O sorvete é definido como gelado comestível obtido a partir da emulsão de gorduras e proteínas ou de uma mistura de água e açúcar, podendo ser adicionados outros ingredientes desde que não descaracterizem o produto. É considerado um alimento de alto valor nutricional, fornecendo lipídios, carboidratos, proteínas, cálcio, fósforo e outros minerais e vitaminas (A, B1, B2, B6, C, D, E e K), sendo um dos produtos mais importante e de maior interesse para as indústrias de derivados lácteos, devido à grande demanda pela população. As doenças relacionadas ao consumo de alimentos são consideradas um dos problemas mais relevantes. Diversos surtos alimentares relacionados a contaminação microbiológica de sorvetes foram relatados nas últimas décadas em países da Ásia, Europa e América. Acredita-se que o sorvete, por ser um alimento congelado, não apresenta riscos à saúde da população. Porém, ele é considerado um excelente meio para o crescimento de microrganismos, em função da sua composição, pH próximo a neutralidade e longo período de armazenamento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os aspectos microbiológicos, sensoriais e físico-químicos de sorvetes de creme. As amostras de sorvete de creme foram irradiadas com raios gama (60Co), nas doses de 1,0kGy, 2,0kGy, 3,0kGy e 4,0kGy. As amostras destinadas à inoculação de Staphylococcus aureus (cepa ATCC 6538), Escherichia coli (cepa ATCC 11229) e Salmonella abaetetuba (cepa ATCC 35640) foram irradiadas com doses de 1,0, 2,0 e 3,0kGy. Conclui-se que as amostras irradiadas com 3,0kGy apresentaram uma redução em níveis não detectáveis para a maioria dos microrganismos estudados. O uso da radiação gama afetou a textura do sorvete, assim como os parâmetros de cor na análise colorimétrica. Os resultados da análise sensorial demonstram que a dose de melhor aceitação foi a de 3,0kGy. / The ice cream is defined as an emulsion of fats and proteins or a mixture of water and sugar, other ingredients may be added provided since they do not affect the product. It is considered a food of high nutritional value, providing lipids, carbohydrates, protein, calcium, phosphorus, and other minerals and vitamins (A, B1, B2, B6, C, D, E and K), and it is considered one of the most important products and higher interest to the dairy industry due to great demand by the consumers. The diseases related to food consumption are considered one of the most significant problems. Several outbreaks related to microbiological contamination of ice cream have been reported in recent decades in Asia, Europe and America. It is believed that the ice cream, as a frozen food, presents no risk to the population health. However, it is considered an excellent environment for the growth of microorganisms due to its composition, pH close to neutrality and long storage period. The aim of this study was to evaluate the microbiological, sensory and physicochemical aspects of ice cream. The ice cream samples were irradiated with gamma rays (60Co) with the doses of 1.0kGy, 2.0kGy, 3.0kGy and 4.0kGy. The samples intended for the inoculation of Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538), Escherichia coli (ATCC 11229) and Salmonella abaetetuba (ATCC 35640) have been irradiated with doses of 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0kGy. It can be concluded that the dose of 3.0kGy was adequate to reduce most of the studied microorganisms to undetected levels. The use of gamma radiation affected the texture and the parameters of the colorimetric analyses of the ice cream. The results of the sensorial analyses showed that the better accepted dose was 3.0kGy.

Seis formulações para sorvete foram produzidas com diferentes combinações entre os estabilizantes alimentícios Goma Guar, Goma Locusta (LBG) e Gelatina e foram avaliadas durante diferentes etapas de produção: maturação, após batimento e congelamento e após congelamento total. Através dos testes ocilatórios identificou-se que as misturas para sorvetes produzidas com a combinação de Gelatina com Goma Guar e Gelatina com LBG apresentam forte relação entre tempo de maturação e propriedade reológica, o que não foi observado nas formulações contendo cada um dos estabilizantes isoladamente, e nem na formulação contendo a mistura de LBG com Goma Guar. Isso mostra a existência de uma interação forte entre gelatina e galactomananas e que a maturação dessa mistura é essencial para a formação de uma rede contínua e estável. Após maturação de 24 horas, os sorvetes foram produzidos e analisados assim que saíram da produtora a -4°C. As análises conduzidas nesta etapa foram: capacidade de aeração (overrun) e força máxima requerida para extrusão. Quando dois estabilizantes foram combinados percebeu-se menor overrun o que pode ser explicado pelo aumento da viscosidade do sistema quando combinamos dois hidrocolóides, dificultando a incorporação de ar. Pôde ser percebida uma tendência de maior força necessária para extrusão para sorvetes com maior incorporação de ar. Tanto o tamanho dos cristais de gelo quanto o volume da fase congelada podem ter contribuído para aumento da dureza dos sorvetes. Após congelamento total dos sorvetes, a análise da varredura de freqüência realizada a -8ºC mostrou que os sorvetes produzidos com Gelatina e com a mistura LBG + Gelatina apresentaram maiores valores de G’ o que é um indicativo da presença de cristais de gelo maiores e também maior rigidez. Através da reologia termo-oscilatória, na faixa de temperatura de -10 a 5ºC, foi possível avaliar as modificações nas estruturas dos produtos e sua relação com as propriedades sensoriais. Entre -10ºC e -1ºC foi observado, para todas as formulações, um grande declínio nos módulos elástico (G’) e viscoso (G”) devido à perda das interações cooperativas entre os cristais de gelo, associada com o seu derretimento. Após derretimento, as formulações não variaram muito em relação ao parâmetro G”, que se relaciona com a cremosidade dos sorvetes durante consumo. / Six ice cream formulations were produced with different combinations of food stabilizers: Guar gum, Locust bean gum (LBG) and Gelatin. They were evaluated during different production steps: aging time, after whipping and freezing and after complete freezing. Oscillatory trials during aging time showed that ice cream mixes produced with Gelatin + Guar gum and Gelatin + LBG present strong relationship between aging time and rheologic properties, which was not observed in the formulations containing each of these stabilizers alone, nor in the formulations containing the combination of Guar gum + LBG. These results show the strong interaction between gelatin and galactomannans and, also, aging time is critical to create a continuous and stable network for this combination. After aging time (24 hours), the ice creams were produced and evaluated as soon as they were removed from the ice cream producer machine. The tests conducted this time were aeration capacity (overrun) and maximum force required for extrusion. The combination of two stabilizers produced ice creams with lower overrun, which can be explained by the higher viscosity of these systems, making them difficult to incorporate air. It was perceived a trend of greater force required for extrusion for the ice creams with greater incorporation of air. Both the size of the ice crystals as the volume of the frozen phase may have contributed to increase the hardness of these ice creams. After complete freezing, the ice creams were evaluated by a frequency sweep test at -8ºC. Ice creams produced with Gelatin and Gelatin + LBG presented higher G’ values, which is an indicative of larger ice crystals and also greater rigidity. Through the thermo-oscillatory rheology, between -10ºC and +5ºC, it was possible to evaluate the changes in the structures of the products and their relation to sensory properties. Between -10°C and -1°C it was observed, for all formulations, a large decline in the elastic and viscous modules (G’ and G”, respectively) due to the lost of the cooperative interactions among the ice crystals, associated with their melting. After melting, the parameter G”, associated with the creaminess of the ice cream was very similar for the six formulations evaluated.

Seis formulações para sorvete foram produzidas com diferentes combinações entre os estabilizantes alimentícios Goma Guar, Goma Locusta (LBG) e Gelatina e foram avaliadas durante diferentes etapas de produção: maturação, após batimento e congelamento e após congelamento total. Através dos testes ocilatórios identificou-se que as misturas para sorvetes produzidas com a combinação de Gelatina com Goma Guar e Gelatina com LBG apresentam forte relação entre tempo de maturação e propriedade reológica, o que não foi observado nas formulações contendo cada um dos estabilizantes isoladamente, e nem na formulação contendo a mistura de LBG com Goma Guar. Isso mostra a existência de uma interação forte entre gelatina e galactomananas e que a maturação dessa mistura é essencial para a formação de uma rede contínua e estável. Após maturação de 24 horas, os sorvetes foram produzidos e analisados assim que saíram da produtora a -4°C. As análises conduzidas nesta etapa foram: capacidade de aeração (overrun) e força máxima requerida para extrusão. Quando dois estabilizantes foram combinados percebeu-se menor overrun o que pode ser explicado pelo aumento da viscosidade do sistema quando combinamos dois hidrocolóides, dificultando a incorporação de ar. Pôde ser percebida uma tendência de maior força necessária para extrusão para sorvetes com maior incorporação de ar. Tanto o tamanho dos cristais de gelo quanto o volume da fase congelada podem ter contribuído para aumento da dureza dos sorvetes. Após congelamento total dos sorvetes, a análise da varredura de freqüência realizada a -8ºC mostrou que os sorvetes produzidos com Gelatina e com a mistura LBG + Gelatina apresentaram maiores valores de G’ o que é um indicativo da presença de cristais de gelo maiores e também maior rigidez. Através da reologia termo-oscilatória, na faixa de temperatura de -10 a 5ºC, foi possível avaliar as modificações nas estruturas dos produtos e sua relação com as propriedades sensoriais. Entre -10ºC e -1ºC foi observado, para todas as formulações, um grande declínio nos módulos elástico (G’) e viscoso (G”) devido à perda das interações cooperativas entre os cristais de gelo, associada com o seu derretimento. Após derretimento, as formulações não variaram muito em relação ao parâmetro G”, que se relaciona com a cremosidade dos sorvetes durante consumo. / Six ice cream formulations were produced with different combinations of food stabilizers: Guar gum, Locust bean gum (LBG) and Gelatin. They were evaluated during different production steps: aging time, after whipping and freezing and after complete freezing. Oscillatory trials during aging time showed that ice cream mixes produced with Gelatin + Guar gum and Gelatin + LBG present strong relationship between aging time and rheologic properties, which was not observed in the formulations containing each of these stabilizers alone, nor in the formulations containing the combination of Guar gum + LBG. These results show the strong interaction between gelatin and galactomannans and, also, aging time is critical to create a continuous and stable network for this combination. After aging time (24 hours), the ice creams were produced and evaluated as soon as they were removed from the ice cream producer machine. The tests conducted this time were aeration capacity (overrun) and maximum force required for extrusion. The combination of two stabilizers produced ice creams with lower overrun, which can be explained by the higher viscosity of these systems, making them difficult to incorporate air. It was perceived a trend of greater force required for extrusion for the ice creams with greater incorporation of air. Both the size of the ice crystals as the volume of the frozen phase may have contributed to increase the hardness of these ice creams. After complete freezing, the ice creams were evaluated by a frequency sweep test at -8ºC. Ice creams produced with Gelatin and Gelatin + LBG presented higher G’ values, which is an indicative of larger ice crystals and also greater rigidity. Through the thermo-oscillatory rheology, between -10ºC and +5ºC, it was possible to evaluate the changes in the structures of the products and their relation to sensory properties. Between -10°C and -1°C it was observed, for all formulations, a large decline in the elastic and viscous modules (G’ and G”, respectively) due to the lost of the cooperative interactions among the ice crystals, associated with their melting. After melting, the parameter G”, associated with the creaminess of the ice cream was very similar for the six formulations evaluated.

Introduction: Magnesium is required by the human body in modest amounts for the maintenance of health and optimal functioning. Objectives: This portfolio of work sets out to investigate whether magnesium supplementation has hypotensive effects and to determine if habitual dietary magnesium intake or loading strategies modulate the effects of magnesium supplementation. The habitual dietary magnesium intake of hypertensive patients was also examined to ascertain adequacy of dietary magnesium in this cohort. A meta-analysis was performed on the effect of magnesium supplementation on blood pressure. Other variables such as dosage, duration and study design were considered and findings from the meta-analysis used to influence future work. A further objective was to examine the effect of supplementation on aerobic and resistance exercise and subsequent recovery. Finally, the efficacy of an alternative means of magnesium delivery in the form of a transdermal magnesium cream was investigated. Methods: A 300 mg.day-1 elemental magnesium aspartate or magnesium citrate was used as a supplementation in studies 1,2,4 and 5. Participants were instructed to continue with their normal diet and for study 6 participants were required to eat the same foods for the 24 hours prior to both laboratory blood taking sessions. With the exception of the meta-analysis, food diaries were kept for various lengths of time, detailed in the publications. Aerobic and resistance exercise protocols were carried out in studies 1,2 and 4, with both performance and cardiovascular parameters investigated for any effect from supplementation. Where supplementation was in the form of a transdermal cream, this was applied to the torso and absorption of the cream was determined by investigating changes in serum and urinary magnesium levels. Summary of results: Blood pressure decreased with magnesium supplementation of 300 mg.day-1 for 7 days with greater reductions in systolic versus diastolic blood pressure consistently evident. Magnesium supplementation of 300 mg.day-1 for 7 and 14 days increased power during resistance exercise but no changes in aerobic exercise performance were observed. A high habitual dietary magnesium intake attenuated the hypotensive effect derived from magnesium supplementation when compared to those on a low habitual dietary intake. The meta-analysis supported these results. A habitually low dietary magnesium intake was observed in a cohort of clinically diagnosed primary hypertensives. Conclusion: These studies show that there is a link between low habitual dietary magnesium intake and elevated blood pressure and that magnesium supplementation appears to be associated with blood pressure. An improvement in resistance exercise performance with magnesium supplementation was also observed. Finally, a transdermal magnesium cream was shown to increase serum magnesium levels and may provide an alternative to oral supplementation.

O sorvete é definido como gelado comestível obtido a partir da emulsão de gorduras e proteínas ou de uma mistura de água e açúcar, podendo ser adicionados outros ingredientes desde que não descaracterizem o produto. É considerado um alimento de alto valor nutricional, fornecendo lipídios, carboidratos, proteínas, cálcio, fósforo e outros minerais e vitaminas (A, B1, B2, B6, C, D, E e K), sendo um dos produtos mais importante e de maior interesse para as indústrias de derivados lácteos, devido à grande demanda pela população. As doenças relacionadas ao consumo de alimentos são consideradas um dos problemas mais relevantes. Diversos surtos alimentares relacionados a contaminação microbiológica de sorvetes foram relatados nas últimas décadas em países da Ásia, Europa e América. Acredita-se que o sorvete, por ser um alimento congelado, não apresenta riscos à saúde da população. Porém, ele é considerado um excelente meio para o crescimento de microrganismos, em função da sua composição, pH próximo a neutralidade e longo período de armazenamento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os aspectos microbiológicos, sensoriais e físico-químicos de sorvetes de creme. As amostras de sorvete de creme foram irradiadas com raios gama (60Co), nas doses de 1,0kGy, 2,0kGy, 3,0kGy e 4,0kGy. As amostras destinadas à inoculação de Staphylococcus aureus (cepa ATCC 6538), Escherichia coli (cepa ATCC 11229) e Salmonella abaetetuba (cepa ATCC 35640) foram irradiadas com doses de 1,0, 2,0 e 3,0kGy. Conclui-se que as amostras irradiadas com 3,0kGy apresentaram uma redução em níveis não detectáveis para a maioria dos microrganismos estudados. O uso da radiação gama afetou a textura do sorvete, assim como os parâmetros de cor na análise colorimétrica. Os resultados da análise sensorial demonstram que a dose de melhor aceitação foi a de 3,0kGy. / The ice cream is defined as an emulsion of fats and proteins or a mixture of water and sugar, other ingredients may be added provided since they do not affect the product. It is considered a food of high nutritional value, providing lipids, carbohydrates, protein, calcium, phosphorus, and other minerals and vitamins (A, B1, B2, B6, C, D, E and K), and it is considered one of the most important products and higher interest to the dairy industry due to great demand by the consumers. The diseases related to food consumption are considered one of the most significant problems. Several outbreaks related to microbiological contamination of ice cream have been reported in recent decades in Asia, Europe and America. It is believed that the ice cream, as a frozen food, presents no risk to the population health. However, it is considered an excellent environment for the growth of microorganisms due to its composition, pH close to neutrality and long storage period. The aim of this study was to evaluate the microbiological, sensory and physicochemical aspects of ice cream. The ice cream samples were irradiated with gamma rays (60Co) with the doses of 1.0kGy, 2.0kGy, 3.0kGy and 4.0kGy. The samples intended for the inoculation of Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538), Escherichia coli (ATCC 11229) and Salmonella abaetetuba (ATCC 35640) have been irradiated with doses of 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0kGy. It can be concluded that the dose of 3.0kGy was adequate to reduce most of the studied microorganisms to undetected levels. The use of gamma radiation affected the texture and the parameters of the colorimetric analyses of the ice cream. The results of the sensorial analyses showed that the better accepted dose was 3.0kGy.

Hoy en día, el incremento de la tasa de obesidad en la población peruana ha generado una necesidad por consumir productos que sean saludables, nutritivos y con pocas calorías. Tal es el caso en la industria del helado, en la cual se ha ido incrementando el consumo por helados artesanales a nivel nacional, una tendencia que irá incrementando en los próximos. De esta forma, nuestra propuesta de valor se enfoca en ofrecer helados artesanales que son elaborados a base de frutas exóticas como la pitahaya y el aguaymanto, ya que estos presentan múltiples beneficios para la salud. Asimismo, están endulzados con panela, un edulcorante natural bajo en grasas. Por otro, como parte de nuestra propuesta de responsabilidad social tenemos el contacto directo con el asilo “Casa Hogar de la Piedad”, dado que ellos serán nuestros principales contactos. Bajo este concepto nace nuestra marca Exotic Ice, el cual pretende diferenciarse del mercado por su agradable sabor y textura de nuestros helados artesanales. Con respecto a nuestro producto este se comercializará por medio de bodegas que deseen diversificar su línea de productos a través de nuestras presentaciones de 1 litro, además por el comercio ambulatorio. El cual se dará en los alrededores de las playas con mayor frecuencia de nuestra zona mencionada. Por otro lado, se contará con nuestra presencia en ferias como El Retazo en Barranco, dado que en ese lugar la demanda de consumidores es muy alta debido a la variedad de opciones que se encuentran en dicho lugar. / Today, the increase in the obesity rate in the Peruvian population has generated a need to consume products that are healthy, nutritious and low in calories. Such is the case in the ice cream industry, in which consumption has been increased by artisanal ice creams nationwide, a trend that will increase in the coming. In this way, our value proposition focuses on offering artisanal ice creams that are made from exotic fruits such as pitahaya and aguaymanto, since these have multiple health benefits. They are also sweetened with panela, a low-fat natural sweetener. On the other, as part of our social responsibility proposal we have direct contact with the asylum "Casa Hogar de la Piedad", since they will be our main contacts. Under this concept, our Exotic Ice brand was born, which aims to differentiate itself from the market by its pleasant taste and texture of our artisanal ice creams. Regarding our product, it will be commercialized through wineries that wish to diversify their product line through our 1-liter presentations, in addition to outpatient commerce. Which will occur around the beaches most frequently in our mentioned area. On the other hand, we will have our presence in fairs such as El Retazo in Barranco, since in that place the demand for consumers is very high due to the variety of options found in that place. / Trabajo de investigación

<p>Syftet med följande studie var att undersöka hur olycksanalysmetoderna CREAM och DREAM kan anpassas till sjöfartsdomänen, samt hur begreppet den mänskliga faktorn kan beskrivas och hur kan den analyseras. Teoristudier samt intervjuer med anställda vid sjöfartsinspektionen och domänexperter har genomförts. Ett förslag på hur en anpassad analysmetod skulle kunna se ut redovisas som BREAM (Bridge Reliability and Error Analysis Method). Den anpassade metoden har utvärderats med hjälp av experter inom domänen. Utvärderingen visar på att metoden fungerar bra men att ytterligare specificering av metoden till domänen är önskvärt.</p>

<p>Vi har studerat arbetsgivarinträdets (1992) och medfinansieringsansvarets (2005) påverkan på</p><p>sjukfrånvaron i Sverige. För att göra detta har vi använt oss av sjukfrånvarostatistik från</p><p>Svenskt Näringsliv ”Tidsanvändningsstatistik” vilket är genomsnittstal baserat på ungefär</p><p>210 000 arbetstagare. På detta material har vi skattat regressionsmodeller för kort och lång</p><p>sjukfrånvaro samt med och utan arbetslöshet, som är tänkt att fungera som indikator för</p><p>konjunkturläget, vilken i Sverige tycks påverka sjukskrivningstalen. Vi får fram att</p><p>arbetsgivarinträdet verkar ha minskat de korta sjukskrivningarna samtidigt som arbetslösheten</p><p>i samtliga fall är en signifikant förklarande del i sjukfrånvaron. Vi ser å andra sidan tecken på</p><p>att arbetsgivarinträdet 1992 kan ha förlängt frånvarotiden hos de långtidssjukskrivna.</p><p>Medfinansieringsansvaret tycks ha minskat sjukskrivningarna på både kort- och</p><p>långtidsfrånvaron.</p>

Whipping creams are oil-in-water emulsion which by whipping can be formed to a foam by the incorporation of air into the system. Traditionally whipping creams are made out of milk but today imitation whipping creams based on vegetable fat has gained a large share of the marked due to their many benefits compared to traditionally whipping creams. Imitation whipping creams are both cheaper and more flexible than traditionally creams. By vary the characteristics of the fat system and the cream recipe the properties of the imitation creams can be adapted to fit the purpose of a specific product. The aim of this thesis was to increase the understanding of how different types of fat systems and other ingredients affect the properties of imitation whipping creams based on vegetable fat. This was done by studying three vegetable fat systems with different physicochemical properties. The properties of the fat systems were characterized and the three fat systems were then used for making different imitation whipping creams. The properties of the creams were characterized and the properties of the fat systems and the creams were assessed and compared with each other. The study showed that the fat characteristics that generally seem to have the highest impact on the properties of whipping creams are the structure, the solid fat content and the crystallization temperature of the fat. A fat solution with a hard structure, a high crystallization temperature and a high solid fat content at a wide range of temperatures overall seem to provide the whipping creams with the best properties. This as these fat properties provide the creams with a high foam stability, a high overrun and a short whipping time. This study has also shown that other ingredients than the fat systems provide the creams with diverging properties. This is best shown by the results of the freeze-thaw stability which indicate that a recipe with a high amount of sugar seem to provide the whipping creams with good freeze-thaw stability. Other properties of the whipping creams also seem to be very much influenced by other ingredients than the fat systems but further studies are needed to provide clarity to the complexity of the interplay of the ingredients in whipped creams.

No description available.