged between 24 and 34 years who returned to their families after incarceration. Participants were selected using purposive sampling and volunteer self-selection sampling, through the assistance of Tswelopele Ex-Offenders Forums in Sekhukhune area. This study explored, described and interpreted the meaning, benefits, challenges and coping strategies of the young adult males in regard to their family re-entry processes. This goal was achieved by adopting the interpretive phenomenological analysis (IPA) research design and conducting individual semi-structured interviews with the young adult ex-offenders. The IPA data analysis guidelines were followed to analyse data and the Person-environment (P-E) fit theory grounded this analysis as the emerging themes were further interpreted in light of the assumptions of this theory. The findings show that the process of family re-entry was an emotional rollercoaster for the young men concerning moving forward post their incarceration. They specifically experienced different moments of ambivalence, which was due to reuniting with family members on the one hand, but having to rely on family members for support, on the other hand. While being back in the family led to emotions of happiness and satisfaction, not being able to meet their family expectations and to perform the roles expected of people of their age led to various negative emotions, including sadness and anxiety. / Psychology / M.A. (Research Consultation (Psychology))

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Tornar possÃvel o retorno ao convÃvio social, sem reincidir, à um dos objetivos da pena. Com isso, os ÃrgÃos responsÃveis estÃo em uma busca constante para prover isso aos seus assistidos. A Secretaria da JustiÃa e Cidadania (Sejus), do Estado do CearÃ, tem promovido inÃmeras tentativas e parcerias para que este fim torne-se possÃvel. Com a realizaÃÃo de alguns eventos esportivos, no Brasil, nos anos de 2013, 2014 e 2016, o Conselho Nacional de JustiÃa (CNJ), juntamente com a FIFA, notou a oportunidade para o caminho da ressocializaÃÃo. Assim, determinaram que as organizaÃÃes envolvidas com as obras desses eventos deveriam contratar apenados e egressos como sua mÃo de obra. Destarte, a Sejus, com o intuito de atender essa demanda e formar a ligaÃÃo entre empresas e apenados, criou o Programa MÃos que Constroem, cuja finalidade està em incentivar a profissionalizaÃÃo dos seus assistidos. Dessa forma, essa iniciativa insere-se no tema Responsabilidade Social Corporativa (RSC), que torna-se cada vez mais relevante no contexto das organizaÃÃes. A RSC apresenta uma gama de denominaÃÃes e agrupa uma sÃrie de conceitos, dentre eles està a Cidadania Corporativa. Estabelecendo que uma organizaÃÃo empresarial tenha o papel de verificar os direitos dos cidadÃos individuais, a Cidadania Corporativa propÃe um novo desafio aos negÃcios. ContribuiÃÃes sociais, tais como a contrataÃÃo de apenados do sistema prisional, caracterizam-se como prÃticas de cidadania corporativa. Para investigar a aÃÃo dessas empresas, utilizou-se como principal referÃncia o modelo de cidadania corporativa proposto por Mirvis e Googins (2006). A partir desse modelo serà possÃvel analisar o estÃgio de cidadania corporativa de uma empresa do setor de construÃÃo civil que incorpora apenados do sistema prisional no mercado de trabalho. Para isso, este trabalho classifica-se como uma pesquisa qualitativa, com base em um estudo descritivo. Como mÃtodo de coleta de dados qualitativos, foram utilizadas entrevistas e pesquisa documental. Foi realizada uma pesquisa de campo desenvolvida em uma empresa do setor de construÃÃo civil, dando Ãnfase aos gestores responsÃveis pelo gerenciamento dos apenados, e aos prÃprios executores de pena. Aplicou-se o mÃtodo de estudo de caso Ãnico. Como principal fonte de coleta de dados, foram aplicadas entrevistas. Para o estudo, foram aplicados trÃs protocolos de entrevistas. A partir disso, concluiu-se que a empresa està desenvolvendo-se com o intuito de inserir-se cada vez mais nas questÃes sociais, visando a sustentabilidade. Trabalho, educaÃÃo e qualificaÃÃo foram as estratÃgias de ressocializaÃÃo abordadas pela GalvÃo Engenharia. Essas trÃs vertentes demonstraram ter importÃncias diferenciadas para os apenados, destacando, por ordem de importÃncia, o trabalho, a qualificaÃÃo e, por Ãltimo, a educaÃÃo, cujo devido destaque nÃo foi dado. Destaca-se a relaÃÃo estabelecida entre Sejus, GalvÃo Engenharia e apenados. A GalvÃo Engenharia interage com a Sejus para dar oportunidade de trabalho, qualificaÃÃo e educaÃÃo para os apenados, posicionando-se em um processo de desenvolvimento quanto à cidadania em sua agenda corporativa. / To make it possible for the former prisioners to return to social life, with no relapses, is one of the punishmentâs goals. As a result, the responsible entities are in a constant search to provide it to their beneficiaries. The Department of Justice and Citizenship (Sejus), in CearÃ, has developed numerous projects and business partnerships with this result in mind. With the events held in Brazil in the years 2013, 2014 and 2016, the National Council of Justice (CNJ), along with FIFA, saw the opportunity for a rehabilitation path. This way, it was determined that the organizations involved with the construction work related to these events should hire convicts and ex-convicts as your workforce. Consequently, Sejus, in order to meet this demand and establish the connection between companies and convicts, created the program âMÃos que Constroemâ (Hands that Build), where the main purpose is to encourage the professionalization of their beneficiaries. Thus, this initiative is part of the theme Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), which increasingly becomes important on the context of organizations. The RSC has a range of denominations and groups a series of concepts, among them is the Corporate Citizenship (CC). It establishes that a business organization has the role of checking the rights of individual citizens, Corporate Citizenship proposes a new challenge to businesses. Social contributions, such as the hiring of inmates in the prison system, are characterized as practices of corporate citizenship. To investigate the companyâs actions, Mirvis and Googinsâs model of corporate citizenship (2006) was used as the main reference model. From this model it will be possible to determine the intention of their corporate citizenship when hiring convicts. From this model will be possible to analyze the corporate citizenship stage of a company in the construction sector that incorporates inmates of the prison system in the labor market. In order for this to happen, this study is classified as a qualitative research, based on a descriptive study. As a method of qualitative data collection, interviews and desk research were used. A field survey was conducted in a construction company, focusing on the managers responsible for the convicts, and the prison guards themselves. A single case study was also conducted. As the main source of data collection were used interviews. For this study, three interviews protocols were used. From this, it was concluded that the company is focusing its development on increasing its participation on social issues, aiming sustainability as a final goal. Work, education and specific qualifications for the job were the rehabilitation strategies chosen by GalvÃo Engenharia. These three strands seem to hold different meanings for the convicts, highlighting, in order of importance, the work, the qualification and, finally, education, which was not given the rightful importance. In this research, the relationship between Sejus, GalvÃo Engenharia and convicts was highlighted. GalvÃo Engenharia interacts with Sejus to give job opportunity, qualification and education for the inmates, positioning itself in a process that involves citizenship in its corporate agenda.

While extensive research has been conducted on the causes of intimate partner violence in the community, very little is known about rates and predictors of domestic violence perpetrated by offenders who have recently been incarcerated. Some evidence suggests that formerly incarcerated individuals may be at an increased risk to perpetrate intimate partner violence during the transition from prison to the community (e.g., Hairston & Oliver 2006; Hilton, Harris, Popham, & Lang, 2010; Oliver & Hairston, 2008). The primary goal of this dissertation was to examine the extent to which former inmates engage in domestic violence during the transition from prison to the community. A second goal of this dissertation was to determine the independent and interactive effects of selected individual, situational, and social-structural factors on post-prison domestic violence. The current dissertation project involved a retrospective study of data collected from n = 1,137 formerly-incarcerated male offenders who were released from state prison between 2004 and 2009. Data regarding individual-level factors of borderline and antisocial personality characteristics and exposure to family-of-origin violence were extracted from institutional records. Additional individual-level demographic characteristics including offenders' age, ethnicity, education need, marital status, number of children, crime of conviction, length of incarceration, and participation in correctional rehabilitation programs extracted from institutional records were also considered. The situational-level factor of offenders' employment after prison release was also collected from institutional records; and the social-structural factor of neighborhood disadvantage was collected from information available in offenders' community supervision records and Census tract-level data. The outcome measure of post-prison domestic violence was gathered from local law enforcement records. Data were entered into statistical models to predict post-prison domestic violence. Main effects on post-prison domestic violence were examined for each of the individual-level demographic characteristics, borderline and antisocial personality features, exposure to family-of-origin violence, employment, and neighborhood disadvantage. Interactive effects on post-prison domestic violence were examined between borderline and antisocial personality characteristics, exposure to family-of-origin violence, employment, and neighborhood disadvantage. Significant predicted main effects on post-prison domestic violence included age, ethnicity, education need, number of children, violent criminal history, attendance of substance abuse treatment in prison, witnessing interparental violence as a child, and neighborhood disadvantage. Significant predicted interaction effects on post-prison domestic violence included the interaction between physical abuse as a child and neighborhood disadvantage. Implications for policies regarding post-prison supervision sentencing, housing, and the advancement of programming to prevent intimate partner violence during the transition from prison to the community are discussed. Contributions to the literature on intimate partner violence, environmental transition theory, and ecological theoretical frameworks are also addressed.

This mixed methods dissertation is comprised of three papers that consider interrelated ways in which social bonds, within the context of parenting, are experienced by women recently involved with the corrections system. Types of social bonds considered include agency professionals, romantic partners, and children--all previously theorized to play a role during the reentry period. These social bonds are considered within the context of the challenges experienced during this period, and how and why these social bonds may--or may not--support women as they transition back into the community.

Darbo tikslas: Išsiaiškinti pirmą kartą ir pakartotinai atliekančių bausmę nuteistųjų adaptacijos ypatumų ir asmenybės bruožų sąsajas. Tiriamieji: tyrimas buvo atliekamas nuo šių metų sausio mėnesio 8 dienos iki rugsėjo mėnesio 1 dienos ir vyko dviem etapais. Tyrime dalyvavo 316 bausmę atliekančių nuteistųjų (vyrų). Pirmajame etape tyrimo anketos buvo išdalintos pakartotinai bausmę atliekantiems nuteistiesiems, kuriems buvo pasibaigęs 3 mėnesių adaptacijos laikotarpis. Šią grupę sudarė 134 asmenys. Antrame etape tiriamųjų grupę sudarė 182 pirmą kartą atliekantys bausmę nuteistieji, kuriems buvo pasibaigęs adaptacijos programos taikymas. Tiriami asmenys buvo atrinkti pagal tai, ar jų adaptacijos laikotarpis jau buvo pasibaigęs. Tyrimui buvo naudotos Adaptacijos klausimynas, Eyesenck H. Ir S. klausimynas (asmenybės bruožų klausimynas), BDI (Beck Depression Inventary) metodikos. Išvados: tyrimo metu įvertinta, kokios įtakos nuteistųjų adaptacijai pataisos namuose gali turėti tokie veiksniai kaip išsilavinimas, darbas/ mokymasis, priklausomybės, nuteistųjų subkultūros tradicijų laikymasis, fizinė bei psichologinė sveikata, žalojimasis, santykiai su kitais nuteistaisiais, laisvalaikio prasmingumas, drausminės nuobaudos, bei kaip nuteistųjų adaptacija pataisos namuose susijusi su asmenybės bruožais. Nustatyta, jog pirmą kartą atliekantys bausmės nuteistieji adaptuojasi geriau nei pakartotinai atliekantys bausmę nuteistieji. Gauti rezultatai rodo, kad nuteistųjų amžius neturėjo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The aim of the research: To investigate first time and repeatedly serving time convicts adaptation peculiarities and personal traits connection. The object of the research: research was performed from 8th of January till 1st of October of this year and took place in two stages. In this research participated 316 (three hundred and sixteen) convicts, who serve the punishment (males). In first stage of research forms were given out to convicts, who served punishment repeatedly, and whose three month adaptation period was expired. This group was formed out of 134 (one hundred and thirty- four) individuals. In second stage of research group was formed out of 182 (one hundred and eighty-two) convicts who serve punishment for the first time, and whose adaptation program application were expired. Individuals were selected based on their expired adaptation period. In this research was used Adaptation questioner, Eyesenck H. ir S. questioner (personal traits questioner), BDI (Beck Depression Inventory) methodic. Conclusions: at the time of research was evaluated, which influence to convicts adaptation in penitentiary can effect factors like education, job/ study, dependency, convicts subculture tradition observance, physical and mental health, relations with other convicts, free time meaning, discipline penalty, and how convicts adaptation in penitentiary were connected with personal traits. Established, that convicts serving time for the first time adapting better than convicts... [to full text]

Šiame magistro baigiamajame darbe analizuotas nuteistųjų laisvės atėmimu klasifikavimo ir diferencijavimo procesas. Teorinėje darbo dalyje (1 – 2 skyriai) nagrinėta klasifikavimo ir diferencijavimo sąvokų prasmė ir paskirtis, jų vieta teisės aktų sistemoje, klasifikavimo ir diferencijavimo proceso reikšmė tarptautinėje erdvėje. Antrojoje praktinėje-metodologinėje dalyje (3 – 4 skyriai) analizuojamos praktinės teisės aktų taikymo problemos nuteistųjų klasifikavimo ir diferencijavimo srityje, šių procesų praktinė svarba nuteistųjų pataisai, pateikiami pasiūlymai. Taip pat atlikta respondentų apklausa, siekiant išsiaiškinti ar pakankamas yra nuteistųjų diferencijavimo proceso teisinis reglamentavimas, kokios jo tobulinimo galimybės. Apklaustos dvi respondentų grupės – nuteistieji laisvės atėmimu bei pataisos namuose dirbantys pareigūnai. Darbo pabaigoje pateikiamos išvados ir pasiūlymai. / The author in this Master‘s work analyzing the process of the classification and differentiation of imprisonment convicts. At the first half of this work (1 – 2 sections) author is researching the meaning and purpose of classification and differentiation notions, their place in the system of enactments and law, the significance of classification and differentiation process at the international level of law. At the second, practical – methodological part of the work (2 – 4 sections) author analyzing practical problems in use of classification and differentiation enactments, researching the practical importance of these processes reaching the correction of convicts, giving the suggestions and solutions. Also author is giving the material of the survey accomplished by him, on purpose to find out the problems of differentiation process enactment, also to find out what are the possibilities of the refinement of this process. At the end of the work author is taking the conclusions and suggestions.

Disertaciniame darbe siekiama, remiantis bausmių vykdymo teisės ir kitų mokslų pasiekimais, lyginamuoju metodu išanalizuoti nuteistųjų teises Lietuvos ir Prancūzijos pataisos įstaigose bei jų realizaciją, įvertinti, ar nuteistųjų teisių reglamentacija ir įgyvendinimas abiejose valstybėse atitinka tarptautinių normų reikalavimus žmogaus teisių srityje, taip pat nustatyti teisinio reguliavimo ir praktinio teisės normų realizavimo trūkumus ir pateikti išvadas ir pasiūlymus dėl nuteistųjų teisių pataisos įstaigose reglamentavimo ir realizavimo tobulinimo. / In the dissertation work one aims to analyze via comparative method the rights of convicts in Lithuanian and French correctional institutions according to the achievements of sentence law and other sciences, their realization, to evaluate whether the rights regulation of convicts and implementation in both states meet the requirements of international norms in human right sphere, and also to determine the drawbacks of legal regulation and practical law norm realization and to present conclusions and suggestions for improvement of regulation and realization of convict rights in correctional institutions. / Le but de cette recherche – par une méthode comparative se référant aux réalisations du droit de l’exécution des peines et d’autres sciences – est d'analyser les droits et les obligations des condamnés dans les établissements pénitentiaires en Lituanie et en France et leur réalisation, juger si la réglementation et la réalisation des droits et des obligations des condamnés dans les deux États dans le domaine des droits de l’homme correspond aux exigences des normes internationales, également, déterminer les défauts de la régulation juridique et de la réalisation pratique des normes juridiques et présenter des conclusions et des propositions relatifs à la réglementation des droits et des obligations dans les établissements pénitentiaires et le perfectionnement de leur réalisation.

Bakalauro darbe analizuojamos nuteistųjų dalyvavimo socioedukacinėje veikloje galimybės. Vienas iš svarbiausių būdų, siekiant apsaugoti nuteistąjį nuo socialinės atskirties, – humaniškas poţiūris į nusikaltėlį, maksimalios pataisos įstaigos pastangos vykdant socioedukacines programas. Šiaulių tardymo izoliatoriaus ūkio aptarnavimo būryje buvo atliktas kokybinis tyrimas. Jo respondentai – 8 nuteistieji, kurių amţius nuo 20 iki 36 metų. Kokybiniu tyrimu, naudojant pusiau struktūruotą interviu, siekta plačiau ištirti nuteistųjų galimybes dalyvauti tokiose socioedukacinės veiklos srityse: švietimo(si), darbinės veiklos, kultūrinės (meninės, sportinės, religinės). Taip pat siekta suţinoti, kaip nuteistieji vertina organizuojamą socioedukacinę veiklą bei galimybes joje dalyvauti. Tyrimu nustatyta, jog pataisos įstaigoje vykdoma socioedukacinė veikla nepakankamai produktyvi ir sisteminga. Nors nuteistieji gali dalyvauti švietimo(si), darbinėje ir laisvalaikio kultūrinėje veikloje, tačiau galimybės ribotos bei nepakankamai tenkinami nuteistųjų poreikiai: šviečiamosios paskaitos monotoniškos, šviečiamoji literatūra pasenusi, nevedamos profesinio rengimo paskaitos, darbo įrankiai seni, nėra galimybių naudotis naujomis technologijomis, neskatinama kūrybinė bei religinė veikla. Įţvelgiamos ir teigiami vykdomos socioedukacinės veiklos aspektai: vedamos bendrojo lavinimo pamokos, suteikiama galimybė uţsiimti darbine veikla, taip pat sportuoti. Nepaisant trūkumų, galima teigti, jog... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / There are analysed abilities of participation of convicts in socioeducational activities in my bachelor work. One of the important ways, where is sought to protect a convict that he or she would not stay in a social disjuncture, is a human attitude towards a convict, maximum endeavour of correctional institutions doing socioeducational programmes. I have done a qualitative research. It was done in Economy Service Team of Šiauliai Remand Prison. There were eight of 20 – 36 years old respondents in this research. The purpose of this research was to explore more about convicts’ abilities to take part in the socioeducational activities such as education, work, cultural activities (art, sport, religion) departments. Furthermore, there was important to know how convicts evaluate organized sovioleducational activities and their ability to take part in them. There was used a demi-structural interview for this research. The research shows that socioeducational activities in the correctional institution are not enough efficient and systematic. Although convicts may participate in all education and working, cultural and leisure activities but abilities of participation is restricted and requirements of the convicts are not supplied: educational lectures are monotonous, educational literature is outdated, vocational training courses are not available, tools are outdated, it is not possible to use new technologies, encourage creativity and religious activities. There are and the strongest... [to full text]