Ce travail, à la croisée des trois champs d’études que sont les sciences du langage, l’analyse du discours et l’ingénierie de la formation interroge la notion de projet francophone dans le contexte institutionnel de ce début de siècle.Est-il possible de fédérer autour d’un projet collectif l’importante communauté politique qui adhère à l’Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie? Pour répondre à cette question, cette thèse analyse les discours prononcés par les chefs d’État et de gouvernement rassemblés lors des sommets internationaux de l’OIF. Elle se focalise plus précisément sur les discours prononcés à l’occasion des sommets de Bucarest (2006) et de Québec (2008), moment charnière où l’OIF dispose de la légitimité nécessaire pour initier une nouvelle dynamique francophone.La réflexion procède en trois temps distincts. Tout d’abord, elle s’emploie à articuler les notions de francophonie, de discours et de projet en les posant dans des champs conceptuels de référence. Dans un second temps, elle identifie quatre axes, sources de légitimité, qui parviennent à spécifier le projet francophone. Les notions de gouvernance, de citoyenneté, l’usage des nouvelles technologies et l’affirmation d’un projet du vivre ensemble, permettent de définir un horizon d’attentequi contribue à caractériser la dynamique francophone. Enfin, dans un dernier mouvement, la réflexion s’emploie à analyser les liens entre le discours politique cadre qui initie le projet et les conditions de sa mise en oeuvre. Elle insiste à ce propos sur le rôle des enseignants de français, maillon essentiel qui favorise le dialogue entre les populations et les institutions, et qui exerce donc une responsabilité particulière.Au final cette thèse s’emploie à démontrer que le projet de la Francophonie doit aujourd’hui se construire dans un dialogue constamment renouvelé entre des besoins exprimés sur le terrain, et des autorités politiques susceptibles de structurer un espace de faisabilité du projet. / This work at the intersection of three fields of study—language sciences, discourse analysis, and training course design—interrogates the notion of the Francophone project in its institutional context at the beginning of this century. Is it possible to unite around a collective project the sizeable political community belonging to the International Francophone Organization (l’Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie—the OIF)? To answer this question, this thesis analyzes speeches given by heads of state and government during the international summit meetings of the OIF. More specifically the thesis focuses on the speeches made at the summits hosted in Bucharest (2006) and Quebec (2008), a pivotal moment in which the OIF has the necessary legitimacy to initiate a new Francophone dynamic. The work proceeds in three distinct phases. First, it attempts to articulate the notions of “Francophonie”, discourse, and project by placing them in the conceptual fields outlined in the relevant literature. Second, the thesis identifies four axes, sources of legitimacy that allow the specification of the Francophone project. The notions of governance, citizenship, the employment of new technologies, and the affirmation of a project of living together allow for the definition of an expected horizon contributing to the characterization of the Francophone dynamic. Finally, in the third phase, the work attempts to analyze the connections between the framework political discourse that initiates the project and the conditions of its execution. In this regard the work insists on the role of French teachers, the essential link in fostering dialogue between populations and institutions, and who thus have a particular responsibility. In the end this thesis tries to demonstrate that today Francophone project must be constructed through a constantly renewed dialogue between the needs voiced in the field and the political authorities capable of establishing a space of feasibility for the project.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(人間・環境学) / 甲第19081号 / 人博第734号 / 新制||人||176(附属図書館) / 26||人博||734(吉田南総合図書館) / 32032 / 京都大学大学院人間・環境学研究科共生人間学専攻 / (主査)教授 壇辻 正剛, 教授 東郷 雄二, 教授 齋藤 治之, 教授 服部 文昭 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Human and Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DGAM

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This study investigates the terms, dialogue, structure and active learning in Open Distance Learning texts in aa constructivist and problem-solving approach. In-text activities are imbedded in selfstudy texts. Their construct is validated against appropriate instructional design and learning theories for active learning. A course team developed, implemented and piloted a Unisa course for mathematics teachers in South Africa. The results describe their professional development through action learning. The Tornado-approach affects teams in organisations. A team used participatory action research and action learning with rich descriptions to document the longitudinal case study of four action research cycles over eight years. Qualitative research involved a literature survey, notes, portfolios, mindmaps, letters, interviews, document analyses, and assessment results. Our action research demonstrates ways to implement a post-modern learning design in an industrialized institution. The researcher applies action learning in professional development, in team management, and suggests models for successful/unsuccessful teams (tornado-effect). / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (Didactics)

<p>Biochemistry is part of life science: a fast developing multidisciplinary area. The overall aims of this thesis and the work underlying it were to find ways in which to develop competence in biochemistry at university level and to assess complex learning. A particular interest was the development of experimental work as a means to promote learning.</p><p>The study focuses on changes made in two educational settings. The aim of the changes was to develop competence, amongst both students and teachers. Therefore, the research in the three first papers has in some aspects, and to different extent, the characteristics of action research. Broadly, the changes can be described as making experiments more open, with multiple formative and authentic assessment methods involving both students and teachers. The empirical studies included questionnaires, interviews, questions asked during experimental work, written material as formulated objectives, examination questions and answers, reports, other products; and grades/judgements made by teachers and students. Collected data were analyzed in several different ways. Statistical methods included the use of mean values, paired T-tests, Spearman rank correlation coefficients and Principal Component Analysis. Interview data as well as some questionnaire data were analyzed using analytical induction techniques. Some categories were based on thematic content analysis, while others were based on Bloom’s taxonomy. Students’ attitude positions were categorized according to Perry’s framework. </p><p>The main results can be summarized as follows; </p><p>The students’ learning was improved by open ended versions of experimental work, according to both their and the researchers’ opinions. Planning, approaching problems from different perspectives and evaluating the results of their own experimental work promote the students’ capacity for higher order cognitive thinking. However, the synthesis level constitutes a threshold and particular support is needed for students with a more dualistic view of teaching, learning and experimental work. </p><p>Introducing formative and authentic assessment is a way to help students to make progress, and to develop competence. The importance was clearly demonstrated of involving both teachers and students in discussions of aims and criteria and of making them explicit. Feedback from teachers’ and students’ own reflective activities about subject content, and their learning as well as affective factors were shown to be central for complex learning. Based on our studies, areas were identified for the critical development of competence and for promoting learning in biochemistry at university level. These areas are; multidisciplinary and complex learning, communication skills of different types, metacognitive perspectives, attitude development, and affective factors. </p><p>The students see experimental work as crucial for their learning and therefore important in terms of assessment. Therefore, experimental work can and ought to be assessed. However, similarities and discrepancies were observed between students’ and teachers’ perspectives for both the aims and assessment of experimental work. Our conclusion is that a combination of assessment methods is needed in order to be able to make a high qualitative assessment.</p>

Biochemistry is part of life science: a fast developing multidisciplinary area. The overall aims of this thesis and the work underlying it were to find ways in which to develop competence in biochemistry at university level and to assess complex learning. A particular interest was the development of experimental work as a means to promote learning. The study focuses on changes made in two educational settings. The aim of the changes was to develop competence, amongst both students and teachers. Therefore, the research in the three first papers has in some aspects, and to different extent, the characteristics of action research. Broadly, the changes can be described as making experiments more open, with multiple formative and authentic assessment methods involving both students and teachers. The empirical studies included questionnaires, interviews, questions asked during experimental work, written material as formulated objectives, examination questions and answers, reports, other products; and grades/judgements made by teachers and students. Collected data were analyzed in several different ways. Statistical methods included the use of mean values, paired T-tests, Spearman rank correlation coefficients and Principal Component Analysis. Interview data as well as some questionnaire data were analyzed using analytical induction techniques. Some categories were based on thematic content analysis, while others were based on Bloom’s taxonomy. Students’ attitude positions were categorized according to Perry’s framework. The main results can be summarized as follows; The students’ learning was improved by open ended versions of experimental work, according to both their and the researchers’ opinions. Planning, approaching problems from different perspectives and evaluating the results of their own experimental work promote the students’ capacity for higher order cognitive thinking. However, the synthesis level constitutes a threshold and particular support is needed for students with a more dualistic view of teaching, learning and experimental work. Introducing formative and authentic assessment is a way to help students to make progress, and to develop competence. The importance was clearly demonstrated of involving both teachers and students in discussions of aims and criteria and of making them explicit. Feedback from teachers’ and students’ own reflective activities about subject content, and their learning as well as affective factors were shown to be central for complex learning. Based on our studies, areas were identified for the critical development of competence and for promoting learning in biochemistry at university level. These areas are; multidisciplinary and complex learning, communication skills of different types, metacognitive perspectives, attitude development, and affective factors. The students see experimental work as crucial for their learning and therefore important in terms of assessment. Therefore, experimental work can and ought to be assessed. However, similarities and discrepancies were observed between students’ and teachers’ perspectives for both the aims and assessment of experimental work. Our conclusion is that a combination of assessment methods is needed in order to be able to make a high qualitative assessment.

This study investigates the terms, dialogue, structure and active learning in Open Distance Learning texts in aa constructivist and problem-solving approach. In-text activities are imbedded in selfstudy texts. Their construct is validated against appropriate instructional design and learning theories for active learning. A course team developed, implemented and piloted a Unisa course for mathematics teachers in South Africa. The results describe their professional development through action learning. The Tornado-approach affects teams in organisations. A team used participatory action research and action learning with rich descriptions to document the longitudinal case study of four action research cycles over eight years. Qualitative research involved a literature survey, notes, portfolios, mindmaps, letters, interviews, document analyses, and assessment results. Our action research demonstrates ways to implement a post-modern learning design in an industrialized institution. The researcher applies action learning in professional development, in team management, and suggests models for successful/unsuccessful teams (tornado-effect). / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (Didactics)

Academic writing is generally regarded as the most important communication medium through which people in the tertiary academic context choose to communicate their ideas. It is also well known that it is sometimes an arduous process for students to become accustomed to the requirements (the conventions and conditions) that hold for the production of appropriate written texts in this context. The initial impetus for the current study was provided by what appeared to be a significant problem that some supervisors at the University of Pretoria identified in terms of the academic writing ability of their postgraduate students. This study therefore investigates postgraduate academic writing with regard to a number of such issues, and does so within the broader confines of academic literacy. The ultimate purpose of this investigation is to discover how writing interventions may be designed that offer appropriate assistance to students who experience difficulty with their writing. The study commences with an attempt to find support for treating 'academic discourse' as a potentially productive area of academic enquiry. It therefore presents an account on the nature of a 'discourse community', and attempts to ascertain whether there are any grounds on which 'academic discourse' may be regarded as a unique type of discourse used for specific communicative functions in the tertiary academic environment. It further discusses critically some of the traditional features of academic texts. The research then proposes thirteen design principles that serve as injunctions that should be considered in the development of writing courses, and proceeds to a critical discussion of the most important approaches in the teaching and learning of writing. What is evident from this discussion is that none of the historical approaches will, on their own, enable one to design justifiable writing courses. As a result, an eclectic approach is required in order to integrate the strengths of these approaches into a strategy for writing course design that is theoretically and practically justifiable. Subsequently, the critical interpretation of the literature in the first part of the study is used in the design of a framework for writing course design in tertiary education. This framework consists of six focuses that stand in a relationship of dynamic interaction towards a description of the context in which tertiary students write. Thus, relevant aspects concerning the writer, text, reader, institutional context and one's approach to writing are all essential elements that should be carefully considered in terms of their potential influence on the eventual design of materials that will constitute a writing course. The rest of the study consists of an application of the proposed framework that addresses firstly, the perceptions of supervisors at the University about the academic literacy ability of their postgraduate students, as well as their requirements for academic writing. It then proceeds to an investigation of a specific group of students' (from the Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences) perceptions about their own academic literacy ability and a determination of their perceptions and expectations of academic writing at university. Because the information that was collected (by means of questionnaires) in both cases mentioned above is mainly perceptual in nature, it was considered essential to determine the academic literacy ability of students in the study group by means of a reliable testing instrument. A written text that these same students produced was further analysed in order to establish possible writing difficulties they experienced. In addition, it was important to confirm certain findings from the supervisor questionnaire, and more specific information had to be collected on particular writing issues that could inform discipline specific writing course design (this was accomplished through focus group interviews with supervisors of the School of Agricultural and Food Sciences). A combination of all the prominent findings of the empirical work mentioned above, as well as insights gained in the literature survey, is then used to make justifiable suggestions for the design of writing course materials for students in the study group. Finally, a number of issues were identified that could not be addressed by this study and, therefore, suggestions are made for future research that may investigate these matters. / Thesis (DPhil ( Linguistics))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Unit for Academic Literacy / DPhil / Unrestricted

The purpose of this exploratory study was to investigate student perceptions of the design and consistency of the online learning environment in relation to motivation, satisfaction, and self-efficacy. Through surveys, think-aloud observation sessions, and reflection interviews, data were collected concerning student perspectives of design and consistency in the online learning environment. SPSS was used to process the survey data and a multi-step process was used to code the observations and interviews. Nine categories emerged from the analysis: (1) frustration; (2) excitement; (3) feeling of being lost; (4) confusion; (5) disgust; (6) positivity; (7); anxiety; (8) understanding; (9) action. The findings are discussed and recommendations for future research are provided to inform future development of online courses.

Denna strukturerade litteraturstudie undersöker vilka verktyg och tekniker relaterade tillartificiell intelligens (AI) som kan understödja lärare genom att överta repetitiva ochtidskrävande administrativa uppgifter som ligger utanför den direkta interaktionen mellanlärare och student. Genom att granska tillgänglig forskning inom detta område kartläggervi dessa. Denna kartläggning följs sedan av en diskussion om resultatet och potentialen iden senaste tekniken samt en fingervisning om var ytterligare forskning kan ta vid. För att kartlägga befintlig forskning i ämnet har denna litteraturstudie genomförts medutgångspunkt i en generell kurs uppdelad i tre faser: före, under och efter. På grund avden potentiella omfattningen av detta område undersökte vi ett fall per fas, respektivekursdesign, rättning och kursutvärdering. Litteraturstudien är begränsad till högre utbild-ningsinstitutioner såsom universitet och högskolor. Våra resultat visar att majoriteten av de AI-verktyg och -tekniker som används inomdessa tre områden är baserade på naturlig språkbearbetning (NLP) och neurala nätverk.Vi fann att det finns en större mängd forskning inom rättning jämfört med kursdesign ochkursutvärdering, och att forskningen inom alla dessa områden ökar över tiden. Vi noterardock en brist på forskning som undersöker den praktiska användningen av dessa verktygoch tekniker av lärare. / This structured literature study examines which tools and technologies related to artificialintelligence (AI) that can support teachers by replacing repetitive and time-consumingadministrative tasks that are outside of the direct interaction between teacher and student. By reviewing available research in this field, we map these findings. This is then followedby a discussion of the results and potential of the latest technology, as well as an indicationof where further research can take place.To map existing research on the subject, this literature study has been conducted basedon a general course divided into three phases: before, during, and after. Due to the po-tential size of this area, we investigated only one case per each phase, respektively coursedesign, grading and course evaluation. The literature study is limited to higher educationinstitutions such as universities and colleges. Our results shows that the majority of AI techniques and tools used in these three areasare based on natural language processing (NLP) and neural networks. We found that thereis a greater amount of research focused on grading compared to course design and courseevaluation, and that research in all these areas is increasing over time. However, we note alack of research investigating the practical usage of these tools and techniques by teachers.