Šiandieninis kaimo žmonių dvasinis pasaulis apsigaubęs dramatizmo šešėliu. Pernelyg sparčiai modernėjantis pasaulis modifikuoja dvasines vertybes ir jų reikšmę. Dvasinis gyvenimas yra būtinas kiekvieno sielai, reiškiantis gerovę, praturtinantis kasdieninį gyvenimą.Tyrimo duomenys rodo, kad bendruomeniniai santykiai tiek Dzūkijoje, tiek Suvalkijoje yra panašūs. Nėra jaučiama esminiai skirtumai tarp šių dviejų Lietuvos regionų. Bendruomeniniai ryšiai abiejuose regionuose yra opi, spręstina problema. Ir vienoje, ir kitoje bendruomenėje yra asmenų, kurie nesijaučia pilnaverčiais bendruomenės nariais, jaučiasi pastarosios atstumti. Vyraujančios žmogiškosios ydos bendruomenės viduje yra abiejuose regionuose tos pačios, tai žmonių pavydas, susvetimėjimas, esminės kultūros stoka. / Modern – day spiritual life of village people seems like in a fog. The world becomes more and more modern overmuch and modifies spiritual worths and their meaning. Material and pragmatic things strike the roots and shades the spiritual life of village folk and the entire meaning of beeing. Even religion modifies its primary functions and it is not a shelter for tired human soul. The changes of modern society, which destroy the limits between cultures and making a new of it, changes human relationship with the world. At this time it is hard to save a basic of folk culture, and without it succession and growing of it is impossible. In the following way, national culture and human interface is failing, as a background of spiritual growing, as a natural spiritual perfection seedbed. The theoretical part consist of lithuanian and foreign scholarly paperwork, which analyze the conditions of spiritual influence. Also it is appealed to periodical “The folk culture” and to the articles, which describes the problems of spiritual life of village people. Qualitative (deep) interview was used for empiric part. Dzukija and Suvalkija countryside’s inhabitants of various age layer were asked for this interview. The purpose of this interrogatory is to reveal lineaments of village people spiritual life in a those countrysides.

Submitted by Luis Ricardo Andrade da Silva (lrasilva@uefs.br) on 2015-07-29T23:10:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??oEmily.pdf: 915346 bytes, checksum: e892202de976d1c85c12834f38a605be (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-29T23:10:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??oEmily.pdf: 915346 bytes, checksum: e892202de976d1c85c12834f38a605be (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-14 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / The present work aims to analyze the consequences of the 1932 drought over the population of Jacobina and the region around, understanding how the drought disrupted the life of the country people, imposing the rural productive system collapse, forcing, mainly the most deprived population to resort to several ways of survival, among those ways , the feeding diet adaptation, it been necessary the use of seeds and wild roots to satisfy their hungry, besides the immigration and mining in the hills of Jacobina. Besides, this work analyses how the local power relations were built with the federal and estate sphere, and these with the population, with the aim of perceive how the population was assisted during the shortage period. The government, based on ideas of modernity and work, sought to enlist resources for the construction of large works, by means of which, the country people were used as cheap manpower. At the same time the poorest population was penalized by the consequences of the drought, local politicians appropriated the resources intended for the country people for their own benefit, showing that all were not as susceptible to drought. From the analysis of the local and regional press, work with the newspapers O Lidador, Correio de Bonfim e Correio do Sert?o, we aimed to comprehend the way that the news about the drought were transmitted, reinforcing the country people image as ?victim of the nature?, in certain moments as the interest of the periodicals looking for to get funds. Through the Hist?ria Oral we dialogued with narrators that shared with us their remembering about the times of need imposed by the drought and tactics adopted to confront it. / A presente disserta??o prop?e uma leitura dos aspectos sociais, pol?ticos, hist?ricos de Jacobina e regi?o, para compreender de que forma a seca desestruturou a vida dos sertanejos, impondo o colapso do sistema produtivo rural, obrigando, principalmente, a popula??o mais carente a recorrer a diversas t?ticas de sobreviv?ncia, dentre elas a adequa??o da dieta alimentar, sendo necess?ria a utiliza??o de sementes e ra?zes silvestres, para saciar a fome, al?m da emigra??o e a garimpagem nas serras de Jacobina. Analisa ainda, de que forma se configurou as rela??es entre os poderes locais com as esferas estaduais e federais, e estes com a popula??o, a fim de perceber de que forma a popula??o foi assistida durante o per?odo de escassez. Os governantes, baseados nos ideais de modernidade e trabalho, buscaram arregimentar recursos para a constru??o de grandes obras, por meios das quais os sertanejos eram usados como m?o de obra barata. Ao mesmo tempo em que a popula??o mais carente era penalizada pelas consequ?ncias da seca, os pol?ticos locais se apropriavam dos recursos destinados aos sertanejos para benef?cio pr?prio, demonstrando que nem todos estavam t?o suscet?veis ? seca. A partir da analise da imprensa local e regional, trabalhamos com os jornais O Lidador, Correio de Bonfim e Correio do Sert?o, buscamos compreender de que maneira as not?cias sobre a seca foram veiculadas, refor?ando a imagem do sertanejo enquanto ?v?tima da natureza? em determinados momentos conforme os interesses do peri?dico e pol?ticos locais, a fim de angariar recursos. Atrav?s da Hist?ria Oral dialogamos com narradores que dividiram conosco suas lembran?as sobre os momentos de pen?ria impostos pela seca e as t?ticas adotadas para enfrent?-la.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T16:15:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese MARIA EMILIA.pdf: 6746509 bytes, checksum: 9968c440d93ebd19a93021957d4415ad (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-10-13 / Deep knowing is the conceptual matrix of this reflection, based on the agreement of that the process to learn and to teach is not restricted to the school, neither is exclusive fruit of the scientific rationality. For communities to know deep the citizens of the towns of Cibele and Caiçara are called, small agroupments of people near to the city of Itapuranga. The topofilies of knowing are the houses, churches, markets, locus of that pedagogical, verticalized essence of learning and teaching, underground in the collective memory of a community. In it I appeal to the depth knowing of the prayers and blessings, of the chore in cultivated filds and the houses, and of imaginary passes through, is that this study, established is placed theoretically in the Daily one from Michel Maffesoli, Manoel Barbosa and Jose Carlos de Paula Carvalho, who drinks in the source of the Deep Anthopology of Gilbert Durand and of the Paradigm of the Complexity of Edgar Morin. The study it is also based on Cliford Geertz, searching the said one of these primitive-next , dionisíacs citizens of blackfiels studied by Maria Isaura Pereira de Queiroz, Antonio Candido, Jose de Sousa Martins, Carlos Rodrigues Brandão and, more recently, for Jadir de Morais Pessoa. Modernity in its to know connoisseur if strangles, suspicion of a rational universe that falls down in the certainty of knowing them old, deep of the collective memory. This study, finally, it opens doors for a dialogue between anthropology, sociology, psychology and pedagogia. This to compose in depth has in the center the man and its imaginary one, the genetic and fenotípic system, the partner-cultural complex, beams of one all, neglected for the rational utilitarian knowledge of the modern times. / O saber profundo é a matriz conceitual desta reflexão, pautada no entendimento de que o processo de aprender e ensinar não se restringe à escola, tampouco é fruto exclusivo da racionalidade científica. Por comunidades de saber profundo denominam-se os sujeitos dos povoados de Cibele e Caiçara, no município goiano de Itapuranga. As topofilias do saber são as casas, igrejas, vendas, locus da prosa pedagógica, essência verticalizada do aprender e ensinar, subterrânea na memória coletiva de uma comunidade. No apelo à profundidade do saber das rezas e benzeções, da lida nas roças e nas casas, e do imaginário que as perpassa, é que se situa este estudo, baseado teoricamente no Cotidiano a partir de Michel Maffesoli, Manoel Barbosa e José Carlos de Paula Carvalho, que bebem na fonte da Antropologia Profunda de Gilbert Durand e do Paradigma da Complexidade de Edgar Morin. O estudo baseia-se também em Cliford Geertz, buscando o dito destes sujeitos dionisíacos primitivospróximos , sertanejos e caipiras estudados por Maria Isaura Pereira de Queiroz, Antônio Candido, José de Sousa Martins, Carlos Rodrigues Brandão e, mais recentemente, por Jadir de Morais Pessoa. A modernidade em seu saber perito se estrangula, suspeita de um universo racional que desaba na certeza dos saberes antigos, profundos da memória coletiva. Este estudo, por fim, abre portas para um diálogo entre Antropologia, Sociologia, Psicologia e Pedagogia. Esse compor de profundidade tem no centro o homem e seu imaginário, o sistema genético e fenotípico, o complexo sócio-cultural, feixes de um todo, negligenciado pelo conhecimento utilitário racional dos tempos modernos.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:55:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 NeusieneMS_DISSERT.pdf: 4145047 bytes, checksum: a8d5d969818e324e8108c851d6b9a74b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-04 / The knowledge known as "winter experiences" has been developed for centuries among country people in the Brazilian Northeast hinterlands. It consists in the systematic observation of the nature to forecast and protect people against the effects of droughts. This knowledge is transmitted orally through generations. These experiences are guided by the observation of the behavior of fauna, flora, stars, the weather in the holy days and other very specific aspects of the lives of country people. Almost all country people living in the rural area know at least one experience, but the Prophets of Rain are known as the communicators of winter prophecies formulated from the observation of the experiences. The country person is identified as a Prophet of Rain because of his close relationship with nature and his ability to forecast. No matter if the prophecies are always right, he possesses a vital social role, as his practices contribute to prevent, ease and encourage other people. The main aim of this work is to analyze the role of the winter experiences for the country people in the Serid? Potiguar. In this sense, we sought to understand to what extent this knowledge still orients the productive practices of farmers living in this region and identify which factors instigate the observation of winter experiences nowadays. 241 questionnaires were applied to farmers in the rural cities of Acari, Caic?, Parelhas and Lagoa Nova and interviews were conducted with 15 Prophets in the Serid?. The methodological framework of this work is the analysis of content proposed by Bardin (2010). In this study area, the experiences exert influence and relevance to the country people in the Serid?, because they consider them as a way to ease their anguishes face the possible drought in the region. The major role of the Prophet is to feed the hope of country people for better days, rather than contribute for the organization of the productive activities. Among the interviewed people, the forecast from the observation of winter experiences have greater credibility than the meteorological and disseminated by media. The Prophets of Rain base their prophecies on the set of natural elements present in the environment. Many factors stimulate the winter experiences by the Prophets nowadays, as cultural transmission, age, relationship with nature, level of education, faith, among others, but specially the productive activities (agriculture and cattle raising) and the droughts. The winter means abundance and happiness in this region and the experience is one of the ways that people find to minimize the anxiety and, according to their possibilities, to prepare for a year of droughts or for winter / No sert?o do Nordeste brasileiro, desenvolveu-se ao longo dos s?culos, entre os sertanejos, uma pr?tica denominada de experi?ncias de inverno , que consiste na observa??o sistem?tica da natureza para prever o tempo e preveni-lo contra os efeitos da seca. Essa forma de conhecimento ? repassada entre gera??es, de forma oral. As experi?ncias est?o pautadas na observa??o do comportamento da fauna, da flora, dos astros, do tempo meteorol?gico nos dias santos e outros ainda de aspectos bem espec?ficos da vida do sertanejo. Quase todo sertanejo que vive na zona rural conhece pelo menos uma experi?ncia, mas s?o os Profetas da Chuva os respons?veis por divulgar as profecias de inverno, formuladas a partir da observa??o das experi?ncias. E o sertanejo, que por sua estreita rela??o com a natureza e reconhecida habilidade nas previs?es, ? identificado pela comunidade como o Profeta da Chuva. Embora suas profecias nem sempre se cumpram, ele desempenha uma fun??o social importante, ? medida que suas pr?ticas contribuem para prevenir, tranquilizar e animar o sertanejo. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo geral analisar o papel das experi?ncias de inverno para o sertanejo do Serid? Potiguar. Nesse sentido, buscou-se compreender at? que ponto esta forma de conhecimento ainda orienta as pr?ticas produtivas dos agricultores que habitam a regi?o e identificar quais os fatores que instigam a observa??o das experi?ncias de inverno nos dias atuais. Foram aplicados 241 question?rios aos agricultores em comunidades rurais dos munic?pios de Acari, Caic?, Parelhas e Lagoa Nova e 15 entrevistas com os Profetas da Chuva identificados no Serid?. Na an?lise dos dados foi empregada a t?cnica An?lise de Conte?do, proposta por Bardin (2010). Na ?rea de estudo, as experi?ncias mostraram exercer grande influ?ncia e import?ncia para o sertanejo seridoense que as percebem como uma forma de amenizar suas ang?stias, diante da possibilidade de seca na regi?o. Seu papel fundamental estaria em alimentar a esperan?a desse seridoense por dias melhores do que contribuir na organiza??o das atividades produtivas dos mesmos. As previs?es de chuva realizadas a partir da observa??o das experi?ncias de inverno encontram maior credibilidade entre os entrevistados, do que as previs?es meteorol?gicas cient?ficas divulgadas pelos meios de comunica??o de massa. Os Profetas da Chuva t?m na paisagem seridoense um rico conjunto de elementos da natureza utilizados na elabora??o de suas profecias. Diversos fatores como a transmiss?o cultural, a idade, a rela??o do profeta com a natureza, o n?vel de escolaridade, a f?, entre outros, mais principalmente as atividades produtivas (agropecu?ria) e a seca, estimulam a observa??o das experi?ncias de inverno pelos profetas do Serid? nos dias atuais. O inverno ? sin?nimo de felicidade e abund?ncia para o seridoense, que vive na zona rural e a experi?ncia ? uma das formas que o mesmo encontrou para minimizar a ansiedade e, de acordo com as suas possibilidades, se preparar para um ano de seca ou de inverno

Submitted by Irene Nascimento (irene.kessia@ufpe.br) on 2017-03-16T16:13:27Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação Jucinete - cd.pdf: 1717413 bytes, checksum: 6fab74e6a666440f309f1a688f724c4a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-16T16:13:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação Jucinete - cd.pdf: 1717413 bytes, checksum: 6fab74e6a666440f309f1a688f724c4a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-05-26 / A pesquisa se insere nas temáticas da Educação Matemática e da Educação do Campo. A pesquisa teve por principal objetivo investigar as articulações que os(as) professores(as) estabelecem entre as atividades produtivas locais e os conhecimentos matemáticos ensinados em escolas do campo do Agreste do Estado de Alagoas. A pertinência da pesquisa reside em abordar uma temática ainda pouco investigada, em particular no cenário nacional e no Estado de Alagoas, contribuindo para a compreensão da Educação do Campo em articulação com o Ensino de Matemática. Para tanto, elegemos os seguintes objetivos específicos: identificar as atividades produtivas camponesas desenvolvidas no campo de investigação; identificar nas atividades trabalhadas pelos(as) professores(as) os conteúdos matemáticos, com vistas a analisar as articulações com as atividades produtivas camponesas. Para realizar o estudo apoiamo-nos nos referenciais teórico e metodológico da Educação do Campo e da Educação Matemática Crítica e como campo de pesquisa delimitamos duas escolas localizadas nos municípios de Estrela de Alagoas e Igaci, no Agreste Alagoano. Inicialmente, buscamos identificar as atividades produtivas que caracterizam os dois municípios a partir de um levantamento do IBGE e por meio de entrevistas com os(as) camponeses(as) pais dos alunos(as) das referidas escolas. Realizamos entrevistas semiestruturadas com três professores(as) e sete camponeses(as), pais dos(as) alunos(as) que nos forneceram os cadernos para análise das atividades matemáticas propostas pelos referidos(as) professores(as). As análises das entrevistas com os(as) professores(as) apontaram uma preocupação com a valorização dos saberes advindos da realidade dos(as) alunos(as), embora ela não esteja explicitada na maioria das atividades por eles propostas. A análise das entrevistas com os(as) camponeses(as) dão indícios do distanciamento que há entre o ensino escolar e a realidade camponesa. Estes resultados confirmam os achados de outros estudos, além de apontarem para a necessidade de se implementar ações de formação inicial e continuada para os(as) professores(as) que atuam em escolas do campo, incluindo aqueles que ensinam Matemática. Entendemos que o ensino deve promover ações que articulem a escola à realidade local, para que alunos(as) e suas famílias possam compreender a importância do ensino escolar para o desenvolvimento do homem e da mulher no campo. / This research is inserted in the theme of Mathematics Education and Field Education. The mains objective of this research was to investigate the link that the teachers established between the local productive activities and mathematical knowledge taught in rural schools located in the Agreste of Alagoas. The relevance of the research is based in the fact of approaching a theme yet less investigated, in particular on the national scene and also in the State of Alagoas, contributing to the understanding of the Field Education and the link with Mathematics’ Teaching. Therefore, we have elected the following specific objectives: to identify the rural productive activities in the investigation area; identify the activities used by the teachers and also the mathematical content, in order to analyze the links with the rural productive activities. To support the research, we rely on theoretical and methodological frameworks of Field Education and Critical Mathematics Education. For doing this research we have chosen two schools, one located in the city of Estrela de Alagoas and the other one in the city of Igaci in the Agreste of Alagoas. First we tried to identify the productive activities that characterized both cities from IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistic) through some interviews with peasants – students’ parents from both schools. We did some semi-structured interviews with three teachers and seven peasants, parents of students who gave us their notebook (hand writing notebook) for analysis the mathematical activities proposed by these teachers. The analysis of these interviews with teachers showed us the concern with teaching offered in schools in rural zone and also the knowledge arising from the reality of these students, though it is not explicit in most activities proposed for them. The analysis of the interviews with these peasants gives us evidence of the distance that exist between school teaching and their reality. These results confirm what others studies say, and also pointed the need to implement initial and continuing training actions for teachers who work in rural zone schools, including those who teach math. We understand that teaching/learning should promote actions that link the school with the local reality, so the students and their families may understand the importance of school teaching to development of man and woman in the rural zone.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-26T14:50:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AntonioCarlosSilva_Capa.pdf: 316918 bytes, checksum: b0b58ce004bb94521c42733500f8df69 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-11-30 / The present work has in aim to show the cohesion of various country families which were looking for a piece of land on which they could make their dreams true, what could be possible through their organization joined to MST, on social places and building the social space, as well as, through the joint action of syndicates, Church community Basis and government Organizations (ONGS). We must stand out that this fight passed through various occasions of occupations and evacuations the time of the ownership of the land of Monjolo Farm , located in Itapetininga, São Paulo. About this possession process, we made an approach to the land structure around Sorocaba region, which showed a great concentration of lands of which Carlos Lamarca is part. There were lots of conflicts during the acquirement of the land, because after the distribution of the parts of the lands adverse positions happen, specially when the subject is houses and the forms of productions, what caused breaks among the families, dividing them in groups of families and /or affinity. However it s important to outstanding that this break among family groups, associations and unities of production show the resistance to the great capital , even if they are gathered to the productive circle, once they are against hegemonic to the subordination to the capital . A strong trace was done through oral histories, which could measure the people according to their movement in the history, the different ways of life and their various mobilities around the land, until they get the definitive place, a land of work, where they could rescue their roots, inherent to the way of living of the country-man / O presente trabalho objetivou demonstrar a coesão de diversas famílias camponesas em busca de um pedaço de chão, onde pudessem concretizar seus sonhos, o que foi possível mediante a sua organização junto ao MST, nos lugares sociais e na construção do espaço social, bem como, através, da ação conjunta de Sindicatos, Comunidades Eclesiais de Base e Organizações Não-Governamentais (ONGs). Devemos ressaltar que essa luta passou por vários momentos de ocupações e despejos, até a sua definitiva territorialização na fazenda Monjolo, situada no município de Itapetininga/SP, região administrativa de Sorocaba/SP. Neste contexto, fizemos uma abordagem da estrutura fundiária na região, mostrando uma alta concentração de terras na qual compreende o assentamento Carlos Lamarca. O processo de aquisição da terra foi marcado por conflitos, uma vez que, após a distribuição do lotes para cada família, surgiram posições antagônicas, sobretudo quanto à moradia e às formas de organização da produção, culminaram em cisões internas entre as famílias dividindo-as em grupos de parentesco e/ou afinidades. É importante salientar que essas fragmentações - Grupos de famílias, Associações e Unidades de produção configuram-se como resistência ao grande capital mesmo que as mesmas estejam integradas ao circuito produtivo, uma vez que, atuam contra a subordinação do capital. Os relatos orais das histórias de vida constituíram-se em importante metodologia de pesquisa, ajudando a dimensionar os sujeitos quanto aos seus papéis no movimento da história em curso, ou seja, as diferentes trajetórias de vida e a intensa mobilidade socioterritorial até conseguirem um canto definitivo, isto é, a terra de trabalho, onde puderam resgatar as suas raízes materiais e simbólicas, intrínsecas ao modo de vida camponês

Cette thèse porte sur les rôles sociaux des réjouissances populaires dans les communautés rurales francophones de l’Amérique du Nord entre les années 1770 et 1870. Elle aborde le sujet de la fête en dirigeant plus précisément son regard sur la festivité. L’objectif principal est de mettre en lumière comment les festivités, que nous appelons réjouissances populaires, influencent le fonctionnement des sociétés francophones nord-américaines. Quels rôles les réjouissances populaires jouent-elles dans la vie sociale des habitants de ces sociétés? Quels impacts ont-elles sur les identités individuelles et collectives? Conservent-elles les mêmes caractéristiques d’une société à l’autre ou s’adaptent-elles à des environnements et à des contextes différents? Comment se développent-elles et évoluent-elles au fil du temps? Quels sont les éléments qui influencent leur évolution? Afin de répondre à ces questions, l’accent est mis sur l’étude de certaines réjouissances populaires au sein de quatre populations rurales d’origine française, c’est-à-dire les habitants de la vallée du Saint-Laurent, de la région de Détroit, du Pays des Illinois et de la Louisiane (plus précisément les habitants d’origine acadienne). En se fondant sur des monographies publiées, des manuscrits personnels, de la correspondance ecclésiastique, de la littérature de fiction et des travaux de folkloristes, chacun des cinq chapitres représente une étude de cas qui permet de montrer comment les réjouissances populaires sont influencées par le contexte dans lequel les habitants vivent et comment la sociabilité festive intervient dans la construction de différentes identités sociales, c’est-à-dire des identités de race, de genre et de classe. Dans le premier chapitre, le regard porté sur les noces des Canadiens et des Louisianais d’origine acadienne à la fin du XVIIIe siècle et au milieu du XIXe siècle fait ressortir que la nourriture, la boisson, la musique et la danse sont très présentes, mais surtout que ces festivités sont le théâtre de nombreux rites de passage s’adressant au nouveau couple, et souvent plus particulièrement à l’épouse, qui permettent à la communauté de contrôler la reconnaissance et l’officialisation de leur union sociale et sexuelle. Dans le deuxième et le troisième chapitre, l’analyse de la guignolée, de l’Épiphanie et surtout du carnaval au Canada, à Détroit ainsi que dans les villages du Pays des Illinois permet de montrer que cette période festive est influencée par le climat hivernal des colonies nordiques et qu’elle demeure un moment fort de la vie sociale des habitants. Elle est, entre autres, synonyme, dans les trois régions, de rencontres, de soupers et de bals au cours desquels les habitants déterminent ceux qui ont le droit de se fréquenter, c’est-à-dire des jeunes issus du même rang social, et ceux qui font partie intégrante de leur communauté et ceux qui en sont exclus, c’est-à-dire des habitants plus démunis (vallée du Saint-Laurent) ou des Noirs et des Autochtones (Pays des Illinois). Dans le quatrième chapitre, l’étude de l’évolution de la culture dominicale des Louisianais d’origine acadienne met en lumière comment, malgré le succès, au fil du temps, de l’Église catholique dans ses tentatives d’imposer la sanctification de cette journée, les bals de maison perdurent, en étant transférés au samedi, et participent à la construction de l’identité raciale de cette population. Dans le dernier chapitre, l’examen de l’évolution des réjouissances de la plantation du mai expose l’efficacité des rapports de réciprocité pour solidifier et renforcer la hiérarchie sociale dans les campagnes canadiennes, c’est-à-dire entre les habitants et un membre de l’élite locale (seigneur ou capitaine de milice). Cette thèse contribue à enrichir l’historiographie de la fête en Amérique française qui aborde très peu le sujet des réjouissances populaires rurales sous l’angle de la sociabilité festive. Elle montre que ces réjouissances sont intimement liées aux aspects contextuels de chacune des quatre régions étudiées, c’est-à-dire la démographie, la présence d’autres groupes ethniques, le climat, la géographie, les rapports genrés, l’économie, la situation politique et la hiérarchie sociale. Les habitants francophones des milieux ruraux adaptent leurs réjouissances populaires aux particularités de leur société, mais elles préservent tout de même, parfois jusqu’aux années 1870, leurs fonctions régulatrices de reproduction des hiérarchies sociales, économiques, genrées et raciales. En d’autres mots, elles sont un outil permettant à ces francophones, non seulement d’affirmer leur identité d’origine française, mais aussi d’identifier clairement les personnes qui peuvent ou qui ne peuvent pas se réclamer de cette identité et les inégalités qui sont produites à l’intérieur de ce processus. / This thesis focuses on the social roles of popular celebrations in rural French-speaking communities of North America between 1770 and 1870. It approaches the subject of festivals by looking more precisely at the festivity. The main objective is to highlight how the festivities, which we call popular celebrations, influence the functioning of North American francophone societies. What roles do popular celebrations play in the social life of the inhabitants of these societies? What impacts do they have on individual and collective identities? Do they retain the same characteristics from one society to another or do they adapt to different environments and contexts? How do they develop and evolve over time? What are the elements that influence their evolution? In order to answer these questions, the focus is on studying certain popular celebrations among four rural populations of French origin, namely the inhabitants of the St. Lawrence Valley, the Detroit region, the Illinois Country and Louisiana (more specifically, the inhabitants of Acadian origin). Based on published monographs, personal manuscripts, church correspondence, fictional literature and the work of folklorists, each of the five chapters represents a case study that shows how popular celebrations are influenced by the context in which people live and how festive sociability is involved in the construction of different social identities, such as those relating to race, gender and class. In the first chapter, a look at the weddings of Canadians and Louisianans of Acadian origin in the late 18th and mid-19th centuries reveals that food, drink, music and dance are very much in evidence, but above all that these festivities are the scene of many rites of passage for the new couple, and often more particularly for the wife, allowing the community to control the recognition and formalization of their social and sexual union. In the second and third chapters, the analysis of the guignolée, Epiphany and especially the carnival in Canada, Detroit and the villages of the Illinois Country shows that this festive period is influenced by the winter climate of the northern colonies and that it remains a key moment in the social life of the inhabitants. Among other things, it is synonymous in all three regions with meetings, dinners and balls during which residents determine who has the right to court with whom, that is, young people of the same social rank, and those who are an integral part of their community and those who are excluded from it, that is, poorer residents (St. Lawrence Valley) or Blacks and Indigenous people (Illinois Country). In the fourth chapter, the study of the evolution of the Sunday culture of Louisianans of Acadian origin highlights how, despite the success, over time, of the Catholic Church in its attempts to impose the sanctification of this day, house balls persist, being transferred to Saturdays, and contribute to the construction of this population’s racial identity. In the last chapter, an examination of the evolution of the May Day celebrations shows the effectiveness of reciprocal relationships in reinforcing and strengthening the social hierarchy in rural Canada, that is, between country people and a member of the local elite (seigneur or militia captain). This thesis enriches the existing historiography of festival in French America, which hardly addresses the subject of rural popular celebrations from the perspective of festive sociability. It shows that these celebrations are closely linked to the contextual aspects of each of the four regions studied, i.e. the demography, the presence of other ethnic groups, the climate, the geography, the gender relations, the economy, the political situation and the social hierarchy. Francophone inhabitants of rural areas adapt their popular celebrations to the particularities of their society, but those celebrations still preserve, sometimes until the 1870s, their regulatory functions of reproducing social, economic, gender and racial hierarchies. In other words, they are a tool that allows these Francophones not only to affirm their identity of French origin, but also to clearly identify the people who can or cannot claim this identity and the inequalities that are produced within this process.

Ce travail porte sur la vie du Crédit agricole de la Côte-d'Or depuis la création de sa première caisse locale, en 1896, jusqu'en 1975. Durant cette période, l'organisme dédié au financement de l'agriculture, cantonal puis départemental, est devenu progressivement un établissement pratiquement ouvert à toutes les activités et tous les déposants, représentant un tiers du marché bancaire de la Côte-d’Or. Après avoir défini le cadre mutualiste bien particulier dans lequel agissent les caisses, cette étude cherche à comprendre comment il est respecté durant huit décennies. Les évènements sont multiples : guerres, crises économiques, modernisation de l'agriculture, retrait des aides de l'Etat et besoin de collecte, extension du champ de compétence, croissance et augmentation de la taille des établissements, traitements de masse et large ouverture en dehors de l'agriculture. Progressivement, les groupes d'acteurs changent et se multiplient : sociétaires agriculteurs, sociétaires ruraux, déposants, administrateurs, élus locaux, Etat, personnel, cadres dirigeants. Il convient donc de saisir, dans les principales étapes de cette évolution, la manière dont ces acteurs, de plus en plus nombreux, adaptent la banque mutualiste à des contextes toujours changeants. / This work deals with the history of Crédit agricole of Côte-d’Or since the creation of its first local mutual bank, in 1896, until 1975. During this period, this organization dedicated to the financing of agriculture, in the very local scale of cantons at the beginning and then in the whole Côte-d’Or district scale, becomes progressively a credit institution nearly opened to all activities and all depositors having a banking market share of 30% in this area. After having defined the framework quite particular of mutualism in which are acting these banks, this study tries to understand how they respect it during eight decades. Many events are occurring: wars, economic crises, agricultural modernization, withdrawal of State aids and consequently financial resources needs, widening of the sphere of operation, growth and extension of the branches, processing of mass and large range of activities outside the agricultural sector. Progressively, groups of economic, social and political players are changing and more numerous: farmers, country people, depositors, administrators, local elected representatives, State, staff, members of the management. It is right to understand, at the main stages of this evolution, the way by which these more and more numerous players adapt the mutual bank to ceaselessly changeable contexts.