Medvetenheten och kraven på hållbarhet växer ständigt i samhället. Corporate social responsibility (CSR) är aktuellt för företag att arbeta med för att bemöta de externa påtryckningarna. När CSR undersöks på individnivå kallas det Mikro-CSR. Vidare forskning om hur CSR påverkar individers motivation fordras. Särskilt på chefsnivå, då att vara motiverad anses av betydande vikt när mobilisering och involvering av andra ingår i yrkesrollen. Syftet med denna studie har således varit att undersöka hur individer i chefsposition upplever att deras motivation påverkas av deras individuella CSR-arbetet. För att besvara detta undersöktes om behovet av prestation, behovet av makt och behovet av tillhörighet tillfredsställs. En fallstudie på fem chefer genomfördes. Analysen av data kodades med inspiration från tidigare forskning. Undersökningen visar att chefer upplever deras individuella CSR-arbete som endast delvis motiverande. Det finns svårigheter i att förstå, hantera och mäta CSR-arbetet, vilket är faktorer som påverkar upplevelsen av relationen mellan CSR-arbete och motivation negativt och ger sig uttryck i de vi benämner som CSR-paradoxen. Slutligen visar studien att en respondent särskiljer sig från övriga då han anses omotiverad av CSR-arbetet han utför, vilket anses kunna förklaras av att hans upplevelser av CSR-arbetet står i konflikt med yrkesrollens arbetsuppgifters karaktär.

A dissertação procurou analisar a denominada Responsabilidade Social Empresarial. Procedeu-se, para maior compreensão desse movimento global, em uma síntese da evolução do direito de propriedade privada e, em seguida, das teorias que resultaram na transferência de parte dos encargos sociais, tradicionalmente legados à esfera pública, para as instituições privadas. Encerra o presente estudo com a análise dos dispositivos do ordenamento jurídico pátrio que dão base a esta nova realidade, e das hipóteses para a postura estatal em face de sua tarefa do Estado em manter a ordem social e fomentar o desenvolvimento. Todos esses assuntos foram identificados em sete partes, e fundamentados em ensinamentos doutrinários, brasileiros e estrangeiros, e nos diversos dispositivos legais que se referem ao tema. / The dissertation tried to analyze the so-called Corporate Social Responsibility. Proceeded, to a better understanding of this global movement, in a summary of the private property rights evolution, and then, the theories that resulted in the transfer of part of social security contributions, traditionally bequests to the public sphere, to private institutions. Terminating the present study with the analyzes of the home legal devices that are foundation this new reality, and hypotheses for the government stance under the States task in maintaining social order and promote the development. All these issues were identified in seven parts, and based on doctrine teachings, Brazilians and foreigners, and the various legal provisions that relate to the theme.

A situação planetária exige, cada vez mais, atenção. São cuidados com o meio ambiente e com os caminhos que levarão a existência humana a uma situação de conforto, declínio ou, quiçá, desaparecimento. Nesse contexto surge a necessidade da reação da sociedade mundial em prol da sustentabilidade e da defesa do meio ambiente e, claro, da sociedade. O conceito de sustentabilidade aparece com força, explicando que uma empresa deve cuidar de si, de forma a que sua produção e comercialização não destruam, mas que o que seja gasto no processo produtivo seja devolvido à natureza. Em paralelo a esse processo, há um clamor social em direção ao combate da corrupção, em busca de ética, seja no âmbito governamental, seja no empresarial. Do atendimento a esses dois pontos surge a Responsabilidade Social Empresarial, que pressupõe que uma empresa deva garantir a sustentabilidade, agir com ética, atender sua comunidade e cumprir seu papel social, pagando impostos e tratando seus funcionários condignamente. Muitas empresas, engajadas no conceito de triple botton line, vêm fazendo projetos sérios na direção de uma verdadeira Responsabilidade Social Empresarial. Outras, inclusive de grande porte, aproveitando-se do tema, usam projetos de Responsabilidade Social Empresarial com o intuito único de alavancar a imagem de suas marcas. Independente da intenção, no entanto, a comunicação da Responsabilidade Social Empresarial confere à organização uma dose de poder, ou, em alguns casos, permite que ações não sejam notadas ou percebidas, muito em função desse poder adquirido. Palavras / The planetary situation demands, more and more attention. It is the care of the environment, and with the ways that lead to human existence in a situation of comfort, decline or, perhaps, disappearance In this context appears the need of the reaction of the world society for the benefit of the sustainability and the protection of the environment and of course of the society. The concept of sustainability appears with force, explaining that a company must take care of themselves, in order that their production and marketing does not destroy the environment, but that what is spent in the production process is \"returned\" to nature. In parallel to this process, there is a public outcry toward the fight against corruption in search of ethics that is within the framework of government, or in business. The attendance at these two points there is the Corporate Social Responsibility, which requires that an enterprise should ensure sustainability, act with ethical, meet their community and to meet their social role, paying taxes and dealing with their employees with dignity. Many companies, involved in the concept of triple bottom line, have been doing serious projects in the direction of a real Corporate Social Responsibility. Others, including large companies, taking advantage of the subject, use projects in Corporate Social Responsibility with the only intent to leverage the image of their brands. Regardless of the intention, however, the communication of Corporate Social Responsibility gives the organization a dose of power, or, in some cases, enables actions are not noticed or perceived, much in the light of that power purchased.

Cada vez mais presente em pesquisas na área da administração, a Corporate Social Performance (CSP), ou Performance Social Corporativa, vem sendo tema de muitas pesquisas nas últimas quatro décadas, principalmente, no que tange a sua mensuração. Com sua característica multidimensional, a CSP vem sendo medida de diversas maneiras, com a utilização de relatórios de sustentabilidade, surveys, banco de dados e índices. Essa pesquisa traz uma contribuição metodológica a essa temática, trazendo um modelo de mensuração de CSP com dimensões e variáveis identificadas na literatura. Depois, analisou-se a aderência desse modelo com indicadores dos Relatórios de Sustentabilidade que utilizam as diretrizes GRI-G4 e com o questionário ISE-2016. Então, propôs-se uma avaliação da aderência de ambas as medidas. Além das análises descritivas, utilizou-se os métodos de correlação de Pearson e de Spearman para avaliar a associação entre as pontuações das duas métricas diferentes e o Teste não paramétrico de Mann-Whitney para comparar as duas distribuições. Foram elaborados dois modelos de mensuração, considerando as dimensões identificadas na literatura correspondentes aos stakeholders primários. As análises de correlação de Pearson e Spearman resultaram em uma correlação muito baixa entre as duas métricas, GRI e ISE. O Teste Mann-Whitney mostrou que não há evidências que suportem a hipótese de que os relatórios de sustentabilidade GRI e o questionário ISE sejam diferentes para os stakeholders comunidade, clientes e fornecedores. Ainda, foi realizada a Regressão Linear Múltipla para que os efeitos de outras variáveis pudessem ser avaliados. Nessa análise foi possível verificar uma melhor associação entre as métricas de GRI e ISE para o stakeholder Empregados, o que pode ser explicado pelo maior número de variáveis encontradas. / The Corporate Social Performance (CSP) has been present in management scholarship for the past four decades, mainly concerning to the ways of its measurement. Due to its multidimensional characteristic, the CSP has been measured in different ways, such as using sustainability reports, surveys, database and indexes. This research aims to contribute to this subject, assessing the correlation of a measurement model that uses data from sustainability reporting aligned with the GRI-G4 guidelines, with a measurement model that uses the Índice de Sustentabilidade Empresarial - ISE-2016 survey data. In addition to the descriptive analysis, it was used the statistical methods of correlation of Pearson and correlation of Spearman to evaluate the association between the scores of the two different metrics and the Mann-Whitney U test. The analysis of Pearson and Spearman correlation resulted in a very low correlation between both scales, GRI and ISE. However, the Mann-Whitney test showed that there is a relationship between both distributions for the following stakeholders: employees, suppliers and customers. Finally, It was perfomed a Multiple Linear Regression and it was verified a better association between the GRI and ISE scales for the Employees stakeholder, which can be explained by the greater number of variables found.

The increasing environmental problems have today become global and changes are dras-tically needed in all levels of society. Customers’ buying behaviour can play a big partand it is possible to both contribute to a more sustainable world and add economic valueto a business, but new sustainable business models are needed. In this research projectThe Lobby, a new innovative marketplace owned by AMF Fastigheter, has been usedas a case study to find the key areas in retail business where change is most important.Furthermore, a life cycle assessment has been conducted to see where in a T-shirt’s lifecycle the most CO2equivalents are released and what the difference between a T-shirtbought at a physical store and e-commerce is. This research project has found that themost important area to focus on if sustainability is to be integrated successfully in aretail business is the company management. The commitment and attitude the companymanagement mediates to their employees is crucial for success. For The Lobby it is alsoimportant to evaluate which retailers they choose to approve due to the fact that its in-directly affecting their sustainability. The Lobby should also try to be more transparentand informative. By promoting their sustainability actions they can attract both cus-tomers and future retailers. But the research and knowledge in the field of influencingand changing customers’ behaviour is still limited and more research is needed. / De ökade miljöproblemen har blivit globala och drastiska förändringar måste ske på allanivåer i samhället. Konsumenters köpbeteende kan ha stor inverkan och det är möjligatt både bidra till en mer hållbar värd och öka företagets ekonomiska tillväxt. Men nyaföretagsmodeller behövs. I detta examensarbete har The Lobby, en ny innovativ han-delsplats som ägs av AMF Fastigheter, använts i en fallstudie för att hitta de områdendär hållbarhet kan integreras. En livscykelanalys har även blivit utförd där en T-shirtsCO2ekvivalenter blev beräknade för att se skillnader om T-shirten köps via e-handeleller i en butik. Examensarbetet har hittat att de viktigaste områdena att fokusera påför en lyckad integration av hållbarhet är företagets ledningsgrupp. Engagemanget ochinställning som ledningen förmedlar till sina anställda är den viktigaste faktorn för attlyckas. För The Lobby är det även viktigt att utvärdera de företag de väljer att expon-era i The Lobby då det indirekt påverkar deras hållbarhet. The Lobby borde även blimer transparenta och ge mer information. Genom att förmedla vilka hållbara val de görkan de attrahera både nya konsumenter och företag. Men kunskapen om hur man bästinfluerar och påverkar kunders beteende är begränsad och mer forskning inom områdetbehövs.

The sports industry has been made distinct from traditional business for many reasons including its body of stakeholders and its position in popular media. For these reasons, corporate social responsibility (CSR) efforts and the communication of them in professional sports is known to be addressed differently. The following research has been conducted in order to learn how well professional sports teams are doing to communicate CSR to the particular stakeholders who are also their social media followers. Sports teams' Twitter accounts were analyzed and tweets concerning CSR were identified. Findings suggested that only 3.94% of professional sports teams' tweets were related to CSR. It was also found that intrinsically, market size and on-field team performance do not affect CSR tweeting. When viewed together, however, it has been found that smaller market losing teams tweet more CSR than larger market losing teams while smaller market winning teams tweet less CSR than larger market winning teams. This finding lends insights into the strategic purposes of CSR in the professional sports industry. When small market sports teams do not have a successful season, they seem to restore their reputation via the CSR function more so than larger market teams in a similar situation do. Additionally, winning teams of the larger market tweet more CSR than smaller market winners. The conclusion is that, although relatively little CSR tweeting is done in professional sports, smaller market professional sports teams' CSR tweeting is spurred by poor performance, whereas larger market sports teams' CSR tweeting is spurred by winning.

BACKGROUND: Corporate reputation refers to an organisation’s past and present action, which has a huge impact on how the organisation is viewed by its internal and external stakeholders. In the context of business organisation, the importance of reputation in public service and government organisations needs to be recognised, especially in South Africa, where many problems are associated with local government. Coupled with this, there has been lack of emphasis on collaborative consultation processes and participation by the communities in matters that affect them. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY: The purpose of this qualitative, interpretive study was to analyse personal experiences of employees at a local municipality, on the management of corporate reputation. Systems theory was adopted as a theoretical framework for the study. METHOD: This research employs a qualitative research method and a case study design. The qualitative research was relevant for this research as it is naturalistic, which is research based in natural settings where communication occurs. The in-depth individual, semi structured interviews enabled the researcher to get rich information from the participants, who are employees of the municipality and work within the broad frame of public relations, communications, event management and marketing. These participants engage with the external stakeholders on events management or on expertise, leadership and management skills with regard to corporate reputation management. RESULTS: The results reveal that management of reputation is probably a multifaceted concept. Hence corporate social responsibility, emotional appeal, financial performance, products and services, vision and leadership and workplace environment all feature but it is unlikely that the participants perceive reputation as separate from image and identity as they use the terms synonymously. The responses reveal that a systems view of an organisation, being social in a social system, indicate that the various components in the internal environment cannot be separated from the external environment as they are continuously and dynamically interacting with one another with corporate communication acting as a ‘glue’, which holds them together. Corporate communication is thus an essential part of the system as it serves to align the organisation’s vision, culture and image that people have of an organisation.

A expansão das indústrias e a evolução tecnológica trouxeram avanços expressivos para a economia e a qualidade de vida das pessoas nas últimas décadas. Contudo, contribuíram para o agravamento de muitos problemas sociais e ambientais. A partir da discussão sobre o papel e potencial de grandes empresas em contribuir com novas soluções que impactam positivamente a sociedade, este estudo propõe o seguinte objetivo geral: analisar se e como as grandes empresas incorporam inovação social aos seus negócios. A fim de se compreender um fenômeno social complexo, este estudo caracteriza-se como qualitativo, exploratório e descritivo. A pesquisa de campo foi desenhada em duas etapas de modo a explorar diferentes perspectivas sobre o contexto e as práticas de inovação social em grandes empresas. A primeira etapa consistiu em entrevistas com cinco especialistas do campo. Já a segunda etapa foi composta por entrevistas em 16 grandes empresas com 22 profissionais que atuam nas áreas de sustentabilidade, responsabilidade social corporativa, inovação e de suas fundações e institutos. Adicionalmente, foram coletados e analisados documentos que pudessem corroborar as falas dos entrevistados, evidenciar o posicionamento público das empresas e demonstrar a relevância desses casos ao estudo. A amplitude dos dados apurados permitiu obter um retrato geral do campo de estudo e identificar múltiplas iniciativas desenvolvidas na prática empresarial, ao mesmo tempo em que se baseou na perspectiva dos atores envolvidos. A análise evidenciou que as empresas percebem ser parte de um ecossistema de inovação social mais amplo e buscam compreender qual o seu papel dentro dele, bem como possíveis oportunidades de atuação. Todavia, muitas ainda estão em um estágio de aprendizado sobre o conceito e como inseri-lo em suas práticas de negócio. Foram verificados diversos tipos de iniciativas desenvolvidas interna e externamente, desde projetos de desenvolvimento territorial, ações de mitigação de impactos negativos, aprimoramento da cadeia de valor, até ações mais estratégicas, como o lançamento de novos produtos que atendam a uma necessidade social ou ambiental. A partir destas, foi possível perceber cinco diferentes níveis de incorporação da inovação social ao core business, desde iniciativas mais periféricas, em que a empresa investe principalmente recursos financeiros, até iniciativas intrinsecamente vinculadas às suas atividades essenciais, utilizando a inteligência empresarial para o desenvolvimento de novas soluções a problemas da sociedade. Foram levantados diversos fatores críticos que facilitam ou dificultam a inovação social, destacando-se a importância do engajamento da alta liderança e de compromissos e estrutura de sustentabilidade bem estabelecidos nos casos em que se verificou maior grau de incorporação à estratégia de negócio. Espera-se que este estudo proporcione subsídios para reflexões mais profundas acerca do papel e potencial das empresas, não somente em relação à mitigação de externalidades negativas de seus negócios, mas também como propulsoras de impactos positivos adicionais para a sociedade / Industrial expansion and technological evolution have brought significant advances to the economy and people\'s quality of life in recent decades. However, these aspects have contributed to the aggravation of several social and environmental issues. Based on the discussion about the role and potential of large companies in contributing to new solutions that positively impact society, this study proposes the following general objective: to analyze if and how large companies incorporate social innovation into their business. In order to understand a complex social phenomenon, this study is characterized as qualitative, exploratory and descriptive. The field research was designed in two phases, to allow exploration of different perspectives on the context and practices of social innovation in large companies. The first phase consisted of interviews with five experts on the topic. The second phase consisted of interviews in 16 large companies with 22 professionals working in the areas of sustainability, corporate social responsibility, innovation, and its foundations and institutes. In addition, documents that could corroborate the respondents\' statements highlight the public positioning of the companies and demonstrate the relevance of these cases to the study were collected and analyzed. The amplitude of the evaluated data allowed to obtain a general picture of the field of study and to identify multiple initiatives developed in business practice. This was achieved based on the perspective of the actors involved. The analysis evidenced that companies perceive to be part of a wider social innovation ecosystem and seek to understand their role within it, as well as possible opportunities for action. However, many are still at a learning stage about the concept and how to insert it into their business practices. Several types of initiatives developed internally and externally have been detected, from territorial development projects, actions to mitigate negative impacts, improvement of the value chain, to more strategic actions, such as the launching of new products that meet a social or environmental need. From these, it was possible to ascertain five different levels of social innovation\'s incorporation into the core business, from more peripheral initiatives, in which the company mainly invests financial resources, to initiatives intrinsically linked to its essential activities, using business intelligence for developing new solutions to society\'s problems. Several critical factors that facilitate or hinder social innovation have been raised, being the importance of high leadership engagement and well-established sustainability commitments and structure the common factors in cases where there has been a greater degree of incorporation into the business strategy. This study is expected to provide insights for deeper reflections on the role and potential of companies, not only in mitigating the negative externalities of their business, but also as propellers of additional positive impacts on society.

Recently, the use of corporate social responsibility initiatives has grown in popularity and prominence among organizations as research increasingly suggests that these initiatives positively impact the corporation's bottom line. This study contributes to theory driven research in strategic communications by using an experimental design to test the influence of six distinct corporate social responsibility initiatives, as identified by Kotler and Lee (2005), on the beliefs, attitudes, and behavioral intention of message receivers, using Fishbein and Ajzen's (1975, 2005) theory of reasoned action as a theoretical framework. According to Fishbein and Ajzen (1975), attitudes about an object are the result of the total of many varying beliefs about the object. This study extends understanding of the Dual Credibility Model by examining the influence of corporate credibility as a belief set and mediator between organizations and their target publics. This study is uniquely focused on developing a better understanding of how corporate social responsibility initiatives influence corporate credibility and corporate social responsibility beliefs. Findings do not indicate significant differences among corporate social responsibility initiatives. Only significant differences between using and not using an initiative were found. However, among the initiatives cause related marketing demonstrated the highest mean score, although not a significant difference. CSR initiatives do influence belief sets, specifically CSR beliefs. The corporate credibility/ trust belief set showed the strongest positive influence on attitude toward the advertisement and attitude toward the organization. Attitude towards the organization demonstrated a significant influence on behavioral intention toward the organization. These results support the theory of reasoned action. Exploratory research found that corporate credibility/trust and corporate credibility/expertise directly and significantly influenced behavioral intention toward the organization, suggesting an extension of the theory within the context of corporate credibility.

Abstract Seventy percent of small and medium-sized U.S. companies experience negative performance because of leaders' lack of knowledge of corporate social responsibility (CSR) program implementation. CSR implementation is complex and requires organizational resources such as expertise, personnel, time, and money. Implementing CSR programs is challenging for many leaders. Research on CSR implementation in the U.S. financial services industry is scarce, and leaders of financial services firms do not have a clear understanding of how to make CSR implementation successful. The purpose of this study was to explore optimal strategies for making corporate social responsibility program implementation effective. The central research question that drove this study was determining how leaders can make CSR program implementation effective. Data collected from a purposeful sample of 10 face-to-face interviews, direct observations, and document review were coded and analyzed. One of the emergent themes suggests that leaders lack the knowledge to understand how CSR activities contribute to a better world. The lack of knowledge for successful CSR implementation causes 60% of leaders to treat CSR programs as side projects. Another theme for successful CSR programs was the leaders' commitment to transparency. Without trust, leaders cannot align stakeholders' interests with CSR activities. Implications for positive social change included opportunities for leaders to define key CSR stakeholders, establish CSR goals, and select CSR activities to meet the CSR goals. This could lead some leaders to gain the knowledge of how to integrate CSR into their firms' daily operations.