This dissertation presents a previously unedited text by one of the most distinguished- yet neglected-Latin writers of the Italian Renaissance, Ercole Strozzi (1471-1508), a poet and administrator in the court of Ferrara. Under the Este Dukes, Ferrara became a major center of literary and artistic patronage. The Latin literary output of the court, however, has received insufficient scholarly scrutiny. The text is a verse funeral elegy of Eleonora of Aragon (1450-1493), the first Duchess of Ferrara. Eleonora was a remarkable woman whose talents and indefatigable efforts on behalf of her husband, her children, and her state, won her accolades both at home and abroad. She also served as a prototype for the remarkable careers of her two daughters, Isabella d'Este, and Beatrice d'Este, who are celebrated for their erudition and patronage of arts and letters. The text is a mirror of the Estense court and reveals to us how its members no doubt saw themselves, at the very peak of its temporal power and the height of its prestige as a center of cultural creativity. It is also important for the striking portrait it presents of Eleonora. Ercole Strozzi chose to call his poem an epicedium, an ancient minor literary genre that had received attention in the two decades prior to its composition, due to the discovery and printing of the silver age Roman poet Statius, whose text includes several epicedia. Strozzi deftly adapts and transcends both his ancient and contemporary models (especially Poliziano), and in the process, creates a new Latin literary genre, the Renaissance epicedium. It is a fine poem, full of both erudition and creativity, and as such is the first fruits of what would be Ercole Strozzi's illustrious poetic career. The work is genuinely worthy of study on both esthetic and historical grounds.

Disparity in sentencing felons based on racial considerations has long has been considered a problem for civil libertarians and scholars alike. Examining data gathered in Kentucky, this thesis addresses this issue through the application of recently developed methodological techniques. Utilizing an index of sentencing equality, this study shows that while differences do exist in black and white offender offense characteristics, these differences do not account for the variations in sentences rendered in cases of white as opposed to black felons. This exploratory research reviews and critiques previous research and provides evidence which should prove useful in resolving the problem of racial-based sentencing disparity.

Dans une société mondialisée, où les relations sont intégrées à une vitesse différente avec l'utilisation des technologies de l'information et des communications, l'accès à la justice gagne de nouveaux concepts, mais elle est encore confrontée à de vieux obstacles. La crise mondiale de l'accès à la justice dans le système judiciaire provoque des débats concernant l'égalité en vertu de la loi, la capacité des individus, la connaissance des droits, l'aide juridique, les coûts et les délais. Les deux derniers ont été les facteurs les plus importants du mécontentement des individus avec le système judiciaire. La présente étude a pour objet d'analyser l'incidence de l'utilisation de la technologie dans l’appareil judiciaire, avec l'accent sur la réalité brésilienne, la voie législative et des expériences antérieures dans le développement de logiciels de cyberjustice. La mise en œuvre de ces instruments innovants exige des investissements et de la planification, avec une attention particulière sur l'incidence qu'ils peuvent avoir sur les routines traditionnelles des tribunaux. De nouveaux défis sont sur la voie de ce processus de transformation et doivent être traités avec professionnalisme afin d'éviter l'échec de projets de qualité. En outre, si la technologie peut faire partie des différents aspects de notre quotidien et l'utilisation de modes alternatifs de résolution des conflits en ligne sont considérés comme un succès, pourquoi serait-il difficile de faire ce changement dans la prestation de la justice par le système judiciaire? Des solutions technologiques adoptées dans d'autres pays ne sont pas facilement transférables à un environnement culturel différent, mais il y a toujours la possibilité d'apprendre des expériences des autres et d’éviter de mauvaises voies qui pourraient compromettre la définition globale de l'accès à la justice. / In a globalized society, where relationships are built at a different speed with the use of information and communication technology, access to justice incorporates new concepts, but still faces old obstacles. The worldwide crisis in access to justice through the judicial system provokes debates regarding equality under the law, party capability, knowledge of rights, legal aid, costs, and delays. That being said, the latter two have long been the most important factors of dissatisfaction of individuals with the Judiciary. This study aims to analyse the impact of the use of technology, by the legal system, with focus on the Brazilian reality, sharing the legislative path and previous experiences in the development of cyberjustice software. The implementation of such innovative instruments demands investments and planning, with special attention to the impact they can have on cultural and traditional court routines. New challenges are in the way of this transformation process and have to be dealt with professionally to avoid the failure of good projects. In addition, if technology can be part of different aspects of our daily routines and the use of online alternative methods of dispute resolution are considered a success, why would it be difficult to make this shift in the delivery of justice through the Judiciary? Technological solutions adopted in other countries are not easily transferred to a different cultural environment, but there is always the possibility of learning from others’ experiences to avoid wrong paths that could compromise the global definition of access to justice.

Une notion fondamentale en droit pénal pour la première fois mise en perspective dans le cadre d’un travail de recherche approfondi. L’évaluation de ce thème est méritée tant cette compétence est sujette à conséquence. En l’évaluant in extenso, des incidences latentes y acquièrent droit de cité tant dans le champ du droit public et du droit privé, que dans la sphère procédurale ou en droit pénal de fond. Le point nodal de ce thème constitue l’appréciation des causes à effet dans l’étude de l’évolution de la compétence matérielle de jugement en matière pénale.À l’heure de la confrontation entre plusieurs nécessités de la justice répressive immanentes à une telle étude s’agrègent des tendances entre égalité et individualisation, juste temps et célérité, ou encore légalité et équité ; à l’instar de ces défis évolue la compétence étudiée.L’étude menée l’a été sous de nouveaux auspices tout au long du travail de rédaction. L’actualité sur ce thème reste brûlante. Force est de constater que la compétence des juridictions peut faire l’objet de prospectives.Si des nécessités de la justice a priori antagonistes postulent à fournir des contradictions, des voies médianes peuvent être envisagées de manière à trouver équilibre. / A core notion in criminal law for the first time put into perspective within the framework of a detailed research work. The assessment of that theme is deserved as this competence is subject to consequences. By evaluating it in extenso, latent incidences find a legitimate place as much in the field of public and private law than in the procedural sphere or in the criminal law. The key point of that theme sets up the assessment of causes and effects in the study of the jurisdiction's evolution in criminal matter.At the time of the confrontation between several necessities of the repressive justice which are immanent to such a study, tendencies between equality and individualization, fair time and swiftness, or legality and equity are joining them ; following the example of those challenges, the jurisdiction is evolving.This study was led under new auspices throughout the writing of that work.The topicality on that theme remains ardent.It should be noted that the jurisdiction of courts of law can be the object of prospectives. If justice's necessities, which seem a priori antagonists, reveal contradictions, middle ways can be taken into account in a way to strike a balance.

Les crimes de guerre constituent des violations graves du droit international pénal. Cependant, chaque nouveau conflit, qu'il ait un caractère international ou non, donne lieu à la perpétration de tels crimes. Pourquoi ? Y aurait-il des éléments prédisposant aux comportements de violence ? Le XXe siècle est le siècle de la justice internationale pénale caractérisée par la mise en place de tribunaux militaires internationaux après la découverte des atrocités de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, puis de tribunaux internationaux « ad hoc » pour se terminer par l'instauration d’une Cour internationale permanente en matière pénale. Les tribunaux ad hoc instaurés pour l’ex-Yougoslavie et pour le Rwanda ont permis que soient appliquées aux conflits armés non internationaux, les conventions internationales définissant les règles régissant les conflits armés internationaux. Quel a été l’impact de la jurisprudence de ces tribunaux sur la notion de crime de guerre ? Enfin, même si la mise en place de la Cour pénale internationale constitue un espoir dans la lutte contre l’impunité, son Statut souligne le difficile équilibre qu’elle opère entre la souveraineté des États et la volonté d’une justice universelle. Aux côtés de la justice institutionnelle est apparue la « justice transitionnelle », dont l’un des objectifs est de permettre la transition entre le temps de guerre et le temps de paix, dans les meilleures conditions possible, et ce, malgré les dilemmes auxquels elle doit faire face. Après tout, un retour rapide à une paix durable n’est-il pas préférable ? La justice transitionnelle nous emmène à nous poser la question suivante : faut-il juger ou pardonner les crimes de guerre ? / War crimes are serious violations of international criminal law. However, each new conflict, international or non-international, gives rise to the commission of war crimes. Why ? Does-it have factors that predispose to violent behaviours ? The 20th century is the century of international criminal law which is first characterized by the establishment of international military tribunals after the discovery of the atrocities of World War II, then international tribunals « ad hoc », eventually it ends by the introduction of an international criminal court. International Criminal Tribunals established for former Yugoslavia and Rwanda have permitted the application of International Conventions, defining armed conflict’s rules, to non-international armed conflicts. What was the impact of these tribunals’ case laws on war crime concept ? Eventually, even if the establishment of International Criminal Court gave hope to combat impunity, its status highlights the delicate balance between states’ sovereignty and the willingness of universal justice. Transitional justice was introduced to complete or to replace institutional justice in some cases. One of transitional justice’s objectives is to make a transition a transition between wartime and peacetime as smooth as possible even if many challenges remain. In fact, the fast restoration of lasting peace would it not be better ? The transitional justice leads us to wonder if we have to judge or forgive war crimes ?

Cette thèse porte sur l'établissement de similarités de données textuelles dans le domaine de la gestion de la relation client. Elle se décline en deux parties : - l'analyse automatique de messages courts en réponse à des questionnaires de satisfaction ; - la recherche de produits à partir de l'énonciation de critères au sein d'une conversation écrite mettant en jeu un humain et un programme agent. La première partie a pour objectif la production d'informations statistiques structurées extraites des réponses aux questions. Les idées exprimées dans les réponses sont identifiées, organisées selon une taxonomie et quantifiées. La seconde partie vise à transcrire les critères de recherche de produits en requêtes compréhensibles par un système de gestion de bases de données. Les critères étudiés vont de critères relativement simples comme la matière du produit jusqu'à des critères plus complexes comme le prix ou la couleur. Les deux parties se rejoignent sur la problématique d'établissement de similarités entre données textuelles par des techniques de TAL. Les principales difficultés à surmonter sont liées aux caractéristiques des textes, rédigés en langage naturel, courts, et comportant fréquemment des fautes d'orthographe ou des négations. L'établissement de similarités sémantiques entre mots (synonymie, antonymie, etc) et l'établissement de relations syntaxiques entre syntagmes (conjonction, opposition, etc) sont également des problématiques abordées. Nous étudions également dans cette thèse des méthodes de regroupements et de classification automatique de textes afin d'analyser les réponses aux questionnaires de satisfaction. / This Ph.D. thesis is about the establishment of textual data similarities in the client relation domain. Two subjects are mainly considered : - the automatic analysis of short messages in response of satisfaction surveys ; - the search of products given same criteria expressed in natural language by a human through a conversation with a program. The first subject concerns the statistical informations from the surveys answers. The ideas recognized in the answers are identified, organized according to a taxonomy and quantified. The second subject concerns the transcription of some criteria over products into queries to be interpreted by a database management system. The number of criteria under consideration is wide, from simplest criteria like material or brand, until most complex criteria like color or price. The two subjects meet on the problem of establishing textual data similarities thanks to NLP techniques. The main difficulties come from the fact that the texts to be processed, written in natural language, are short ones and with lots of spell checking errors and negations. Establishment of semantic similarities between words (synonymy, antonymy, ...) and syntactic relations between syntagms (conjunction, opposition, ...) are other issues considered in our work. We also study in this Ph. D. thesis automatic clustering and classification methods in order to analyse answers to satisfaction surveys.

This thesis deals with issues related to decision-making practice of Czech courts in cases where the plaintiff sought protection against racial discrimination in civil proceedings. Specifically, the thesis endeavours - through the analysis of selected decisions of higher courts and the practice of lower courts - to answer the question of whether the judicial practice together with the applicable laws provide sufficiently effective judicial protection of the right to equal treatment. The first part defines the concept of race as discriminatory ground, as this term is used in legislation in a very broad way and contrary to some scientific concepts of race. The second part contains a brief summary of the legal regulation of non-discrimination in international, European and Czech law. This section focuses on the legal framework applied by Czech courts in the decisions discussed and provides a basis for the following analytical part. The third part, which is the key part of the thesis, deals with decision-making practice of the courts with focus on the problematic aspects of protection against racial discrimination in legislation regulating the protection of personal rights. The shortcomings of judicial practice ascertained are then compared with the new rules contained in the Anti-Discrimination Act....

The diploma thesis analyses news coverage of some of the most important reforms conducted by the Polish conservative government. It focuses on public media services: Czech News Agency and the main news, Události, of the Czech Television, and the time period of years 2015 - 2018. The work consists of two parts. Theoretical part zeroes in on the description of theoretical concepts, general description of mentioned public media services and their foreign news coverage, particular types of agency and TV news. Separate chapter summarizes the differences between the Czech News Agency and the Czech Television, their purpose and news production itself. Another chapter concentrates on Poland - its political system and historical background of the last decades. The current situation in the country since 2015 is also outlined - the results of the last elections, current government and its reforms and intended changes. The reform of justice, reform of media and a plan to almost ban the abortions are described in details. These three reforms are the bases of Author's analysis. The practical part describes in detail results of both quantitative and qualitative methods chosen for this work. It is researched how often the chosen newsrooms were informing about the above mentioned reforms, what priority did they give them,...

Actuellement, il y a une baisse du prix des ressources énergétiques distribuées, en particulier l'énergie solaire photovoltaïque, conduisant à la croissance significative de leur capacité d'installation dans de nombreux pays. D'autre part, les politiques encourageant l'efficacité énergétique ont favorisé le développement de charges DC dans les zones domestiques, telles que l'éclairage LED, les ordinateurs,, les téléphones, les téléviseurs, les moteurs DC efficaces et les véhicules électriques. Grace à ce changement, le système de distribution de microgrid DC devient plus attractive que le système de distribution à courant alternatif traditionnel. Les avantages principaux du microgrid DC sont l'efficacité énergétique plus élevée, plus facile à intégrer avec les sources d'énergie distribuées et le système de stockage. Alors que de nombreuses recherches se concentrent sur les stratégies de contrôle et la gestion de l'énergie dans le microgrid DC, sa protection reçoit une attention insuffisante et un manque de réglementation et d'expériences. La protection dans les réseaux DC est plus difficile que dans le réseau AC en raison de l'arc continu, de la valeur plus élevée du courant de courtcircuit et du taux de défaut de montée. En outre, dans les réseaux distribués à courant continu sont composés de nombreux dispositifs de commutation électroniques et semi-conducteurs, qui ne supportent le courant de défaut que quelques dizaines de microsecondes. Les disjoncteurs mécaniques, qui ont un temps de réponse de quelques dizaines de millisecondes, ne semblent pas satisfaire aux exigences de sécurité du microréseau à courant continu. L'absence d'un dispositif de protection efficace constitue un obstacle au développement du microgrid DC dans le système distribué. Cette thèse propose un disjoncteur DC auto-alimenté à courant continu utilisant normalement JFET SiC, qui offre un excellent dispositif de protection pour les microgrids DC grâce à son temps de réponse rapide et ses faibles pertes à l'état passant. La conception du disjoncteur DC à semi-conducteurs vise à répondre à deux objectifs: temps de réponse rapide et fiabilité. Les spécifications conçues et les énergies critiques qui entraînent la destruction du disjoncteur sont identifiées sur la base des résultats mesurés d'un JFET populaire dans le commerce. Un pilote de protection très rapide et fiable basé sur une topologie à convertisseur flyback avant est utilisé pour générer une tension négative suffisante pour tourner et maintenir le JFET SiC. Le convertisseur sera activé chaque fois que le disjoncteur détecte des défauts de court-circuit en détectant la tension de drain-source de JFET et crée une tension négative s'applique à la porte de JFET. Pour éviter une défaillance de la porte par surtension au niveau de la grille du JFET, la tension de sortie du convertisseur de retour vers l'avant est régulée à l'aide de la mesure coté primaire. Les résultats expérimentaux sur le prototype du disjoncteur DC ont validé les principes de fonctionnement proposés et ont confirmé que le disjoncteur DC à semi-conducteurs proposé peut interrompre le défaut en 3 μs. D'un autre côté, un modèle du JFET normalement activé dans l'environnement Matlab/Simulink est construit pour étudier les comportements du SSCB pendant une durée de court-circuit. L'accord entre la simulation et les résultats expérimentaux confirment que ce modèle JFET peut être utilisé pour simuler le fonctionnement d'un disjoncteur DC et dans l'étude du fonctionnement du microgrid DC pendant le processus de défaut et de compensation / Currently, there is a drop in the price of distributed energy resources, especially solar PVs, which leads to a significant growth of the installed capacities in many countries. On the other hand, policies encouraging energy efficiency have promoted the development of DC loads in domestic areas, such as LEDs lighting, computers, telephones, televisions, efficient DC motors and electric vehicles. Corresponding to these changes in sources and loads, DC microgrid distribution system becomes more attractive than the traditional AC distribution system. The main advantages of the DC microgrid are higher energy efficiency, easier in integrating with distributed energy sources and storage systems. While many studies concentrate on the control strategies and energy management in the DC microgrid, the protection still receives inadequate attention and lack of regulations and experiences. Protection in DC grids is more complex than AC grids due to the continuous arc, higher short circuit current value and fault rate of rising. Furthermore, the DC distributed grids are composed of many electronic and semiconductor switching devices, which only sustain the fault currents of some tens of microseconds. Mechanical circuit breakers, which have a response time in tens of milliseconds, seem not to meet the safety requirement of DC microgrids. The lack of effective protection devices is a barrier to the development of DC microgrids in the distributed systems. This thesis proposes a self-power solid state DC circuit breaker using normally-on SiC JFET, which offers a great protection device for DC microgrids due to its fast response time and low on-state losses. The design of the solid state DC circuit breaker aims to meet two objectives: fast response time and high reliability. The designed specifications and critical energies that result in the destruction of the circuit breaker are identified on the basis of the experiments of a commercial normally-on JFET. In addition, a very fast and reliable protection driver based on a forward-flyback converter topology is employed to generate a sufficient negative voltage to turn and hold off the SiC JFET. The converter will be activated whenever short-circuit faults are detected by sensing the drain-source voltage, then creating a negative voltage applied to the gate of JFET. To avoid gate failure by overvoltage at the gate of JFET, the output voltage of the forward-flyback converter is regulated using Primary Side Sensing technique. Experimental results validated the working principle of the proposed solid state DC circuit breaker with fault clearing time less than 3 μs. Additionally, a model of the normally-on JFET in Matlab/Simulink environment is built for exploring the behaviors of the solid-state DC circuit breaker during short-circuit faults. The agreement between the simulation and experimental results confirms that this JFET model can be appropriately used for the investigation of solid state DC circuit breaker operations and DC microgrids in general during fault evens and clearing fault processes

O constituinte reformador decidiu tratar do problema da morosidade da justiça, à semelhança de outros países e de diversos tratados internacionais a respeito. A presente dissertação tem por fulcro a análise do novo inciso LXXVIII do art. 5º da Constituição Federal que instituiu a celeridade processual como direito fundamental. É feita cuidadosa abordagem de todos os princípios constitucionais pertinentes à matéria, especialmente o devido processo legal, desde o seu surgimento, na common law inglesa, com a Magna Carta de 1215, evoluindo pela interpretação da Suprema Corte nos Estados Unidos, de modo a conhecer sua vertente substantiva, até ser consagrado no Brasil, de modo expresso, cerca de 200 anos depois, pela Constituição de 1988. Outros princípios apresentam-se igualmente de grande relevância, como o acesso à justiça, eficiência e igualdade. Constata-se que não era imprescindível a positivação de regra específica para que a Justiça estivesse jungida ao dever de julgar com rapidez. Revela-se, porém, profícua a abordagem do tema na Constituição, dentre os direitos fundamentais. Verifica-se a ocorrência de eventuais conflitos no plano concreto envolvendo a celeridade processual e os princípios do contraditório e da ampla defesa, bem como a segurança jurídica. Dedica-se especial atenção ao papel da Emenda Constitucional n. 45, de 2004 e diversos institutos por ela trazidos no intento de se obter um Poder Judiciário mais célere e organizado de modo mais eficaz e uniforme, embora se constate a necessidade de mudanças que se sobressaem à atuação do legislador. Realiza-se pesquisa histórica e descritiva com supedâneo na doutrina brasileira e no direito comparado, especialmente nas literaturas jurídicas francesa, inglesa, portuguesa e estadunidense. Ao se analisar a repercussão do dispositivo à luz do direito constitucional, nota-se a necessidade de muitas outras alterações para que a Reforma atinja seu desiderato. Constata-se que o Poder Judiciário possui papel preponderante na salvaguarda dos direitos fundamentais, de modo que, atuando a contento, a celeridade processual pode se tornar poderoso instrumento de efetividade de tais direitos e da própria Constituição Federal. / The constituent reformer decided to face the problem of the delays of Justice, likewise that in other countries and various international treaties of the subject. This dissertation focuses on the analysis of the new item LXXVIII of article 5th of the Federal Constitution which set the celerity of procedure as a fundamental right. A careful approach is made from all constitutional principles relevant to the subject, especially the due process of law, since its emergence in the English common law, with the Magna Carta of 1215, evolving through United States Supreme Courts interpretation, in order to meet its substantive aspect, to be explicitly devoted in Brazil, about 200 years later, by the Constitution of 1988. Other principles also have great relevance, such as access to justice, efficiency and equality. It appears to be unessential to insert a specific rule by which the Justice would be bound by duty to judge rapidly. However, it is useful to approach the subject in the Constitution, among the fundamental rights. Possible conflicts are analyzed in concrete plan involving the speedy trial clause and the principles of adversarial and legal defense, as well legal certainty. Proper attention is paid to the role of the 45th Amendment of 2004 and various institutes brought by it, in the attempt to achieve a faster and more uniform and well organized Justice, although evidences the need of changes that overcome the role of the legislator. Takes place a historical and descriptive research takes place in Brazilian doctrine and comparative law, especially in French, English, Portuguese and American legal literature. By analyzing of the clauses effect under the constitutional law, its notice the demand of many other changes to the Reform reach your goal. Its seen that the Judiciary has a predominant role in safeguarding the fundamental rights, so that, working properly, speedy trial clause may become a powerful tool of effectiveness of such rights and of the own Constitution.