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Plastics have a wide application field, where cosmetic products are one of them. Polymers which are building blocks to plastics exists in many variants, overall they can be categorized into two groups; microplastics and water soluble polymers. Both polymer types are important to study and understand since polymers in general are not covered by any legislation. To gain a more profound understanding of their impact on environment this study was conducted. In collaboration with SSNC (Naturskyddsföreningen), a database containing hundreds cosmetic products was processed. The most occurring polymers were quantified and prevalent ingredients having “poly” in their name were selected for further investigation namely Nylon 12-20 (microplast) and Acrylates C/10-30 Alkyl-crosspolymer (water soluble). A standardized analysis method OECD 301 F was performed to test the polymers biodegrading ability. Results from biodegradation method showed that, neither of the two polymers is readily biodegradable in aqueous environment, despite their different properties. In connection with the obtained results, a filtration analysis was performed, with the purpose to determine the possibility to capture the polymers using microfilters. Results mainly showed flowthrough of both polymers. Relating the results to reality implies that these polymers are not captured in waste water treatment plant due to inefficient filtration and thereby spread to the environment. In addition more research should be devoted to water-soluble polymers and their impact on nature. Based on all compiled results, it is proposed that legislation addressing microplastics should be edited and revised in such a way that water soluble polymers are included in future prohibitions (against microplastics). / Plast har många användningsområden varav kosmetiska produkter är ett av dem. I kosmetika används exempelvis naturliga ämnen, sådana som förekommer i naturen och således kan brytas ned. Sedan finns syntetiska polymerer, sådana som syntetiseras och tillverkas av människor. Det finns oerhört många varianter av syntetiska polymerer som används inom kosmetika, generellt kan de kategoriseras i två grupper; mikroplaster och vattenlösliga polymerer. Med hjälp av Naturskyddsföreningens databas som innehåller hundratals kosmetikaingredienser, söktes de komponenter som hade ”poly” i sitt namn eftersom de inte täcks av lagstiftning. Bland dessa, valdes två mest förekommande polymerer för att studeras vidare, nämligen Nylon 12-20 (mikroplast) och Acrylates C/10-30 alkyl crosspolymer (vattenlöslig). En standardiserad analysmetod OECD 301 F tillämpades för att testa deras biologiska nedbrytbarhet. Resultatet från nedbrytbarhetstestet visade att ingen av polymertyperna, trots deras åtskiljande egenskaper, är lättnedbrytbar i vattenmiljöer. I följd av resultatet från analysen genomfördes en filtreringsanalys på KTH, för att avgöra om respektive polymer går att fånga upp i olika storlekar av mikrofilter. Resultatet visade att ingen av dem fångades upp (med den utrustning som var tillgänglig på KTH). Baserat på resultaten föreslås det att lagstiftningar som innefattar mikroplaster bör redigeras och revideras på ett sådant sätt att vattenlösliga polymerer är inkluderade i framtida förbud (mot mikroplaster). Utöver detta bör mer forskning ägnas åt vattenlösliga polymerer och deras påverkan på naturen.

This study details Roman women’s use of makeup, and the relevance of studying makeup whenexploring the history of Roman women. The study explores the relation between the use ofmakeup and female identity through texts and archaeological material. By first presenting thetypes of makeup used and the paraphernalia associated with the application of makeup, thiscontextualizes how women interacted with makeup on a day-today basis. This leads to adiscussion on who used makeup and what the use of makeup says about female identity. When analyzing women’s use of makeup, this study compares ancient texts, archaeologicalfinds, and modern chemical analysis of ancient makeup. This study argues that women ofdifferent social standings could use makeup, and that women were able to use makeup as a toolto establish some control over how they were perceived by the public. This in turn makesmakeup a way to study female agenda in antiquity. / Denna studie fokuserar på romerska kvinnors användning av smink och relevansen av attstudera smink i anknytning till romerska kvinnors historia. Studien utforskar relationen mellananvändningen av smink och kvinnlig identitet genom texter och arkeologiskt material. De olikatyperna av smink och föremålen associerade med appliceringen av smink presenteras, med syfteatt kontextualisera hur kvinnor interagerade med smink i sin vardag. Detta lägger grunden fördiskussionen om vem som använde smink och vad användningen av smink säger om kvinnorsidentitet. För att analysera kvinnors användning av smink jämför denna studie antika texter,arkeologiska fynd och modern kemisk analys av antikt smink. Denna studie argumenterar attkvinnor från olika samhällsklasser kunde använda smink, och att smink gav kvinnormöjligheten att påverka hur allmänheten såg dem. Detta gör i sin tur att smink kan ses som ettsätt att studera kvinnlig agenda under antiken.

This study was carried out at the Department of Nanotechnology and Functional Materials,Uppsala University, one of several places where the interest of lignin in cosmetics is constantly growing. The functionalities of lignin have been studied to a great extent revealing its potential as a natural biopolymer to serve as a replacement for environmentally hazardous components in cosmetic formulations, namely UV-filters in sunscreens. Using ethnographic methods and qualitative interviews the lignin-cosmetic industry was observed and analyzed in order to discern how concerned the industry is with ecological andaesthetic value. Ecological value is a hallmark of the value proposition in the cosmetic industry, and leaders of the industry indeed share this view. The analysis further revealed that the actors of the lignin-cosmetic industry are at different stages of development and that as of this year we can expect the first product to be launched. Furthermore, the value chain of the lignin actors was identified and for the first time mapped out in detail from the qualitative analysis that was carried out targeting lignin actors within the lignin-cosmetic industry. Mapping the value chain revealed the actors included in the entire chain identified as biorefinery, manufacturer, modifier, formulator, distributor and retailer which together compose the lignin-cosmetic value chain. A qualitative, semi structured interview approach was used and adapted as we met with eleven actors interviewing them about ecological and aesthetic values in the lignin based product value proposition. The grounded theory was applied to analyze the data, generating eight categories representing the concepts comprising ecological and aesthetic values of the value proposition. The kernel category, Green Profile, explains the most important concepts valued by lignin actors in terms of what ecological and aesthetic value could be offered to be appealing to customers. The findings of this study reveals the current situation of lignin in the cosmetic market as of today, and discerns where the value of lignin lies. The understanding of lignin actors' values contributes to the current gray-area in biopolymer research, lacking information on the value chain of lignin in cosmetics. The findings therefore foster the advancement of sustainable innovative solutions for cosmetics and personal care.

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Problematization: E-commerce has expanded rapidly and offers new business opportunities, but many consumers feel insecure when they cannot physically interact with the products. Augmented Reality (AR) is a way to improve product experiences and strengthen consumers' purchase intentions. However, there is a lack of analysis on how AR and the role of brands together influence consumers' decision-making in e-commerce, which constitutes a significant knowledge gap.  Purpose: This study aims to explore how an AR implementation in e-commerce affects consumers' purchase intention and perceived risks, as well as the role of the brand in this context.  Method: A quantitative study with a deductive approach was conducted. The study employed a 2 x 2 "Between Subjects" experimental design along with a questionnaire. Four different groups participated, N=210 and n=105. Data collection was based on the responses from the questionnaire, and a convenience sample was used.  Conclusion: The study shows that the use of AR features increases customer's purchase intentions and the likelihood of Word-of-Mouth. The results further support that AR reduces perceived purchasing risks by improving customer's access to product information. To maximize the impact of AR in e-commerce, companies should integrate the AR technology with a strong brand to further strengthen their relationship with customers. / Problemformulering: E-handeln har snabbt expanderat och erbjuder nya affärsmöjligheter, men många konsumenter upplever osäkerhet då de inte kan interagera fysiskt med produkterna. Augmented Reality (AR) är ett sätt att kunna förbättra produktupplevelser och stärka konsumenters köpintentioner. Dock saknas det en analys av hur AR och varumärkens roll tillsammans påverkar konsumenternas beslutsfattande i e-handeln, vilket utgör en betydande kunskapslucka. Syftet: Studien syftar på att utforska hur en AR-implementering i e-handeln påverkar konsumenters köpbenägenhet och upplevda risker vid köp, samt varumärkets roll i detta. Metod: En kvantitativ studie med en deduktiv ansats har genomförts. I studien användes en 2 x 2 “Between Subjects” experimentell design tillsammans med en enkät. Fyra olika grupper deltog, N=210 och n=105. Datainsamlingen skedde utifrån de insamlade enkätsvaren och ett bekvämlighetsurval tillämpades. Slutsats: Studien visar att användningen av AR-funktionen ökar kundens köpbenägenhet och sannolikheten för Word-of-Mouth. Resultatet stärker stödet att AR minskar upplevda köprisker genom att förbättra kundens tillgång till produktinformation. För att maximera effekten av AR inom e-handeln bör företag integrera tekniken med ett starkt varumärke för att ytterligare stärka relationen med sina kunder.

Hidrolipodistrofia ginóide (H.L.D.G.), a celulite, é comumente tratada com cosméticos contendo extratos vegetais. O estudo realizado foi: ultra-sonografia na avaliação da espessura da hipoderme e a microcirculação cutânea; uso de termômetro infravermelho na medida da temperatura e análise das medidas antropométricas da uma formulação cosmética anticelulítica contendo extrato hidroglicólico de Trichilia catigua e Ptychopetalum olacoides Bentham (catuaba e marapuama). Foram realizadas medidas iniciais e após aplicação da formulação. Os resultados apresentaram alterações estatisticamente significativas para a temperatura cutânea e medidas antropométricas. Não houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas nas medidas da hipoderme e microcirculação. Considerando os resultados, a formulação avaliada possui potencial ação coadjuvante na redução da hidrolipodistrofia ginóide. As técnicas podem ser associadas em conjunto com a avaliação sensorial e apreciabilidade cosmética. Os requisitos chaves para a reprodutibilidade das técnicas incluem ambiente controlado, monitoramento e climatização dos voluntários, procedimentos de medidas padronizados, protocolos de aplicação realístico e operadores qualificados. / Gynoid lipodystrophy (H.L.D.G.), the cellulite, is usually treated by cosmetics containing vegetal extracts ingredients. The study related to: ultrasonography evaluating the hypodermis thickness and skin blood microcirculation; the usage of the infra-red thermometer in the measurement of skin temperature and the assessment of anthropometrics measurements of a coadjuvant cosmetic formula based on hydroglycolic extract of Trichilia catigua and Ptychopetalum olacoides Bentham (catuaba and marapuama). Measurements were taken at first and again after the use of the formulation. The results indicate that there were statistically significant changes for skin temperature and also anthropometrics measurements. There were no statistically significant differences neither in hypodermis nor in blood microcirculation. Considering the final results, the formulation studied had a potential coadjuvant role by decreasing gynoid lipodystrophy. These techniques can be associated together with sensory evaluation and cosmetic appreciability. The key requirements for the reproducibility of the technique include: controlled environments, volunteers acclimatization and monitoring, standardized measurements procedures, realistic application protocols and qualified operators.

Hidrolipodistrofia ginóide (H.L.D.G.), a celulite, é comumente tratada com cosméticos contendo extratos vegetais. O estudo realizado foi: ultra-sonografia na avaliação da espessura da hipoderme e a microcirculação cutânea; uso de termômetro infravermelho na medida da temperatura e análise das medidas antropométricas da uma formulação cosmética anticelulítica contendo extrato hidroglicólico de Trichilia catigua e Ptychopetalum olacoides Bentham (catuaba e marapuama). Foram realizadas medidas iniciais e após aplicação da formulação. Os resultados apresentaram alterações estatisticamente significativas para a temperatura cutânea e medidas antropométricas. Não houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas nas medidas da hipoderme e microcirculação. Considerando os resultados, a formulação avaliada possui potencial ação coadjuvante na redução da hidrolipodistrofia ginóide. As técnicas podem ser associadas em conjunto com a avaliação sensorial e apreciabilidade cosmética. Os requisitos chaves para a reprodutibilidade das técnicas incluem ambiente controlado, monitoramento e climatização dos voluntários, procedimentos de medidas padronizados, protocolos de aplicação realístico e operadores qualificados. / Gynoid lipodystrophy (H.L.D.G.), the cellulite, is usually treated by cosmetics containing vegetal extracts ingredients. The study related to: ultrasonography evaluating the hypodermis thickness and skin blood microcirculation; the usage of the infra-red thermometer in the measurement of skin temperature and the assessment of anthropometrics measurements of a coadjuvant cosmetic formula based on hydroglycolic extract of Trichilia catigua and Ptychopetalum olacoides Bentham (catuaba and marapuama). Measurements were taken at first and again after the use of the formulation. The results indicate that there were statistically significant changes for skin temperature and also anthropometrics measurements. There were no statistically significant differences neither in hypodermis nor in blood microcirculation. Considering the final results, the formulation studied had a potential coadjuvant role by decreasing gynoid lipodystrophy. These techniques can be associated together with sensory evaluation and cosmetic appreciability. The key requirements for the reproducibility of the technique include: controlled environments, volunteers acclimatization and monitoring, standardized measurements procedures, realistic application protocols and qualified operators.

Afrikaans text / Hierdie studie spreek die beperkte en eensydige beriggewing oor vroue en vroulike skoonheid in die Hebreeuse Bybel en ander antieke geskrifte aan, asook die ondergeskikte posisie wat vroue in die patriargale Ou Testamentiese samelewing beklee het. ‘n Argeologiese benadering word gevolg en beskikbare literêre bronne word gebruik. Daar word gelet op die redes waarom ‘n mooi voorkoms vir vroue so belangrik was. Hul posisie ten opsigte van staatkundige, wetlike, godsdienstige, ekonomiese en huishoudelike aangeleenthede en hul lewensverloop word bespreek. Die studie fokus hoofsaaklik op vroue van ou Israel en Egipte – vir ‘n goeie vergelyking. Inligting oor vroue van die ou Nabye Ooste en Mediterreense wêreld word waar van toepassing ook in aanmerking geneem. Vroue se skoonheidsmiddels, parfuums, juweliersware en kleredrag word bespreek – asook die invloed van vroue se skoonheidspraktyke op die ekonomie en handel van antieke tye. Die slot- hoofstuk maak sekere afleidings en dui enkele onderwerpe vir verdere navorsing aan. / This study addresses the limited and one-sided reporting about women and female beauty in the Hebrew Bible and other ancient literary sources, as well as the subservient position the women experience in the patriarchal Old Testament society. An archaeological approach is followed, although literary sources are also used. Attention is given to women’s position with reference to governmental, legal, religious and domestic issues, their course of life and the reasons why a beautiful and attractive appearance was important. The research focuses mainly on the women of ancient Israel and Egypt – for the purpose of comparison. Information on women of the ancient Near East and Mediterranean world is also taken into account. Women’s cosmetics, perfumes, jewelry and clothing are discussed – as well as the influence of women’s beauty practices on the economy and trade of ancient times. The final chapter makes certain deductions and some aspects are recommended for further study. / Old Testament & Ancient Near Eastern Studies / M. A. (Biblical Archaeology)

This master thesis deals with possibilities for addressing customers at point of sale. Its objective is to apply current theoretical approaches to the field of research in order to design a concrete solution for increase of communication effectiveness of dermo-cosmetics products at pharmacies.