Com o objetivo de estudar as concentrações e espécies alvo de Lactobacillus spp. e Streptococcus spp. nas fezes de equinos recebendo dietas contendo níveis crescentes de Farelo de Glúten de Milho 21, foram utilizados quatro cavalos mestiços adultos, alojados em baias individuais, com idade média de 2,8 anos e pesando 445 (+/- 20) kg em mantença, dispostos em quadrado latino. As dietas foram formuladas para atender à demanda de animais em mantença, sendo 50% da energia proveniente do volumoso e 50% do concentrado, contendo os seguintes níveis de inclusão de farelo de glúten de milho 21: 0, 10, 20 e 30%. Foram calculadas as concentrações de Lactobacillus spp. e Streptococcus spp. nas fezes expressas em log 10 UFC/g (unidades formadoras de colônias por grama de fezes), e as espécies-alvo foram identificadas por Multiplex PCR e Multiplex PCR-RFLP, respectivamente para Lactobacillus spp. e Streptococcus spp. Não foi observado efeito (p>0,05) das dietas sobre as populações dos gêneros. Das espécies-alvo do gênero Lactobacillus, quatro foram detectadas (Lactobacillus rhamnosus, L. delbruekii, L. acidophilus e L. gasseri). Das espécies pesquisadas do gênero Streptococcus, foram detectadas os três grupos alvo: S. bovis/S. infantarius, S. equinus e S. gallolyticus. A inclusão de FGM 21 até o nível de 30% do concentrado não alterou a quantidade dos gêneros estudados no intestino grosso de equinos. A espécie de Lactobacillus predominante nas fezes de equinos recebendo dietas alta fibra foi L. rhamnosus e de Streptococcus foi S. equinus. / In order to study the concentrations and target species of Lactobacillus spp. and Streptococcus spp. in the feces of horses fed with increasing levels of Corn Gluten Meal 21 (CGM 21), four adult crossbred horses housed in individual stalls were used, with an average age of 2.8 years and weighing 445 (+/- 20) kg in maintenance, in a 4x4 latin square. The diets were formulated to meet the demands of the animals in maintenance, with 50% of energy from forage and 50% concentrate containing the following levels of corn meal 21: 0, 10, 20 and 30%. The concentrations of Lactobacillus spp. and Streptococcus spp. in feces were calculated and expressed in Log10 CFU/g (colony forming units per gram of feces) and the target species were identified by multiplex PCR and multiplex PCR-RFLP respectively for Lactobacillus spp. and Streptococcus spp. There was no diet effect (p> 0.05) on the populations of genres of Lactobacillus and Streptococcus. Among the Lactobacillus studied, four species were detected: L. rhamnosus, L. delbruekii, L. acidophilus and L. gasseri. Also, three target groups of Streptococcus spp. were detected: Streptococcus bovis/S. infantarius, S. equinus and S. gallolyticus groups. The inclusion of CGM 21 to the level of 30% of the concentrate did not alter the amount of the microorganisms studied in the large intestine of horses. The species of Lactobacillus predominant in equine feces receiving high fiber diets was L. rhamnosus and of Streptococcus was S. equinus.

Com o objetivo de estudar as concentrações e espécies alvo de Lactobacillus spp. e Streptococcus spp. nas fezes de equinos recebendo dietas contendo níveis crescentes de Farelo de Glúten de Milho 21, foram utilizados quatro cavalos mestiços adultos, alojados em baias individuais, com idade média de 2,8 anos e pesando 445 (+/- 20) kg em mantença, dispostos em quadrado latino. As dietas foram formuladas para atender à demanda de animais em mantença, sendo 50% da energia proveniente do volumoso e 50% do concentrado, contendo os seguintes níveis de inclusão de farelo de glúten de milho 21: 0, 10, 20 e 30%. Foram calculadas as concentrações de Lactobacillus spp. e Streptococcus spp. nas fezes expressas em log 10 UFC/g (unidades formadoras de colônias por grama de fezes), e as espécies-alvo foram identificadas por Multiplex PCR e Multiplex PCR-RFLP, respectivamente para Lactobacillus spp. e Streptococcus spp. Não foi observado efeito (p>0,05) das dietas sobre as populações dos gêneros. Das espécies-alvo do gênero Lactobacillus, quatro foram detectadas (Lactobacillus rhamnosus, L. delbruekii, L. acidophilus e L. gasseri). Das espécies pesquisadas do gênero Streptococcus, foram detectadas os três grupos alvo: S. bovis/S. infantarius, S. equinus e S. gallolyticus. A inclusão de FGM 21 até o nível de 30% do concentrado não alterou a quantidade dos gêneros estudados no intestino grosso de equinos. A espécie de Lactobacillus predominante nas fezes de equinos recebendo dietas alta fibra foi L. rhamnosus e de Streptococcus foi S. equinus. / In order to study the concentrations and target species of Lactobacillus spp. and Streptococcus spp. in the feces of horses fed with increasing levels of Corn Gluten Meal 21 (CGM 21), four adult crossbred horses housed in individual stalls were used, with an average age of 2.8 years and weighing 445 (+/- 20) kg in maintenance, in a 4x4 latin square. The diets were formulated to meet the demands of the animals in maintenance, with 50% of energy from forage and 50% concentrate containing the following levels of corn meal 21: 0, 10, 20 and 30%. The concentrations of Lactobacillus spp. and Streptococcus spp. in feces were calculated and expressed in Log10 CFU/g (colony forming units per gram of feces) and the target species were identified by multiplex PCR and multiplex PCR-RFLP respectively for Lactobacillus spp. and Streptococcus spp. There was no diet effect (p> 0.05) on the populations of genres of Lactobacillus and Streptococcus. Among the Lactobacillus studied, four species were detected: L. rhamnosus, L. delbruekii, L. acidophilus and L. gasseri. Also, three target groups of Streptococcus spp. were detected: Streptococcus bovis/S. infantarius, S. equinus and S. gallolyticus groups. The inclusion of CGM 21 to the level of 30% of the concentrate did not alter the amount of the microorganisms studied in the large intestine of horses. The species of Lactobacillus predominant in equine feces receiving high fiber diets was L. rhamnosus and of Streptococcus was S. equinus.

Les viandes d’agneaux et de chevreaux sont une composante de l’identité des systèmes d’élevage de petits ruminants en méditerranée. Ces productions répondent souvent au qualificatif de « coproduit », c’est-à-dire dérivés d’une activité principale orientée par un autre produit avec lequel ils entretiennent une relation d’interdépendance. Leur histoire est pourtant celle de leur effacement, lié à une sectorisation des activités et un processus de découplage entre productions. Notre approche repose sur une analyse comparative entre différentes situations où produits dominants et coproduits sont en tension. Les couples étudiés concernent : i) en Corse, les fromages vs les agneaux de lait et les cabris de lait, ii) en Sardaigne, les fromages vs les agneaux et iii) au Maroc, l’huile d’argan vs le chevreau de l’Arganeraie.Depuis des situations initiales montrant une complémentarité entre les diverses productions d’un même système productif, sont progressivement apparues des concurrences autour de l’usage des ressources laitières ou forestières. Leur appropriation par un produit phare, inscrit dans une logique de spécification (fromage, huile d’argan) puis validé par une indication géographique, a marginalisé les coproduits dans leurs conditions de production et de valorisation. J’ai donc analysé les interactions entre productions interdépendantes au sein d’un même système productif, en focalisant sur l’incidence de la qualification d’un produit phare sur le devenir de son coproduit.Ce travail est une contribution à la géographie agricole centrée sur les relations entre production et territoire, en lien avec le fonctionnement des systèmes productifs. Son originalité réside dans l’échelle d’analyse qui comprend plusieurs produits liés entre eux dans un système productif. L’enjeu a été d’interroger la qualité comme vectrice de frontières sociales et techniques qui peuvent être sources d’exclusions si l’on examine le devenir des coproduits. La reconnaissance d’un produit phare, donnée pour participer à la confortation du territoire, peut contribuer à défaire les liens qui unissent les éléments du système productif et ainsi affaiblir le territoire. Les perspectives ouvertes par mes résultats portent sur la production de territoires multi-situés, dépassant les territorialités classiques construites selon des logiques institutionnelles (indication géographique isolant un produit du reste de son système productif) pour aller vers des fonctionnalités plurielles et imbriquées. En étudiant les relances de coproduits, j’ai pu comprendre les tiraillements autour de l’usage des ressources partagées, les rivalités et conflits, mais aussi les compromis qui peuvent en résulter et participer à des processus de recouplage dans des perspectives de multifonctionnalité. / Lamb and kid meats are part of the identity of the livestock farming systems of small ruminants in Mediterranean area. But these meats are often qualified as “co-products”, that is to say issued from a main activity dedicated to another product they are linked with by interdependency. Therefore, their history is marked by a progressive disappearance due to the sectorisation of the activities and a decoupling of productions. Our research is based upon a comparative analysis between several situations where a dominant product and its co-product are under tension. The studied couples are: i) in Corsica island, cheeses and milk lambs and kids, ii) in Sardinia island, cheeses and lambs and iii) in Morocco, argan oil and arganian forest kids.From the initial situations showing complementarities between the various productions within a same productive system, we observe a progressive competition around the use of some dairy or forestry resources. The appropriation of such resources by a major product, engaged in a movement of specification (cheese, argan oil) validated by the recognition as geographical indication, marginalized the co-products (lamb and kid meats) weakening their conditions of elaboration and marketing. Thus, I analyzed the interactions between interdependent productions within a same productive system, focusing on the consequences of the recognition of a major product on the future of its co-product.The results are contributing to agrarian geography as a discipline centered on the relationships between production and territory, clarifying the way of functioning of the productive systems. The originality of this work lies on the scale of analysis gathering several products linked together within a productive system. One main stake has been to question the meaning of “quality” as driving social and technical boundaries that become, as general requirements, potential sources of exclusions according to the future of the co-products. The fact to recognize a major product, considered as participating to strengthen the territory, may induce the destruction of the links unifying the elements of the productive system and, by the way, weaken the territory. Such results open perspectives on the production of multi-situated territories, overcoming the classical way to consider this production under institutional logics (ie geographical indication isolating one product from its whole system) for designing plural and interlinked functionalities. Through the study of co-products involved into processes of recovery, I achieved understanding the frictions created around the uses of shared resources, rivalries and conflicts, but also possible resulting compromises that may contribute to processes of recoupling with perspectives of multi-functionality.

Submitted by Jos? Henrique Henrique (jose.neves@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2017-08-28T19:40:42Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) elisiane_dantas_rocha.pdf: 1578502 bytes, checksum: 6377ba5382224c4f4ab2f117cb851a38 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2017-08-30T18:46:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) elisiane_dantas_rocha.pdf: 1578502 bytes, checksum: 6377ba5382224c4f4ab2f117cb851a38 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-30T18:46:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) elisiane_dantas_rocha.pdf: 1578502 bytes, checksum: 6377ba5382224c4f4ab2f117cb851a38 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 / A glicerina bruta, obtida de forma direta no processo de produ??o de biodiesel, ? um insumo abundante e, devido a impurezas, ainda ? pouco atrativa para ser trabalhada como precursor em escala industrial. Apesar da sua aplica??o agr?cola, na fertiliza??o do solo ainda ter recebido pouca aten??o, a glicerina bruta tem potencial de utiliza??o na agricultura, sendo que a associa??o com outros tipos de materiais pode ampliar sua utiliza??o no mercado. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo sintetizar e caracterizar novos produtos a partir de glicerina e ?cido h?mico, para uso na agricultura. Os produtos sintetizados a partir de rea??o de esterifica??o entre glicerina purificada ou bruta, proveniente do processo de produ??o de biodiesel met?lico de ?leo de am?ndoa de maca?ba, utilizando hidr?xido de pot?ssio como catalisador, e ?cido h?mico foram obtidos na forma de p?, de colora??o preta. Os produtos foram caracterizados por espectroscopia no infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR), an?lise elementar, an?lise de fluoresc?ncia de raios-X, titula??o potenciom?trica e an?lise t?rmica. A modifica??o estrutural do ?cido h?mico por glicerina purificada (AH_GP) e glicerina bruta (AH_GB) originou produtos com caracter?sticas espec?ficas, devido ao tempo de rea??o e os diferentes tipos de glicerina utilizados como mat?ria-prima. Os produtos mostraram modifica??es de grupos carbox?licos em grupos ?ster devido ? s?ntese de esterifica??o, que proporcionou uma forma de modular a quantidade de grupos funcionais presentes na estrutura. A utiliza??o de glicerina bruta no processo promoveu a forma??o de diferentes tipos de ?steres, dependendo do tempo de rea??o. Com um tempo de rea??o curto, ocorreu a forma??o de ?steres de glicerol e ?steres met?licos, devido ? presen?a de metanol residual do processo de produ??o de biodiesel. Quando o tempo de rea??o foi aumentado, os ?steres met?licos foram convertidos em ?steres de glicerol, por transesterifica??o, o que foi confirmado por FTIR e an?lise elementar. Os produtos sintetizados apresentaram ganho de estabilidade t?rmica, o que indicou maior capacidade para reter ?gua comparado ao ?cido h?mico comercial. Dos resultados obtidos pela an?lise de fluoresc?ncia de raios-X, notou-se que os novos produtos cont?m enxofre e pot?ssio. Avaliou-se a capacidade de adsor??o de nitrog?nio amoniacal por amostras dos produtos. Os resultados referentes ? adsor??o de NH4+ foram submetidos ao teste t de Student com n?vel de confian?a de 90%. Os produtos sintetizados t?m capacidade de adsorver nitrog?nio em altas propor??es mesmo com a mudan?a na estrutura qu?mica dos produtos que, ap?s modifica??o tiveram diminui??o na quantidade absoluta de s?tios ativos fortemente ?cidos. / Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-gradua??o em Biocombust?veis, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2016. / The crude glycerin obtained directly in the biodiesel production process, is an abundant raw material, and due to impurities, it is still unattractive to be worked as a precursor on an industrial scale. Despite its agricultural application, soil fertilization still has received little attention, crude glycerin has a potential for use in agriculture and the association with other types of materials can expand its use in the market. This study aimed to synthesize and characterize new products from glycerin and humic acid for use in agriculture. The products synthesized via esterification reaction between purified or crude glycerin, obtained from the production of methyl biodiesel from macauba almond oil, using potassium hydroxide as a catalyst, and humic acid were obtained as a powder of black color. The products were characterized by infrared spectroscopy with Fourier transform (FTIR), elemental analysis, fluorescence X-ray analysis, thermal analysis and potentiometric titration. The structural modification of humic acid by purified glycerin (AH_GP) and crude glycerin (AH_GB) originated products with specific characteristics that varied with the reaction time and the types of glycerin used as a raw material. Transformation carboxylic groups into ester groups was observed, which provided a way to modulate the number of functional groups present in the structure. The use of crude glycerin in the process promoted the formation of different types of esters depending on the reaction time. With a short reaction time, occurred the formation of glycerol esters and methyl esters that resulted from the presence of residual methanol from the biodiesel production process. When the reaction time was increased, the methyl esters were converted to glycerol esters by transesterification, which was confirmed by elemental analysis and FTIR. The products synthesized had greater thermal stability than humic acid, which indicated a higher water-holding capacity than that to commercial humic acid. Results obtained by fluorescence X-ray analysis, it has noticed that the new products contain sulfur and potassium. It was evaluated the ability of ammonium ion by adsorption product samples. The results of the adsorption of NH4+ were submitted to the Student t test with a confidence level of 90. The synthetized products have a capacity adsorb nitrogen at high rates even with the change in their chemical structures that resulted in a reduction in the absolute quantity of strongly acid active sites after modification.

This study includes two experiments, and in the first the goal was to evaluate biochemical and hematological parameters in sheep supplemented with different soybean molasses levels in the diet. Serum levels of protein, phosphorus and calcium/phosphorus showed significant differences in relation to the assessed days. Uric acid and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels showed significant changes for the treatments. Energy parameters were not altered for days and for treatments. Hematological variables were similar for all parameters studied. Supplementation with soy molasses can interfere on levels of uric acid and AST, not causing metabolic changes in the evaluated parameters. In the second experiment the goal was to evaluate the intake and digestibility of nutrients, ingestive behavior and performance of sheep supplemented with different soy molasses levels in the diet. The protein intake relative to body weight and protein consumption and mineral matter were significant for the treatments. The apparent digestibility of nutrients had no change, as well as ingestive behavior, intake efficiency, rumination and chewing and rumination frequency. The water consumption and water/molasses consumption ratio were significantly different for the treatments. Supplementation with up to 12% soy molasses does not change dry matter intake, digestibility of nutrients and ingestive behavior of sheep, but increased consumption of protein and mineral matter. Then, it is an alternative of supplementation in the diet. / O presente estudo contemplou dois experimentos, no primeiro objetivou-se, avaliar parâmetros bioquímicos e hematológicos em ovinos suplementados com diferentes níveis de melaço de soja na dieta. Os níveis de proteína sérica, fósforo e de cálcio/fósforo apresentaram diferença significativa em relação aos dias avaliados. Os teores de ácido úrico e de aspartato aminotransferase (AST) sofreram alterações significativas para os tratamentos. Os parâmetros energéticos não sofreram alterações nas avaliações para os dias e para os tratamentos. As variáveis hematológicas foram semelhantes para todos os parâmetros estudados. A suplementação com melaço de soja pode interferir nos níveis de acido úrico e AST, não causando alterações metabólicas nos parâmetros avaliados. No segundo experimento objetivou-se avaliar o consumo e a digestibilidade dos nutrientes, o comportamento ingestivo e o desempenho de ovinos suplementados com diferentes níveis de melaço de soja na dieta. O consumo de proteína em relação ao peso vivo e os consumos de proteína e de matéria mineral foram significativos para os tratamentos. A digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes não apresentou alterações, assim como os dados de comportamento ingestivo, eficiência de ingestão, ruminação e mastigação e as frequências de ruminação. O consumo de água e a relação água pelo consumo de melaço apresentaram diferença significativa em função dos tratamentos. A suplementação com até 12% de melaço de soja não altera o consumo de matéria seca, a digestibilidade de nutrientes e o comportamento ingestivo de ovinos, porém aumentou o consumo de proteína e matéria mineral, sendo uma alternativa de suplemento na dieta. / Mestre em Ciências Veterinárias

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:48:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Heloise_Trautenmuller.pdf: 912477 bytes, checksum: c304b55b6665319661f466b02e921275 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different levels of inclusion of cassava starch residue (CSR) on the energy situation, the intestinal villi, performance and broiler carcass yield 1-42 days old. For the assessment of energy metabolism values were two test periods on 11-21 days and 31-41 days of age. The birds were housed in metabolic cages equipped with feeders and drinkers, being used 250 chicks in the first experiment and 125 broilers in the second experiment. The experiments lasted 10 days, five days for adaptation and five days to collect feces, which were held in a range of 12 hours. The RSM was obtained from a tapioca starch industry and dried under pressure 9 kg h-1 for 15 to 20 minutes, analyzes were made of the chemical composition of the waste resulting in 1.12% of crude protein (CP), 0, 31% ether extract (EE), 3600 kcal kg -1 gross energy (GE), 38.22% of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), 20.82% of acid detergent fiber (ADF), 13.57% of crude fiber (CF) and 60.73% of starch. The birds were placed in a completely randomized design with four experimental diets and a reference diet with four repetitions in the first experiment and five replications in the second experiment. CSR replaced by 10, 20, 30 and 40% of maize basal diet. Data were submitted to polynomial regression analysis on the basis of RSM levels, excluding the control diet (0% CSR). Levels of dry cassava did not influence (P> 0.05) the apparent metabolizable energy (AME), apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen balance (AME), metabolization coefficient of gross energy (MC) and coefficient metabolization of gross energy corrected for nitrogen balance (MCn) in any of the evaluated phases. For the methodology Adeola (2001) AMEn for the period 11 to 21 days it was 1534 kcal kg-1 and 31 to 41 days it was 1746 kcal kg-1. To evaluate the effects of CSR on the performance of birds, were used 980 chicks, males, Cobb Slow, housed in brick shed, equipped with feeders, drinkers, nipple type, and floor covered with wood shavings. Birds were allocated in a completely randomized design with seven treatments (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12% of CSR) and seven replicates and 20 birds per experimental unit. They evaluated the weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion, carcass yield, the commercial cuts and intestinal morphology. In the period from1 to 7 days the weight gain (WG) and feed conversion (FC) had a quadratic effect with the largest weight found in the level of 9.55%and higher FC level of 6.67% of inclusion and up to 6%ofinclusiondid not differ (P<0.01) than the control treatment. From 1to 21 days the WG reduced linearly with increasing inclusion of CSR while FC increased linearly, and up to 6% inclusion the WG did not differ (P <0.01) than control treatment and up to 8% FC did not differ from control treatment. In carcass yield analysis was no effect (P<0.01) for breast yield (BRES) linearly decreased as the increase of CSR inclusion levels. The crypt depth (CRY) increased linearly as the inclusion of CSR. According to the data found the dry cassava can be included in up to 6% substitution in the feed of broilers in the period1-42days of age without impairing the performance of the birds / O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos de diferentes níveis de inclusão do resíduo seco de fécula de mandioca (RSM) sobre os parâmetros energéticos, as vilosidades intestinais, o desempenho e rendimentos de carcaça de frangos de corte de 1 a 42 dias de idade. Para a avaliação dos valores energéticos foram realizados dois ensaios de metabolismo nos períodos de 11 a 21 dias e de 31 a 41 dias de idade. As aves foram alojadas em gaiolas de metabolismo providas de comedouro e bebedouro, sendo utilizados 250 pintos no primeiro experimento e 125 frangos de corte no segundo experimento. Os experimentos tiveram duração de 10 dias, sendo cinco dias para adaptação e cinco dias para coleta de fezes, que foram realizadas em um intervalo de 12 horas. O RSM foi obtido de uma indústria de fécula de mandioca e seco sob pressão de 9 kg h-1 durante 15 a 20 minutos, foram realizadas análises da composição química do resíduo resultando em 1,12% de proteína bruta (PB), 0,31% de extrato etéreo (EE), 3600 kcal kg-1 de energia bruta (EB), 38,22% de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), 20,82% de fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), 13,57% de fibra bruta (FB) e 60,73% de amido. As aves foram alocadas em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com quatro rações experimentais e uma ração referência, com quatro repetições no primeiro experimento e cinco repetições no segundo experimento. O RSM substituiu em 10, 20, 30 e 40% o milho da ração referência. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de regressão polinomial em função dos níveis do RSM, excluindo a ração controle (0% do RSM).Os níveis do resíduo seco de mandioca não influenciaram (P>0,05) os valores de energia metabolizável aparente (EMA), energia metabolizável aparente corrigida para balanço de nitrogênio (EMAn), coeficiente de metabolizabilidade da energia bruta (CM) e coeficiente de metabolizabilidade da energia bruta corrigida para balanço de nitrogênio (CMn) em nenhuma das fases avaliadas. Pela metodologia de Adeola (2001) a EMAn para o período de 11 a 21 dias foi de 1534 kcal kg-1 e para 31 a 41 dias foi de 1746 kcal kg-1. Para avaliar os efeitos do RSM sobre o desempenho das aves, foram utilizados 980 pintos, machos, Cobb Slow, alojados em galpão de alvenaria, providos de comedouros, bebedouros tipo nipple, e piso coberto com maravalha. As aves foram alocadas em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com sete tratamentos (0; 2; 4; 6; 8; 10 e 12% de RSM) e sete repetições e 20 aves por unidade experimental.Foram avaliados o ganho de peso, consumo de ração, conversão alimentar, o rendimento de carcaça, os cortes comercias e a morfologia intestinal. No período de 1 a 7 dias o ganho de peso (GP) e a conversão alimentar (CA) apresentaram efeito quadrático sendo o maior peso encontrado no nível de 9,55% e a maior CA no nível de 6,67% de inclusão e em até 6% de inclusão não diferiram (P<0,01) do tratamento controle. De 1 a 21 dias o GP reduziu linearmente conforme o aumento da inclusão do RSM enquanto a CA aumentou linearmente, e em até 6% de inclusão o GP não diferiu (P<0,01) do tratamento controle e em até 8% a CA não diferiu do tratamento controle. Na análise de rendimento de carcaça houve efeito (P<0,01) para o rendimento de peito (RPEI) que reduziu linearmente conforme o aumento dos níveis de inclusão de RSM. A profundidade de cripta (CRI) aumentou linearmente conforme a inclusão do RSM. De acordo com os dados encontrados o resíduo seco de mandioca pode ser incluído em até 6% de substituição na ração de frangos de corte no período de 1 a 42 dias de idade sem prejudicar o desempenho das aves

Fundação de Apoio a Pesquisa e à Inovação Tecnológica do Estado de Sergipe - FAPITEC/SE / The author of the present work aimed at evaluating the influence of the inclusion of soybean hull (SH) upon the apparent digestibility, the physical-chemical characteristics of feces and the postprandial glycemic responses of horses submitted to moderate-intensity exercise. Five horses were used, aging 11 +2 years old and weighing 483 ± 18 kg. The diets consisted of 60% of Tifton 85 hay (Cynodon spp) and 40% of a pelletized commercial concentrate. The treatments were: substitution of the concentrate for 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% of SH (Kg/Kg). The experimental period lasted 50 days, being 5 ten-day periods: 7 days for the adaptation to the diet and 3 days of total feces collection. Bromatological analyses of both the foods and of the feces samples were performed for the determination of the apparent digestibility coefficients of the nutrients. The evaluation of the characteristics of the feces comprehended consistency, coloration and pH. For the glycemic tests, 5 mL of blood was collected around 30 minutes before, and 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240 and 300 minutes after the administration of the soybean hull homogenized to the concentrate. The experimental delineation used was entirely casualized in Latin square (5x5). For the statistical analyses, the data were submitted to variance analysis. The means were compared with Tukey´s test at 5% of significance. The result demonstrated that there were no effects (P>0.05) of the substitution levels of the concentrate for the soybean hull over the apparent digestibility coefficient of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, ether extract, nonstructural carbohydrates, hemicellulose, rapidly fermented carbohydrate and energy. However, significant statistical differences were observed (P<0.05) for the apparent digestibility coefficient acid detergent fiber and slowly fermented carbohydrate, with better results for the 30% and 40% substitution levels and a drop in hydrolysable carbohydrate at the 40% level of substitution. Regarding the consistency and coloration, 100% of the horses produced normal (score 3) green-colored feces. There were no statistical differences for the pH value, with means of 6.34. The glucose peak and the area below the glycemic curve were not influenced (P<0.05) by the increasing levels of soybean hull in the diet. It is concluded that the soybean hull can be replaced in 30% and 40%, thus allowing the increase in the apparent digestibility of the fibrous fraction, without causing alterations to the physical-chemical characteristics of both the feces and the glycemic responses of horses undergoing moderate-intensity exercises. / O objetivo da autora deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência da inclusão de casca de soja (CS) na digestibilidade aparente, características físico-químicas das fezes e resposta glicêmicas pós-prandial de equinos submetidos a exercício de intensidade moderada. Foram utilizados cinco equinos com idade de 11 +2 anos e peso médio de 455 ± 23 kg. Os tratamentos foram: substituição do concentrado por 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% e 40% de CS (Kg/Kg). O período experimental teve duração de 50 dias, divididos em cinco períodos de 10 dias cada, sendo 7 dias de adaptação à dieta e 3 dias de coleta total de fezes. Realizou-se análises bromatológicas dos alimentos e das amostras compostas de fezes para estimar os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes. As avaliações das características das fezes compreenderam consistência, coloração e pH. Para o teste glicêmico foram coletados 5 mL de sangue cerca de 30 minutos antes, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240 e 300 minutos após administração da casca de soja homogeneizada ao concentrado. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado em quadrado latino (5x5). Os dados foram submetidos à analise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste Tukey a 5% de significância. Os resultados demostraram que não houve efeitos (P>0,05) dos níveis de substituições do concentrado pela casca de soja sobre os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca, matéria orgânica, proteína bruta, extrato etéreo, carboidratos não estruturais, hemicelulose, energia bruta e carboidratos rapidamente fermentáveis; porém, observaram-se diferenças estatísticas significativas (P<0,05) para os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente da fibra em detergente ácido e carboidratos lentamente fermentáveis, com aumento para os níveis de 30% e 40% de substituição e queda no coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente dos carboidratos hidrolisáveis ao nível de 40% de substituição Quanto à consistência e coloração, 100% dos equinos apresentaram fezes normal (escore 3) e esverdeada. Não houve diferenças estatísticas para o valor de pH com média de 6,34. O pico de glicose, tempo de pico e área abaixo da curva glicêmica não foram influenciados (P<0,05) pelos níveis crescentes de casca de soja na dieta. Conclui-se que a casca de soja pode ser substituída em 30% e 40% proporcionando aumento na digestibilidade aparente da fração fibrosa, sem causar alterações nas características físico-químicas das fezes e nas respostas glicêmicas de equinos submetidos a exercício moderado.

Les fonctions génératrices des coefficients de Clebsch Gordan pour la superalgèbre de Lie osp(1|2) sont dérivées en utilisant deux approches. Une première approche généralise une méthode proposée par Granovskii et Zhedanov pour l'appliquer dans le cas de osp(1|2), une algèbre dont le coproduit est torsadé. Une seconde approche repose sur la réalisation de osp(1|2) en tant qu'algèbre dynamique d'un oscillateur parabosonique et utilise une équivalence dans cette réalisation entre le changements de coordonnées polaires à cartésiennes et le problème de Clebsch-Gordan. Un chapitre moins formel précède ces dérivations et présente comment le problème de Clebsch-Gordan s'interprète en tant que réalisation d'une algèbre de fusion. La notion abstraite de fusion est introduite, soulignant son importance en physique, pour en venir au cas particulier du problème de Clebsch-Gordan. Un survol du cas de l'algèbre osp(1|2) et de ses utilisations en physique mathématique conclut ce chapitre. / The generating functions for the osp(1|2) Lie superalgebra Clebsch-Gordan coefficients are derived using two approaches. The first one consists of generalizing a method first proposed by Granovskii and Zhedanov to apply it to the case of osp(1|2), an algebra with a twisted coproduct. The second one is based on the realization of the osp(1|2) as the dynamical algebra for a parabosonic oscillator and used an equivalence in this realization between a change of basis from polar to cartesian coordinates and the Clebsch-Gordan problem. A less formal chapter precedes those derivations and present how the Clebsch-Gordan problem can be interpreted as a realization of a fusion algebra. The abstract notion of fusion is introduced, mentionning its importance in physics, and leads to the particular case of the Clebsch-Gordan problem. A brief review of the problem for the osp(1|2) algebra and its uses in mathematical physics concludes this chapter.

Ce manuscrit est consacré à l'étude de la combinatoire de deux algèbres de Hopf d'extraction-contraction. La première est l'algèbre de Hopf de mots tassés WMat introduite par Duchamp, Hoang-Nghia et Tanasa dont l'objectif était la construction d'un modèle de coproduit d'extraction-contraction pour les mots tassés. Nous expliquons certains sous-objets ou objets quotients ainsi que des applications vers d'autres algèbres de Hopf. Ainsi, nous considérons une algèbre de permutations dont le dual gradué possède un coproduit de déconcaténation par blocs et un produit de double battage décalé. Le double battage engendre la commutativité de l'algèbre qui est donc distincte de celle de Malvenuto et Reutenauer. Nous introduisons également une algèbre de Hopf engendrée par les mots tassés de la forme x₁...x₁. Elle est isomorphe à l'algèbre de Hopf des fonctions symétriques non commutatives. Son dual gradé est donc isomorphe à l'algèbre de Hopf des fonctions quasi-symétriques. Nous considérons également une algèbre de Hopf de compositions et donnons son interprétation en termes de coproduit semi-direct d'algèbres de Hopf. Le deuxième objet d'étude est l'algèbre de Hopf de diagrammes de dissection HD introduite par Dupont en théorie des nombres. Nous cherchons des éléments de réponse concernant la nature de sa cogèbre sous-jacente. Est-elle colibre ? La dimension des éléments primitifs de degré 3 ne permet pas de conclure. Le cas du degré 5 permet d'établir la non-coliberté dans le cas où le paramètre de HD vaut - 1. Nous étudions également la structure pré-Lie du dual gradué HD. Nous réduisons le champ de recherche à la sous-algèbre pré-Lie non triviale engendrée par le diagramme de dissection de degré 1. Cette algèbre pré-Lie n'est pas libre. / This thesis deals with the study of combinatorics of two Hopf algebras. The first one is the packed words Hopf algebra WMAT introduced by Duchamp, Hoang-Nghia, and Tanasa who wanted to build a coalgebra model for packed words by using a selection-quotient process. We describe certain sub-objects or quotient objects as well as maps to other Hopf algebras. We consider first a Hopf algebra of permutations. Its graded dual has a block deconcatenation coproduct and double shuffle product. The double shuffle product is commutative so the Hopf algebra is different from the Malvenuto and Reutenauer one. We analyze then the Hopf algebra generated by packed words looking like x₁...x₁. This Hopf algebra and non commutative symmetric functions are isomorphic. So its graded dual and quasi-symmetric functions are isomorphic too. Finally we consider a Hopf algebra of compositions an give its interpretation in terms of a semi-direct coproduct structure. The second objet we study is the Hopf algebra of dissection diagrams HD introduced by Dupont in number theory. We study the cofreedom problem. We can't conclude with homogeneous primitive elements of degree 3. With the degree 5 case, we can say that is not cofree with the parameter -1. We study the pre-Lie algebra structure of HD's graded dual too. We consider in particular the sup-pre-Lie algebra generated by the dissection diagram of degree 1. It is not a free pre-Lie algebra.