La grande variété de propriétés biologiques associées au noyau purine en fait une structure privilégiée pour la conception et la synthèse de nouvelles molécules à visée thérapeutique. Cette spécificité est étroitement liée à la grande diversité de substituants pouvant être introduits sur les différentes positions du noyau purine et en particulier sur C2, C6, C8 et N9. Par conséquent, le développement de méthodes de fonctionnalisation rapides de cette famille de composés est d’un grand intérêt synthétique. Nous nous sommes focalisés sur la formation de liaisons C-C et C-N sur les positions 6 et 8 du noyau purine pour pouvoir présenter de nouveaux outils de synthèse permettant d’introduire une plus grande diversité fonctionnelle. D’une part, nous avons étudié la fonctionnalisation directe de liaisons C-H de purines, sujet encore peu exploré. En effet, de nos jours, le traditionnel couplage croisé (Negishi, Suzuki-Miyaura), utilisé pour la création de liaisons C-C, se voit de plus en plus concurrencé par ces réactions puisqu’elles ne nécessitent pas la préparation d’un partenaire organométallique. Ce sont des réactions dites à économie d’atomes. En nous basant sur l’expérience du laboratoire dans le domaine de la fonctionnalisation directe de liaisons C-H, nous avons envisagé l’alcénylation et l’alcynylation directes en position 8 de la purine, les motifs alcényle et alcynyle étant présents dans certaines purines d’intérêt biologique. D’autre part, nous nous sommes intéressés à deux méthodes de couplage croisé pallado-catalysé permettant la formation de liaisons C-N et C-C : le couplage de Buchwald – Hartwig entre une 8-iodopurine et des amides ou des amines aromatiques, et le couplage de Liebeskind – Srogl entre une 6-thioétherpurine et divers acides boroniques. / Purine is the most widely distributed N-heterocycle scaffold in the nature and its derivatives are well known for their biological and fluorescent properties. These characteristics are linked to the diversity of substituents that can be introduced, especially on the C-2, C-6, C-8 and N-9 positions. Therefore, the development of methods for rapid functionalization of this family of compounds represent a valuable asset. We focused on the formation of C-C and C-N bonds at positions 6 and 8 of the purine ring in order to provide new synthesis tools allowing the introduction of functional diversity. On the one hand, we studied the direct functionalization of C-H bonds of purines, subject still little explored. Indeed, nowadays, traditional cross-coupling reactions (Negishi, Suzuki-Miyaura), used for the creation of C-C bonds, are increasingly challenged by these reactions since they do not require the preparation of an organometallic partner. Their advantage lies in step and atom economy. Based on previous experience in our laboratory in the field of direct functionalization of C-H bonds, we envisioned direct alkenylation and alkynylation at position 8 of the purine, knowing that alkenyl and alkynyl patterns are found in purines of biological interest. On the other hand, we were interested in two pallado-catalyzed cross-coupling methods for the formation of C-N and C-C bonds : Buchwald – Hartwig coupling between 8-iodopurine and aromatic amines or amides, and Liebeskind – Srogl coupling between 6-thioétherpurine and a range of boronic acids.

Popular catalytic cycles, such as the Heck, Suzuki, and Negishi, utilize metal centers that oscillate between two oxidation states (II/0) during the three main steps of catalysis: reductive elimination, oxidative addition, and transmetallation. There has been a push to use less toxic, cheaper metal centers in catalytic cycles, leading to interest in first-row transition metals, such as nickel and cobalt. With these metals, the cycles can potentially pass through the +1 oxidation state, which acts as reactive intermediates, undergoing oxidative additions to form products, potentially with radical characteristics. The oxidative addition steps of catalytic cycles are critical to determining overall rates and products, however in many cases, these steps have not been amenable to study, in either condensed phase or gas phase, in the past. Through the use of electron transfer dissociation (ETD) technology on a modified Thermo Electron LTQ XLTM mass spectrometer, it is possible to generate intermediates in these catalytic cycles, including those in unusual oxidation states. Using sequentially coupled ion/ion-ion/molecule reactions, the reduced, reactive intermediate can be readily generated, isolated, and studied.As a model set of reactions, the mono- and bis-phenanthroline complexes of Fe(I), Co(I), Ni(I), Cu(I), and Zn(I) were formed by reduction of the corresponding M(II) species in an ion/ion reaction with the fluoranthenyl radical anion. The chemistry of the M(I) species was probed in ion/molecule reactions with allyl iodide. In order to explore ligand effects and the scope of oxidative addition reagents further, bipyridine and terpyridine were studied with these five first-row transition metal complexes while using an acetate series and other substrates for oxidative additions. Through these studies, the roles of the metal and ligand in dictating the product distributions and reaction rates were assessed. Metal electron count, ligand flexibility, and coordination number are critical factors. The overall reactivity is in accord with density functional theory calculations and mirrors that of proposed intermediates in condensed-phase catalytic cycles. In addition, second- and third-row transition metals (Ru(I), Pd(I), and Pt(I)) were explored with bipyridine, mono- and bis-triphenylphosphine, and 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)benzene ligation schemes. A variety of oxidative addition reagents were surveyed to determine the scope of reactivity and preference toward metal-carbon bond formation or carbon radical formation.

The demand for protection of eyes and various types of optical sensors from laser-beam pulses has resulted in the search for optical limiting devices that have the property of being transparent at low intensity of light (normal light), but non-transparent towards high intensity (laser) light. This type of protection may be obtained by using an organic material that displays nonlinear optical (NLO) properties. Examples of NLO effects that can be used for optical limiting are reverse saturable absorption (RSA), two-photon absorption (TPA) and nonlinear refraction. The advantage of using compounds that show such NLO effects is that they can have very fast response and are self-activating, that is, there is no need for externally controlled switching to obtain optical limiting. In this work, several dialkynyl substituted thiophenes and some thiophenyl-alkynyl-platinum(II)-complexes were synthesized and tested for nonlinear absorption of light. A palladium-copper mediated coupling (Sonogashira coupling) was utilized for all reactions between terminal alkynes and aryl halides. Molecular orbital calculations were used in order to screen for suitable properties, such as the second hyperpolarizability, in compounds of interest. A quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSPR) study using a PLS approach were performed in order to identify important molecular electronic variables for optical limiting of organic compounds.

Carbon nanoribbons are today of great interest as graphene segments with modulable electronic properties. Whilst top down techniques give giant ribbons, bottom-up organic synthesis may lead to exactly designed nanoribbons of controlled geometries. The Scholl reaction is a precious chemical tool for that purpose since it yields efficiently to the graphitization of long and flexible polyphenylene precursors.Surprisingly, twisted structures may be obtained preferentially even if less crowded isomers are also feasible. It has been shown that, against all expectation, even a strong steric hindrance has no marked effect on regioselectivity and highly twisted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are sometimes preferentially formed, whereas their flat and more symmetrical isomers are only obtained in minority. Highly twisted structures such as hexabenzotriphenylene (HBTP) may then be obtained very easily from flexible polyphenylene precursors.After discovering this unexpected regioselectivity, we used it on purpose to form polyhelicenic species. Attempts to prepared hexaphenanthrotriphenylene (HPTP) were unsuccessful due to reactivity issues when synthesizing the corresponding flexible precursors. By using a new versatile strategy leading to an advanced common precursor, several C3-symmetrical flexible substrates have been synthesized and submitted to Scholl reaction. The expected [6]helicenes were not obtained and rearranged products were formed instead, but TMS-bearing HBTP could be prepared, as well as a hexabenzocoronene (HBC) which exceptionnal solubility is due to the distortion of the aromatic core under the effect of bulky tert-butyl substituents in bay regions.The easily formed [5]helicene fragment has been incorporated in the design of twisted carbon nanoribbons that would be composed of a succession of such motifs. As a test reaction, the corresponding monomer and dimer have been synthesized with an excellent yield and fully characterized. Their X-ray structures have even been determined, giving interesting information about their configuration. A more general strategy has then been developed and optimized for the systematic synthesis of longer oligomers of twisted nanoribbons. Using this technique, the trimer and tetramer have been synthesized and characterized by mass spectrometry.

Orientador: Regina Buffon / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T02:19:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sato_CintiaAkemi_M.pdf: 2497710 bytes, checksum: ed234ce28b62278b8777a943791d0170 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Neste trabalho, foram sintetizados complexos de paládio em que os ligantes fosforados estão ¿ancorados¿ em ciclofosfazenos. Estes complexos, em solução ou imobilizados em matrizes inorgânicas, foram testados nas reações de acoplamento de Suzuki (entre o ácido fenilborônico e o bromobenzeno, por exemplo), de Stille (entre o tributilvinilestanho e o bromotolueno) e de Heck (entre o estireno e o bromobenzeno). O resultado catalítico obtido com o catalisador sintetizado, em fase homogênea, na reação de Heck (TON = 3900, em 6 horas), foi muito bom, sendo superior a um catalisador análogo descrito na literatura. Na reação de Stille, o complexo, em fase homogênea, apresentou um ótimo resultado (TON = 4340, em 4 horas). Na reação de Suzuki, em fase homogênea, o TON obtido (123, em 24 horas) foi bom e comparável à literatura. Já em fase heterogênea, com o complexo encapsulado em matriz de sílica via processo solgel, os resultados obtidos, tanto na primeira reação quanto na primeira e segunda reciclagens, são superiores aos apresentados na literatura e apresentam o TON próximo ao obtido em fase homogênea, no mesmo tempo (92, 94 e 92 respectivamente), sem perda de desempenho. Estudos prospectivos para a imobilização do complexo em sílica foram realizados. O catalisador foi sintetizado com ligantes contendo grupos hidrolisáveis e ancorado em sílica. Este sistema foi testado nas reações de acoplamento de Stille e Suzuki, apresentando um bom desempenho nas duas reações (TON = 1400, em 4 horas, e 49, em 24 horas, respectivamente) sem constatação visual de lixiviação de paládio / Abstract: In this work, palladium complexes, in which phosphored ligands are ¿anchored¿ to cyclophosphazenes were synthesized. These complexes, in solution or immobilized in inorganic matrices, were tested in the Suzuki cross-coupling reaction (between phenylboronic acid and bromobenzene, for example), the Stille cross-coupling reaction (between tributylvinyltin and 3-bromotoluene) and the Heck reaction (between styrene and bromobenzene). The catalytic results obtained with the synthesized catalyst, in homogeneous phase, in the Heck reaction (TON = 3900, in 6 hours), was very good, better than those reported for a similar catalyst described in literature. In the Stille reaction, the complex, in homogeneous phase, presented an excellent result (TON = 4340, in 4 hours). In the Suzuki reaction, in homogeneous phase, the obtained TON (123, in 24 hours) was good and comparable to literature. In heterogeneous phase, with the complex encapsulated in silica matrix via the sol-gel process, the obtained results, in the first reaction as well as in the first and second recycling, are higher than those presented in literature and presented the TON close to that obtained in homogeneous phase, in the same reaction time (92, 94 and 92 respectively), without loss of performance. Prospective studies for the immobilization of the complex in silica were done. The catalyst was synthesized with ligands containing hydrolysable groups and anchored in silica. This system was tested in Stille and Suzuki cross-coupling reactions, showing a good performance in both reactions (TON = 1400, in 4 hours, and 49, in 24 hours, respectively) without visual evidence of palladium leaching / Mestrado / Quimica Inorganica / Mestre em Química

Nesta tese apresentamos um estudo sistemático da reação de alquinilação de teluretos Z-vinílicos promovida por PdCl2 e CuI. O sucesso de tal reação foi dependente da quantidade de PdCl2 empregado, por outro lado, o sal de cobre (I) não apresentou influência significativa sobre o curso da reação. Posteriormente, empregando PdCl2 em quantidades catalíticas, vários agentes oxidantes ou aditivos foram testados. No entanto, o resultado mais significativo foi obtido quando CuCl2 foi usado na presença de ar. Este resultado deu origem a uma nova metodologia para a alquinilação de teluretos Z-vinílicos, que emprega PdCl2 em quantidade catalítica e CuCl2 em excesso. Adicionalmente, um mecanismo para a reação desenvolvida foi proposto com base em experimentos realizados empregando espectroscopia de massas. Tendo em vista o alto custo dos reagentes de paládio, foram implementadas metodologias para promover a formação de ligações carbono-carbono, usando teluretos vinílicos e reagentes organometálicos na presença de quantidades catalíticas de complexos de níquel (II). Na última etapa do nosso trabalho, teluretos Z-vinílicos quirais foram sintetizados usando biocatálise como ferramenta, sendo posteriormente submetidos à reação de acoplamento resultando em álcoois enínicos de configuração Z quirais. A seqüência de reações foi testada inicialmente em sua versão racêmica. / In this thesis we report a systematic study concerning the alkynylation of Z-vinylic telurides promoted by PdCl2 and CuI. The performance of such reaction was dependent of the amount of PdCl2 employed. On the other hand, the copper (I) salt did not show significant influence in the course of the reaction. Afterwards, employing PdCl2 in catalytic amounts, several oxidizing agents or additives were tested. The most significant result was obtained when CuCl2 was used in the presence of air. This finding brought to light a new methodology for alkynylation of Z-vinylic telurides that employs catalytic amount of PdCl2 and CuCl2 excess. In addition, a mechanism for the new reaction has been proposed with basis in the data obtained by mass spectrometric experiments. In view of the high cost of the palladium reagents, we developed methodologies that promote the formation of carbon-carbon bonds by using vinylic tellurides and organometallic reagents in the presence of catalytic amounts of nickel (II) complexes. In the last stage of our work, chiral Z-vinylic tellurides were synthesized by using biocatalysis as a tool. After that, the chiral tellurides were submitted to the coupling reaction affording chiral enynic alcohos with Z configuration. The reaction sequence was tested initially in its racemic version.

Ce travail consiste en l'étude théorique DFT des mécanismes de couplage. Le couplage déshydrogénant de stannanes implique la formation in situ d'un stannylène, formation possible grâce à l'inertie de la paire libre et au caractère acide de Lewis des stannylènes. Le couplage entre un carboxylate aromatique et un arène Ar-H commence par la décarboxylation en 2 étapes (isomérisation et désinsertion de CO2) sur un complexe de Pd(II) et se poursuit par une étape de CMD. Celle-ci est facilitée par la présence de fluors en ortho sur Ar-H essentiellement en raison du renforcement de la liaison M-C qu'ils induisent. Le couplage entre un arène et un alcyne catalysé par Ni(0)L présente une étape originale de transfert d'hydrogène de l'arène sur l'alcyne concerté avec la création de deux liaisons M-C (M-aryl et M-vinyl). Cette étape est à nouveau associée à une barrière d'activation plus basse en présence de fluors sur l'arène. L'hydroboration avec ouverture de cycle d'alkylidenecyclopropane en présence de Rh(I) nécessite la création de deux sites vacants pour que l'étape souhaitée d'ouverture de cycle soit favorisée par rapport à une étape d'élimination réductrice C-B. / This work is a theoretical study with DFT method of coupling reactions. The dehydrogenating coupling of stannanes proceeds via the formation of stannylene. This is made possible because of the chemical inertness of the lone pair and the Lewis acid character of stannylene. Coupling an aromatic carboxylate and an arene Ar-H on a Pd(II) complex is initiated by a 2-step reaction (isomerization and decarboxylation). The CMD reaction that follows is facilitated by ortho fluorine subtituents on the arene ArH because of the strengthening of the resulting Pd-C bond. The coupling between an arene and an alkyne by a Ni(0)L catalyst starts by an unusual hydrogen transfer from the arene to the alkyne, concerted with the formation of two NiC (aryl and vinyl) bonds. The energy barrier of this elementary step is lowered by fluorine subtituents on the arene. The hydroboration with ring opening of alkylidenecyclopropane in presence of Rh(I) complex is feasible only with two empty coordination sites during the key ring-opening step. Under these conditions, the ring opening is favored over the reductive elimination C-B.

[pt] As reações de acoplamento C-C e C-N são metodologias muito úteis na funcionalização de estruturas orgânicas, principalmente no que tange a inserção de grupos arila em plataformas específicas. Chalconas são cetonas alfa, beta-insaturadas bastante exploradas na literatura devido à facilidade de obtenção e à estrutura facilmente modulável, o que faz com que as propriedades desses compostos possam ser dirigidas para objetivos específicos (chalconas bioativas, chalconas luminescentes, etc). Sua estrutura versátil permite utilizá-la como plataforma para reações regiosseletivas na porção olefínica e também permite funcionalizações nas porções arílicas. Para tal fim, reações de acoplamento carbono-carbono e carbono-nitrogênio catalisadas por metais de transição podem ser ferramentas de grande utilidade, especialmente na síntese de compostos poliarilados. O presente trabalho aborda a utilização de reações de acoplamento catalisadas por metais de transição na síntese de novas beta-arilchalconas, alfa, beta-diarilchalconas e chalconas N-diaril-substituídas na porção aromática. O trabalho é dividido em duas grandes partes: na primeira parte são abordadas as arilações de Heck e Suzuki na porção alceno de chalconas, com a obtenção de compostos cuja estrutura está de acordo com o farmacóforo proposto para inibidores alostéricos da enzima fosfodiesterase-4 (PDE4). Na segunda parte, a Reação de Ullmann é utilizada como etapa chave na obtenção de chalconas N-diariladas na porção aromática, levando a uma biblioteca de novos compostos fluorescentes. Em relação à arilação da porção alquenílica das chalconas, reações de Heck foram realizadas utilizando-se diferentes haletos aromáticos, resultando na obtenção de beta-arilchalconas com rendimentos variando de 20 a 85 porcento e relações E:Z de aproximadamente 75:25. A partir das misturas estereoisoméricas, obtevese isômeros majoritariamente E (E:Z maior 96:4) através de simples precipitações em solventes apropriados. Reações competitivas foram avaliadas por CG para a determinação da influência dos diferentes substituintes nos anéis aromáticos na velocidade da reação. alfa, beta-diarilchalconas foram obtidas a partir de intermediários beta-arilados, via metodologia sequencial de bromação seguida de acoplamento Suzuki, com rendimentos entre 60 e 99 porcento. Na segunda parte da dissertação é descrita a síntese de p-N-diarilaminochalconas, utilizando-se como etapa chave um acoplamento C-N catalisado por cobre. Foram obtidas chalconas com características D-n-D e D-n-A, além de beta-arilchalconas com características D-nD. Os compostos que apresentaram fluorescência mais intensa foram aqueles com característica D-n-D. A beta-arilação diminuiu consideravelmente a fotoluminescência dos compostos. A fluorescência dos compostos foi fortemente influenciada pelo solvente, sugerindo transferência de carga intramolecular no estado excitado. Com o objetivo de relacionar a estrutura dos compostos com suas características de emissão, foram realizados cálculos de DFT. / [en] C-C and C-N Coupling Reactions are useful methodologies for functionalization of organic structures, especially regarding the insertion of aryl groups in specific platforms. Chalcones are alpha, beta-unsaturated ketones widely explored in literature as a result of features such as easiness of preparation and highly modulating structure which allows the properties of these compounds to be directed for specific purposes (bioactive chalcones, luminescent chalcones, etc.) Its versatile structure allows it to be used as a platform for regioselective reactions in the olefin moiety and the structures also allows functionalization in the aryl fragment. For this purpose, the carbon-carbon and carbon-nitrogen reactions catalyzed by transition metals can be very useful tools, especially in the synthesis of polyarylated chalcones.The present work describes the use of metal-catalyzed coupling reactions in the synthesis of new beta-arilchalcones, alpha, beta-diarylchalcones and N-diaryl-substituted chalcones on the aromatic moiety. The manuscript is divided into two major parts: the first part deals with Heck and Suzuki Reactions in the alkene portion of chalcones, leading to compounds whose structures are in agreement with the proposed pharmacophore for allosteric inhibitors of the enzyme Phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4). In the second part, the Ullmann Reaction is used as a key step in the synthesis of p-N-diarylated-chalcones, leading to a library of new fluorescent compounds.Regarding the arylation of the alkenyl moiety of chalcones, Heck reactions were carried out using different aromatic halides resulting in beta arylchalcones, in yields ranging from 20 to 85 porcento and E:Z ratios of approximately 75:25. From the stereoisomeric mixtures, the E-isomers could be isolated by simple precipitations in appropriate solvents. Competitive reactions were evaluated by GC to determine the influence of the different substituents on the aromatic rings over the reaction rate. alpha, beta-diaryl-chalcones were obtained from beta-aryl intermediates via sequential bromination/Suzuki coupling in yields of approximately 50 porcento. In the second part of this work the synthesis of diarylaminochalcones is described using a copper-catalyzed C-N coupling as the key step. Chalcones with D-n-D and D-n-A characteristics were obtained, as well as beta-arylchalcones with D-n-D design. The compounds that showed the most intense fluorescence were those with D-n-D characteristics. beta-arylation considerably decreases these compounds photoluminescence. Solvent effects were observed suggesting intramolecular charge transfer in the excited state. To relate the structure of the compounds with their emission characteristics, DFT experiments were performed.

<p dir="ltr">Vinylidenes are highly reactive intermediates that undergo a variety of chemical reactions. Our group has pioneered the in-situ generation of vinylidenes from bench stable 1,1-dichloroalkenes using transition metal catalysts and an exogenous reductant.</p><p dir="ltr">Herein, we demonstrate the intramolecular insertion of vinylidenes into Si–H bonds for the synthesis of unsaturated silacycles of different ring sizes. It is well known that the replacement of carbon for silicon are of significant interest to medicinal chemists as a strategy for improving the potency or pharmacokinetic properties of biologically active compounds. This method provides convenient access to trisubstituted vinyl silanes which are synthesized intermolecularly, including those that can be used as nucleophilic partners in Hiyama cross-coupling reactions. Finally, deuterium isotope labelling experiments reveal interesting mechanistic features of the reaction.</p><p dir="ltr">The second chapter of the thesis further highlights the reactivity of vinylidenes through utilizing a cobalt catalyst. Vinylidene complexes can be added into an alkyne intramolecularly followed by a cobalt to zinc transmetalation step. The resulting organozinc intermediate can be trapped with various electrophiles. Further, by altering the reaction condition, the cobaltacycle intermediate can be accessed using π systems to form different cycloadducts.</p>

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