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In the wake of the 11 September 2001 attacks in the United States (U.S.), many states, responding to United Nations (UN) Security Council Resolutions, began to adopt an increased array of counter-terrorism measures.The Security Council had not in the beginning pre-empted the risk of counter-terrorism measures violating counter-terrorism human rights as it failed to immediately refer to states‟ duty to respect human rights in their responses to terrorism. It was only in 2003, in Resolution 1456, that the Security Council stated such duty by providing that „states must ensure that any measures taken to combat terrorism must comply with all their obligations under international law, in particular international human rights, refugee and humanitarian law". / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2010. / Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Prof. Nii A. Kotey, Faculty of Law, University of Ghana. Ghana. 2010. / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/ / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

In the aftermath of the South African election, as a non-permanent member of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) in 2011, the country amongst other things, promised to pursue an African Agenda for Peace and Stability on the continent and in all regions of the world, especially in the Global South. This was coupled with the promise to promote the importance of developing effective partnerships between the United Nations (UN) as well as regional and sub-regional organizations in maintaining international peace and security. These became fundamental foreign policy principles of how South Africa would behave in the Security Council. The UN Charter mandates the primary responsibility for maintaining international peace and security to the Council. Scholars that have analysed the United Nations often argue that the Council’s decision-making process is driven by the interests of the five permanent members who possess veto power. Thus, it is widely believed that, members that have continuous membership and veto power not only affect the passage of resolutions but also prevent certain issues from entering the agenda through the threat of a veto. While veto-wielding member states can use the veto to bargain their positions, non-permanent members of the Council can have limited influence on the agenda due to the unequal distribution of power. The power-politics argument is widely discussed in the literature of the United Nations; however, limited systematic analytical research has been done to understand how countries other than big powers exercise their influence in the UN Security Council, despite lacking the right to veto power. To contribute to the understanding of the power-politics argument, ways in which emerging countries influence the agenda will be identified. This research report analyses whether and how South Africa delivered on the promise to pursue African interests during its tenure in the UNSC in 2011-2012. This study embarks on content analysis of selected South African interventions and reports regarding African issues in the UNSC. / Mini Dissertation (MDIPS)--University of Pretoria, 2018. / Political Sciences / MDIPS / Unrestricted

Throughout the years many have called for a reform of the United Nations and more specifically its most influential body the United Nations Security Council. The Security Council has the authority to pass resolutions with the sole purpose to preserve the peace around the globe, in theory at least. As there are conflicts that have been going on for a decade without any kind of solution from the Security Council and with huge humanitarian toll, just like Syria and Yemen, the need for a reform is clearly needed for the Security Council to be able to act better in conflict solving. In the Council five members have veto rights which are also permanent members and are not elected. As this has been considered unfair, both the notion of a permanent member and also the notion of a veto, some reform proposals have been brought up by organizations or countries to change the Security Council. This work is concerned with the Weak Veto reform proposal as analysing possible reforms using discourse analysis can predict possible future behaviour of states and can introduce a different view on the future of international organizations.

For its natural resources and significant strategic position, the Arctic region is becoming the subject of research projects more and more often than before not only for the countries reaching this area but also for the neighbouring ones these days - including the projects of the European Union, too. As a result of the reasons already mentioned above, this region has also been in the centre of attention of the countries participating in the Nordic Council since 1996 - these are the following: Norway, Finland, Sweden, Denmark and Iceland. The Nordic Council is an institutional form of long-standing collaboration of the Nordic countries, which mainly for the geopolitical reasons has never included the foreign policies. Due to the disintegration of the bipolar organization in the 1990s, the possibilities to coordinate these policies for these states have in this respect appeared much more frequently. From the geopolitical point of view, the Nordic Council forms quite an inconsistent group of states. Norway and Iceland are members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, while Finland and Sweden have been incorporated into European structures in 1995. Denmark is then the only country that is part of both organizations. The author of this thesis will focus on the influence of the various modes of geopolitical...

A dissertation submitted to the FACULTY OF EDUCATION at the UNIVERSITY OF ZULULAND in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF EDUCATION in the Department of Educational Planning and Administration, 2004. / The study investigated the role of RCLs in the promotion of the culture of teaching and learning in secondary schools. In this study the researcher employed a survey to achieve the aims of the study, and a questionnaire to obtain facts and opinions about the role of the RCL members. From the empirical study conducted in Pinetown District, the researcher found that the majority of the members of the RCLs in schools studied does contribute to the promotion of the culture of teaching and learning. However there was remarkably high percentage (65%) of respondents who were uncertain about the RCLs' role in facilitating the promotion of the culture of teaching and learning in secondary schools. Briefly data indicates that the uncertainty about the role functions of RCLs is due to the lack of training. Based on the findings of the study, the researcher made recommendations directed to the principals and the department of education and culture. The key recommendations are: > Principals need to develop appropriate and effective capacity building programmes for RCL members. > RCL members should be given a platform to communicate with the general learner population to facilitate and foster discipline among learners in schools. > Members of the RCL should be granted their legitimate rights to participate in decisions that affect them.

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Att arbeta mot en miljöcertifiering innebär att följa och implementera hållbarhetsprinciper och miljövänliga metoder inom verksamheten. Ur både byggherrens och entreprenörens perspektiv, innebär det att sträva efter hållbarhet och miljöprestanda. Det innefattar att minska koldioxidavtryck, främja resurseffektivitet och efterleva specifika miljöstandarder. För byggherren betyder det att integrera gröna och energieffektiva lösningar i byggnadsdesignen, vilket kan öka fastighetens värde och attraktivitet på marknaden. Utöver att minska miljöpåverkan skapar det också en hälsosam och produktiv inomhusmiljö. Det kan attrahera investerare och hyresgäster med hållbarhetsfokus. Breeam kan hjälpa byggherren att demonstrera sitt engagemang för hållbarhet och möta regleringskrav. Detta kan innebära ökad initialinvestering men ge långsiktiga vinster genom minskade driftkostnader och en positiv miljöpåverkan. Entreprenören måste säkerställa att byggprocessen uppfyller Breeam-kraven genom att använda miljövänliga material, effektiva byggmetoder och system. Det inkluderar energianvändning, avfallshantering och kemikalieanvändning, vilket ofta kräver dokumentation, övervakning och ständig förbättring. Detta kräver ökad expertis med specialiserade leverantörer. Trots initiala utmaningar kan det ge långsiktiga fördelar genom att stärka företagets hållbarhetsrykte och differentiera det på marknaden.  I slutändan kan samarbetet kring Breeam gynna både byggherren och entreprenören genom att skapa hållbara och konkurrenskraftiga byggnadsprojekt, Breeam är en gemensam strävan mot byggande som främjar både ekonomiskt värde och miljömedvetenhet.

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