Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2016-10-18T13:39:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Luiz Carlos Fontes Baptista Filho.pdf: 748065 bytes, checksum: c624b21e9ec70bfdd8c60bd08dac6e9f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-18T13:39:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luiz Carlos Fontes Baptista Filho.pdf: 748065 bytes, checksum: c624b21e9ec70bfdd8c60bd08dac6e9f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-17 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Enzootic Leukosis (EBL) and Bovine Tuberculosis (BT) compromise the immune status of the herds, especially the immunosuppressive potential of bovine leukosis virus (BLV). Several factors interfere with leukocyte values of cattle, but little is known about the effects of BT on them. The aim with the study was to evaluate the leukogram of tuberculinized cattle, with a view to the use of leukocytes as an epidemiologic tool in combating EBL in dairy herds of Pernambuco. 1.000 serum samples from 33 herds of cattle coming from various municipalities in the state were submitted to the serodiagnosis of EBL (AGID), being 920 cattle previously tuberculinized by the simultaneously comparative technique (SCT). Blood smears were prepared of all tuberculinized cattle, and the total and differential leukocyte count was performed using conventional techniques. The evaluation of the influence of BT in leukocyte counts was performed by comparing the results of four experimental groups, according to the results of the AGID and SCT (gTB group - 41 to the positive SCT; group gLEB - the 151 AGID positive, group gNEG - 379 to the negative TSC and AGID, group gINT - 43 positive to both tests). The prevalence rates of TB and LEB were, respectively, 11% (99/920) and 28% (282/1000), with 88% (29/33) of herds contributing at least one animal positive for one or both tests. From the 920 cattle examined, 43 (4,7%) were positive to both tests simultaneously. The mean values of leukocytes and lymphocytes (x 103/mm3 of blood) of the experimental groups were, respectively: gTB 9,6 ± 2,5 and 5,9 ± 1,9; gLEB 13,3 ± 6,3 and 9,1 ± 6,0; gNEG 11,5 ± 3,8 and 7,6 ± 5,1; and gINT 11,8 ± 4,3 and 8,0 ± 3,5. There were significant differences (p<0,05) between leukocytes and lymphocytes, when confronted gTB group (lower values) and gLEB (higher values) with the gNEG group, while gINT group did not differ (p>0,05) in none of the parameters analyzed in relation to the group gNEG. It is concluded that the leukogram is influenced by bovine BT, and health programs to combat LEB in dairy herds in the state of Pernambuco, and include the white blood cell count as an epidemiologic tool wish to consider the strategic prior tuberculin test the herds involved, being discarded cattle that are experiencing imunoalergic test positivity. / Leucose Enzoótica (LEB) e Tuberculose bovina (TB) comprometem o estado imunitário dos rebanhos, especialmente pelo potencial imunodepressor do Vírus da Leucose Bovina (VLB). Inúmeros fatores interferem nos valores leucométricos dos bovinos, porém, pouco se sabe dos efeitos da TB sobre os mesmos. O objetivo com o estudo foi avaliar o leucograma de bovinos tuberculizados, com vista ao uso da leucometria como ferramenta epidemiológica no combate à LEB em rebanhos leiteiros de Pernambuco. Amostras séricas de 1.000 bovinos procedentes de 33 rebanhos de diversos municípios do estado foram submetidas ao sorodiagnóstico da LEB (IDGA), sendo 920 bovinos previamente tuberculinizados pela técnica simultânea comparada (TSC). Esfregaços sanguíneos foram confeccionados de todos os bovinos tuberculinizados, sendo a contagem total e diferencial dos leucócitos realizada usando técnicas convencionais. A avaliação da influência da TB no leucograma foi realizada pelo confronto dos resultados de quatro grupos experimentais, em função dos resultados da IDGA e TSC (grupo gTB - 41 positivos ao TSC; grupo gLEB - 151 positivos à IDGA; grupo gNEG - 379 negativos ao TSC e IDGA; grupo gINT - 43 positivos a ambos os testes). As taxas de prevalência da TB e da LEB foram, respectivamente, 11% (99/920) e 28% (282/1000), com 88% (29/33) dos rebanhos contribuindo com ao menos um animal positivo para um ou ambos os testes. Dos 920 bovinos examinados, 43 (4,7%) apresentaram positividade simultânea a ambos os testes. Os valores médios dos leucócitos e linfócitos (x 103/mm3 de sangue) dos grupos experimentais foram, respectivamente: gTB 9,6 ± 2,5 e 5,9 ± 1,9; gLEB 13,3 ± 6,3 e 9,1 ± 6,0; gNEG 11,5 ± 3,8 e 7,6 ± 5,1; e gINT 11,8 ± 4,3 e 8,0 ± 3,5. Houve diferença significativa (p<0,05) entre os leucócitos e linfócitos, quando confrontados os grupos gTB (valores menores) e gLEB (valores maiores) com o grupo gNEG, enquanto o grupo gINT não diferiu (p>0,05) em nenhum dos parâmetros analisados em relação ao grupo gNEG. Conclui-se que o leucograma dos bovinos sofre influência da TB, devendo programas sanitários de combate à LEB em rebanhos leiteiros do estado de Pernambuco e que incluam a leucometria como ferramenta epidemiológica estratégica preconizar a prévia tuberculinização dos rebanhos envolvidos, sendo descartados os bovinos que apresentarem positividade ao teste imunoalérgico.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-07-25T11:56:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Eliade Amanda Alves.pdf: 2478985 bytes, checksum: 2164b2a0aa65cd364f6c37916649f84c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-25T11:56:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Eliade Amanda Alves.pdf: 2478985 bytes, checksum: 2164b2a0aa65cd364f6c37916649f84c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The aim of this work is to comprehend at which moment and for which reasons count Rumford went on to admit the existence of an ethereal fluid to support his hypothesis about media of heat propagation. Thus, we analyzed a series of experiments performed between 1786 and 1804 elaborated by him to investigate about the modes of heat communication. A carefully examination of these experiments and arguments presented by Rumford shows us that the process of the elaboration of his hypothesis was gradual and that took into account not only experimental questions, but also theoretical ones. Through this analysis, we concluded that Rumford took almost twenty years to admit the existence of an ethereal fluid and to present the definite version of his hypothesis that the heat was propagated through undulations in ether / O objetivo desse trabalho é compreender em que momento e por quais razões o conde Rumford passou a admitir a existência de um fluido etéreo para sustentar sua hipótese sobre os meios de propagação do calor. Para tanto, analisamos uma série de experimentos realizados entre 1786 e 1804, que foram elaborados por ele para investigar sobre os modos de comunicação de calor. Um cuidadoso exame desses experimentos e dos argumentos apresentados por Rumford mostra-nos que o processo de elaboração de sua hipótese foi lenta e que levou em consideração não só questões de ordem experimental, mas também teórica. Por meio desta análise, concluímos que Rumford levou quase vinte anos para admitir a existência de um fluido etéreo e apresentar a versão definitiva de sua hipótese de que o calor se propagava por meio de ondulações no éter

Petros Markaris's detective novel addresses the economic crisis, highlighting the economic, political and social crisis rather than the crime cases. In the first part of my master's thesis, the detective novel is addressed in the wider context of the greek contemporary literature and the development of the genre is briefly described. Thereafter, an analysis of the content of the trilogy regarding the crisis and the description of the main topics, such as unemployment, migration and far-right wing is carried out. In the next chapters, the common characteristics of all the novels are described. Furthermore, a research was conducted regarding the translations into German, Spanish and Italian to find out why Petros Markaris gained popularity abroad.

Du Protocole de Kyoto est née une série d’objectifs de réduction des émissions de GES. Le respect de ces objectifs peut entraîner des coûts très lourds pour les économies des pays développés engagés dans la lutte contre les changements climatiques. Pour minimiser les coûts imposés par ces objectifs, des instruments économiques ont été développés, avec notamment la création de marchés du carbone. Y participent les trois mécanismes de flexibilité du Protocole de Kyoto parmi lesquels figure le Mécanisme pour un Développement Propre (MDP). <p><p>Parmi les problèmes posés par ce mécanisme de compensation, il y a des disparités observées dans la répartition géographique de sa mise en œuvre, alors qu’il est censé contribuer au développement de nombreux pays non-Annexe I. Parmi ceux-ci, les Pays les Moins Avancés (PMA) en général et ceux d’Afrique en particulier restent largement sous-représentés. Pourtant, le MDP a été adopté à la fois comme une contribution innovatrice à l’atténuation des changements climatiques et comme un moteur de promotion du développement durable dans les pays en développement.<p><p>Dans ce contexte, l’objectif général de cette thèse est triple. Primo, elle vise à étudier en profondeur cet instrument en dégageant ses principales caractéristiques, y compris les disparités d’implantation d’activités de projets qui lui sont liées. Secundo, elle en examine les causes par une analyse des barrières ou freins à la mise en œuvre d’activités de projets du MDP dans ces PMA d’Afrique en général et au Burundi en particulier. Tertio, elle révèle les opportunités (avantages/bénéfices) potentielles qui restent toujours non valorisées par l’implémentation d’activités de projets éligibles au titre du MDP.<p><p>L’analyse menée montre que les disparités susmentionnées jouent essentiellement en faveur des grands pays émergents d’Asie et d’Amérique latine, ce qui va à l’encontre du principe d’équité. En effet, en décembre 2011, le Brésil, la Chine et l’Inde détenaient 72,7 % de toutes les activités de projets du MDP et 75,8 % de crédits-carbone attendus en 2012. A l’opposé, les PMA ne disposaient dans le même temps que de 1,3 % de toutes les activités de projets du MDP et 1,2 % de leurs crédits attendus d’ici 2012. Les PMA d’Afrique ne restent qu’avec des parts de l’ordre de 0,8 % et 0,9 % respectivement. Cette situation reste si drastiquement critique qu’il importe d’en déceler les raisons.<p><p>Des caractéristiques de l’instrument, des expériences menées jusqu’ici et de la situation dans des pays hôtes, il ressort que les barrières sont de deux types. D’une part, les barrières endogènes, c'est-à-dire les barrières liées à l’organisation interne des pays. D’autre part, les barrières exogènes qui sont liées essentiellement à l’organisation générale du processus du MDP. L’étude a permis ainsi de montrer que les barrières endogènes constituent le nœud du problème en termes de visibilité des pays hôtes dans le marché du MDP. Celle-ci reste largement limitée dans ce marché international du carbone. <p><p>Les barrières identifiées dans ce travail, en particulier les barrières endogènes, risquent de se révéler difficiles à lever, car elles exigent des réformes structurelles au sein de l’organisation politique, institutionnelle, économique, et juridique du pays hôte. En outre, l’intégration de ces barrières dans un système unique d’interrelations constitue un des points originaux du travail. Ces interrelations ne sont pas négligeables et complexifient l’application du mécanisme, car, dans la plupart des cas, une action amorcée pour lever une barrière peut s’avérer inefficace si d’autres barrières associées ne sont pas prises en compte.<p>L’étude s’est également attachée à évaluer les retombées potentielles liées à la mise en œuvre d’activités de projets du MDP au Burundi. Les principales opportunités perdues jusqu’ici se situent dans quelques secteurs socioéconomiques du pays, essentiellement dans la gestion des déchets et l’énergie. L’étude en a ainsi retenu des options technologiques susceptibles de contribuer à des solutions à la problématique de la gestion des déchets et de l’approvisionnement énergétique au Burundi, tout en favorisant la stabilisation d’émissions de GES. Il s’agit de technologies adaptées de compostage et de bio-méthanisation dans le secteur de la gestion des déchets et les technologies de production d’énergies à partir de sources renouvelables (hydro, solaire, biogaz) et d’amélioration de l’efficacité énergétique de la biomasse (foyers améliorés, carbonisation) dans le secteur de l’énergie. <p><p>Ces opportunités ont également été analysées suivant des critères et indicateurs de durabilité (matrice de développement durable du Gold Standard). Les résultats montrent que ces options technologiques peuvent apporter une contribution au développement durable du pays. En effet, les opportunités se rencontrent à la fois dans le développement social (création d’emplois, moyens de subsistance des pauvres, accès aux énergies propres, renforcement des capacités), le développement écologique (réduction des émissions de GES, amélioration de la qualité de l’air, de l’eau et du sol, sauvegarde de la biodiversité), et le développement économique et technologique (rémunération d’emplois créés, augmentation des investissements, transfert et autonomie technologiques).<p><p>Afin de faire bénéficier le pays des retombées des activités de projets du MDP, il est proposé des solutions qui peuvent contribuer à une levée/atténuation de ces barrières. Ces propositions forment une combinaison d’actions à mener au niveau international, régional et surtout local/national. Au niveau international, des organes habilités devraient apporter des réformes profondes au MDP. Au niveau régional, le renforcement des capacités par des actions de coopération pourrait favoriser l’échange d’expériences en la matière. Au niveau local/national, l’adoption des réformes profondes aux niveaux institutionnel, législatif et juridique, dans une logique d’améliorer les politiques de planification du développement socioéconomique et environnemental, rendrait le pays naturellement plus attractif. En particulier, la mise en place et la mise en œuvre d’une stratégie nationale du MDP pourrait contribuer à relever le défi. <p><p>Les propositions de solutions pour réduire les barrières à la mise en œuvre d’activités de projets du MDP sont susceptibles de stimuler l’investissement en général. Ainsi, toute stratégie adoptée dans cette logique peut contribuer non seulement à la participation du pays au processus du MDP, mais aussi à favoriser la mise en œuvre d’autres projets conventionnels de développement au niveau national. Finalement, la considération de ces différentes opportunités associées à la mise en œuvre d’activités de projets du MDP au niveau du pays par des instances habilitées (décideurs politiques, acteurs institutionnels et économiques) conduirait à faire de ce mécanisme une contribution utile au développement du pays/The Kyoto Protocol has established a series of targets for reducing GHG emissions. The fulfilment of these objectives may result in heavy costs for the economies of developed countries engaged in the fight against climate change. To minimize the costs imposed by these targets, economic instruments were developed, notably with the creation of carbon markets. The three flexible mechanisms of Kyoto Protocol are involved in this, one of which being the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). <p><p>Among the problems posed by this offset mechanism, disparities can be observed in regional distribution after it has been implemented, when it ought to be contributing towards the development of a number of Non-Annex I countries. Among these countries, the least developed ones (LDCs) in general and Africa ones in particular are largely under-represented. However, the CDM was adopted both as an innovative solution to mitigate climate change and as an engine to promote sustainable development in developing countries.<p><p>Within this context, the overall objective of this thesis is threefold. First of all, it aims to study this instrument in depth, by picking out its main characteristics, including the disparities in project activities implementation related to it. Secondly, it examines the causes for these disparities by analyzing the barriers or restrictions preventing implementation of CDM project activities in these African LDCs in general and in Burundi in particular. Its third purpose is to reveal the potential opportunities (advantages/benefits) which have yet to be developed by setting up eligible CDM project activities.<p><p>The analysis carried out shows that the aforementioned disparities come out in favor of the large emerging countries in Asia and Latin America primarily, which goes against the principle of equity. In fact, in December 2011, Brazil, China and India held 72.7% of all CDM project activities and 75.8% of carbon emission credits expected in 2012. On the contrary, for the same time period, the LDCs had only 1.3% of all CDM project activities and 1.2% of their carbon emission credits expected up until 2012. The African LDCs are left only with shares of 0.8% and 0.9% respectively. This situation is extremely critical. It is crucial to discover the reasons for it.<p><p>The instrument’s features, experiments carried out so far and the situation in host countries all reveal that the barriers fall into two categories. On the one hand, there are endogenous barriers, i.e. barriers related to the internal organization of countries. On the other hand, exogenous barriers are related to the general running of the CDM process especially. The study has thus revealed that the endogenous barriers are the crux of the problem where the presence of host countries is concerned in the CDM market. The visibility of host countries is rather limited in this international carbon market. <p><p>The barriers identified in this thesis, particularly endogenous ones, may be difficult to remove because they demand structural reforms in the political, institutional, economical and legal organization of the host country. In addition, the integration of these barriers into a single system of interrelationships is one of the original points of this thesis. These interrelationships are not insignificant and complicate the mechanism’s application, because in most cases, initiating an action to remove a barrier may be ineffective if other associated barriers are not taken into account.<p><p>The study has also focused on evaluating the potential impacts linked to the implementation of CDM project activities in Burundi. The main opportunities lost up to date are in some socioeconomic sectors in the country, particularly in the waste management and energy sectors. The study has therefore identified technological options that are likely to bring solutions to the question of waste management and energy supply in Burundi, while at the same time contributing to the stabilization of greenhouse gas emissions. These options are notably composting and anaerobic digestion technologies in the area of waste management, and energy generation technologies from renewable sources (hydro, solar, biogas) and improved energy efficiency of biomass (better households, carbonization) in the energy sector. <p> <p>These opportunities were also analyzed in accordance with sustainability criteria and indicators (Gold Standard sustainable development matrix). The results show that these technological options may contribute to sustainable development in the country. Indeed, the opportunities can be seen at the same time in social development (job creation, means of subsistence for the poor, clean energy access, capacity building); ecological development (reducing GHG emissions, improvement in quality of air, water and soil, preservation of biodiversity) and economic & technological development (better pay for jobs created, increased investment, technology transfer and technological autonomy).<p><p>In order to allow the country to take advantage of these opportunities through CDM project activities, it has been proposed solutions that can help raise/mitigate these barriers. These proposals are a combination of actions to be taken at international and regional levels and above all at a local/ national level. In the international arena, authorized bodies should make major reforms to the CDM. At a regional level, capacity building through joint actions could encourage the exchange of expertise in the field. Locally/nationally, adopting major reforms at institutional, legislative and legal levels, with a view to improving planning policies in socioeconomic and environmental development, would make the country naturally more attractive. In particular, establishing and implementing a national CDM strategy could also contribute towards taking up the challenge. <p><p>Proposals of solutions for mitigating barriers to implement CDM project activities are likely to stimulate investment in general. Thus, any strategy adopted along these lines can contribute not only to the country’s participation in the CDM process, but also to favoring implementation of other conventional projects for development at national level. Finally, considering these different opportunities associated with implementing CDM project activities in the country via authorized bodies (policymakers, institutional and economic actors) would lead to this mechanism being a useful contribution towards national development. <p> / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished