No description available.

L'évocation de l'Île Maurice fait rêver : ses couleurs « arc-en-ciel », ses plages paradisiaques et sa population accueillante sont bien connues dans le monde. L'île a été tour à tour colonie hollandaise, colonie française et colonie britannique. Aujourd'hui, elle fait toujours partie du Commonwealth, au même titre que d'autres ex-colonies, notamment l'Inde. Après presqu'un siècle et demi de domination britannique (1810-1968), Maurice est aujourd'hui une république indépendante qui souffre des maux typiques de la décolonisation et de l'ère postcoloniale. On y observe les problèmes liés à la construction identitaire, comme dans les sociétés multiethniques, sur lesquels se greffent des dysfonctionnements liés aux inégalités entre les groupes qui composent le pays. Cette thèse se propose de dépasser l'image idyllique que nous avons de cette île, pour nous concentrer sur la vie quotidienne de ses habitants, plus spécifiquement sur les relations sociales qu'entretiennent les « Créoles » avec les autres groupes en présence. Nous tentons d'identifier et d'expliquer les raisons pour lesquelles une certaine catégorie de Créoles est particulièrement touchée par la pauvreté et les discriminations, ce qui entraîne des fléaux tels que la prostitution, la drogue, l'alcoolisme, la violence domestique, le viol, les enfants des rues et les grossesses précoces. Après avoir rappelé les différentes phases de peuplement de l'Île Maurice, nous nous penchons sur les notions, parfois controversées, de « race », couleur, mondialisation, regard et perception, pour essayer de comprendre les relations assez conflictuelles entre les différentes communautés, notamment entre les Créoles et les Hindous. Nous émettons l'hypothèse selon laquelle le passé historique lié à l'esclavage, avec la déshumanisation dont ont été victimes les ancêtres d'un certain nombre de Créoles, pèse encore aujourd'hui sur leurs descendants. À travers des études de cas, des interviews et des observations, nous analysons les limites dans les relations interethniques, intergroupes et intercommunautaires, prenant en compte les particularités de chaque groupe afin de savoir dans quelle mesure certains peuvent être qualifiés d'ethnies, de communauté ou simplement de groupe. Le résultat de nos recherches sur le terrain nous montre que différentes formes de discrimination sont exercées contre les Créoles et qu'elles sont dues essentiellement au verrouillage exercé par les Hindous, les seuls véritables détenteurs des rênes politiques locales, en plus, bien entendu des riches Blancs et des riches Chinois. Nous observons cependant que les Créoles semblent enfin commencer à accepter leur identité, dans un monde postcolonial où ils s'autonomisent et se distancient d'un passé esclavagiste. / The image conveyed by Mauritius is full of fantasy with pretty rainbow colours everywhere, beaches of white sand and friendly people. The island was alternately a Dutch, a French and a British colony. It is still a member of the Commonwealth, like other former British colonies, including India. After almost one and a half century under British rules (1810-1968), Mauritius is now an independent Republic, which suffers from the typical trauma linked to decolonisation and the post-colonial era. As a result, we can spot problems linked to identity construction in multiethnic societies along with the dysfunctions related to inequalities among the groups in this country. This thesis proposes to go beyond the idyllic image that we have of this island, to focus on the daily life of its inhabitants, more specifically on the social relationships among the Creoles and between the Creoles and other groups. We try to identify and explain the reasons why a certain class of Creoles is particularly affected by poverty and discrimination, which lead to evils such as prostitution, drugs, alcoholism, domestic violence, rape, street children and teenage pregnancy. After recalling the different phases of settlement in Mauritius, we focus on some controversial concepts such as, "race", colour, globalisation, gaze and perception, to understand the rather conflicting relations among the different communities, especially between Creoles and Hindus. We hypothesise that the historical past and slavery – as well as the dehumanisation affecting Creole ancestors – are still weighing on their descendants. Through case studies, interviews and observations, we analyse the limits in inter-ethnic and inter-community relations, and attempt to define the specificities of each group to determine whether it can be considered as an ethnic group, a community or a simple social group. The results of our field research show that different forms of discrimination are exercised against the Creoles, and that they are mainly due to obstruction by the Hindus, the only true ‘owners' of local political power along with the wealthy Whites and the wealthy Chinese. However, we observe that the Creoles finally seem to accept their identity in a postcolonial world where they find empowerment and are able to distance themselves from their ancestors' slave past.

O objetivo deste estudo é apresentar uma reconstrução da fonologia e do léxico do protocrioulo do Golfo da Guiné (PGG). O cenário de surgimento do PGG remonta ao período de colonização portuguesa na ilha de São Tomé, no fim do século XV e no começo do XVI, quando o contato entre populações africanas transplantadas à ilha e colonizadores lusos -- provocado pelo povoamento da região -- resultou na formação de uma língua crioula de base lexical portuguesa, o PGG. Após a formação do protocrioulo, deu-se início à separação geográfica de seus falantes que, outrora alojados em São Tomé, por um lado, são transplantados da ilha, e, por outro, fogem dos engenhos, formando quilombos. Assim, na ilha do Princípe, com a leva de transplantados recém-chegados, o PGG se ramifica em lung\'ie, de modo semelhante, na ilha de Ano Bom, o PGG se desenvolve, transformando-se em fa d\'ambô. Em São Tomé, por sua vez, os falantes de protocrioulo se dividem entre aqueles que ficaram nos núcleos de colonização, onde surge o santome, ao passo que a comunidade quilombola se torna o cenário da especiação do PGG no angolar (FERRAZ, 1974, 1979; SEIBERT, 2004; HAGEMEIJER, 2009). Seguindo os princípios do método histórico-comparativo da Linguística Histórica (THOMASON & KAUFMAN, 1988; KAUFMAN, 1990; HOCK, 1991; FOX, 1995; CROWLEY, 1997[1992]; CAMPBELL, 2004[1998]), foi elaborado um corpus a partir de um conjunto de itens pertencentes ao léxico comum do santome, lung\'ie, fa d\'ambô e angolar, as línguas-filhas do PGG. Contudo, devido a lacunas nas descrições dessas línguas, foi necessário investigar seus sistemas fonológicos de tal modo que este trabalho, devido à sua abrangência e escopo, constitui também uma contribuição ao estudo de suas fonologias. À vista disso, a reconstrução fonológica e lexical do protocrioulo tem como base itens de suas línguas-filhas contemporâneas. Por conseguinte, o estudo se baseia nas fonologias das línguas-filhas e na análise de 536 conjuntos de cognatos, obtidos da literatura e da coleta e reunião de cerca de 2000 itens lexicais. Adicionalmente, apresentamos uma descrição e análise dos processos fonológicos observados no cotejo dos conjuntos de cognatos, tendo em vista que o esquadrinhamento de tais processos pode lançar luzes sobre as características estruturais da fonologia do protocrioulo a partir dos reflexos nas línguas-filhas. Assim, o sistema consonantal do PGG é composto por dezoito consoantes (*p, *b, *t, *d, *k, *g, *f, *v, *s, *z, *m, *n, *ɲ, *r, *l, *ʎ, *w, *j) e o sistema vocálico, por seu turno, constituído por sete vogais orais (*i, *e, *ɛ, a, *ɔ, *o, *u). O sistema acentual do PGG era prevísivel e sensível ao peso silábico. Portanto, o acento se fixava na penúltima sílaba em palavras nominais (ex.: *\'blasu \'braço\'), todavia, deslocava-se para a última quando a sílaba era pesada (ex.: *bɔ\'tɔN \'botão\'). Verbos apresentavam acento na sílaba final (ex.: *be\'be \'beber\'). Com efeito, os processos fonológicos descritos nas línguas-filhas oferecem evidências para a reconstrução lexical das protoformas. Dessa maneira, a reconstrução do PGG demonstra que a configuração atual das línguas-filhas provém da interação entre o quadro linguístico inicial do protocrioulo em conjunto com uma série de fenômenos fonológicos que atuaram no cenário de especiação. / Abstract: The aim of this study is to present a phonological and lexical reconstruction of the Proto-Creole of Gulf of Guinea (PGG). The emergence scenario of the PGG goes back to the Portuguese colonization period on the island of São Tomé at the end of the fifteenth century and at the beginning of the sixteenth century, when contact between African populations brought to that island as slaves and the Portuguese settlers resulted in the formation of a Portuguese-based Creole. After the formation of the Proto-Creole, the geographical separation of its speakers began: some settlers and their slaves were taken away from São Tomé to the islands of Príncipe and Ano Bom. Thus, within a new environment and with other speakers, the PGG branched into Lung\'ie on the island of Príncipe. Similarly, the PGG developed on the island of Ano Bom, becoming Fa d\'ambô. In São Tomé, in turn, Proto-Creole speakers are divided between those who remained in colonization centers, where Santome arose, and those who formed maroon communities, which became setting for the speciation of PGG into Angolar (FERRAZ, 1974, 1979; SEIBERT, 2004; HAGEMEIJER, 2009). Following the principles of the comparative method of Historical Linguistics (THOMASON & KAUFMAN, 1988; KAUFMAN, 1990, HOCK, 1991, FOX, 1995; CROWLEY, 1997 [1992], CAMPBELL, 2004 [1998]), a corpus was selected from a set of items belonging to the common lexicon of Santome, Lung\'ie, Fa d\'ambô and Angolar, languages derived from the PGG. However, due to gaps in the descriptions of these languages, it was necessary to investigate their phonological systems. Thus, because of its range and scope, this study also offers a contribution to the study of their phonology. Therefore, this study is based on the phonology of the derived languages and on the analysis of 536 sets of cognates. In addition, we present a description and an analysis of the phonological processes observed in the comparison of the sets of cognates. The study of such processes is vital as they shed light on the structural characteristics of the Proto-Creole phonology and also in the modifications on its daughter languages. The PGG consonant system consists of eighteen consonants (*p, *b, *t, *d, *k, *g, *f, *v, *s, *z, *m, *n, *ɲ, *r, *l, *ʎ, *w, *j) . The vocalic system consists of seven vowels (*i, *e, *ɛ, a, *ɔ, *o, *u). The PGG accentual system was predictable, in general, and related to syllabic weight. Therefore, the stress was on the penultimate syllable in nominal words (e.g.: *\'blasu \'arm\'), but moved to the last syllable when it was heavy (e.g.: *bɔ\'tɔN \'button\'). Verbs were stressed on the final syllable (e.g.: *be\'be \'drink\'). Indeed, the phonological processes described for the derived languages provide evidence for the lexical reconstruction of proto-forms. Thus, the reconstruction of PGG shows that the current configuration of derived languages comes from the interaction between the early Proto-Creole linguistic frame and a series of phonological phenomena that acted in the speciation scenario.

O objetivo deste estudo é apresentar uma reconstrução da fonologia e do léxico do protocrioulo do Golfo da Guiné (PGG). O cenário de surgimento do PGG remonta ao período de colonização portuguesa na ilha de São Tomé, no fim do século XV e no começo do XVI, quando o contato entre populações africanas transplantadas à ilha e colonizadores lusos -- provocado pelo povoamento da região -- resultou na formação de uma língua crioula de base lexical portuguesa, o PGG. Após a formação do protocrioulo, deu-se início à separação geográfica de seus falantes que, outrora alojados em São Tomé, por um lado, são transplantados da ilha, e, por outro, fogem dos engenhos, formando quilombos. Assim, na ilha do Princípe, com a leva de transplantados recém-chegados, o PGG se ramifica em lung\'ie, de modo semelhante, na ilha de Ano Bom, o PGG se desenvolve, transformando-se em fa d\'ambô. Em São Tomé, por sua vez, os falantes de protocrioulo se dividem entre aqueles que ficaram nos núcleos de colonização, onde surge o santome, ao passo que a comunidade quilombola se torna o cenário da especiação do PGG no angolar (FERRAZ, 1974, 1979; SEIBERT, 2004; HAGEMEIJER, 2009). Seguindo os princípios do método histórico-comparativo da Linguística Histórica (THOMASON & KAUFMAN, 1988; KAUFMAN, 1990; HOCK, 1991; FOX, 1995; CROWLEY, 1997[1992]; CAMPBELL, 2004[1998]), foi elaborado um corpus a partir de um conjunto de itens pertencentes ao léxico comum do santome, lung\'ie, fa d\'ambô e angolar, as línguas-filhas do PGG. Contudo, devido a lacunas nas descrições dessas línguas, foi necessário investigar seus sistemas fonológicos de tal modo que este trabalho, devido à sua abrangência e escopo, constitui também uma contribuição ao estudo de suas fonologias. À vista disso, a reconstrução fonológica e lexical do protocrioulo tem como base itens de suas línguas-filhas contemporâneas. Por conseguinte, o estudo se baseia nas fonologias das línguas-filhas e na análise de 536 conjuntos de cognatos, obtidos da literatura e da coleta e reunião de cerca de 2000 itens lexicais. Adicionalmente, apresentamos uma descrição e análise dos processos fonológicos observados no cotejo dos conjuntos de cognatos, tendo em vista que o esquadrinhamento de tais processos pode lançar luzes sobre as características estruturais da fonologia do protocrioulo a partir dos reflexos nas línguas-filhas. Assim, o sistema consonantal do PGG é composto por dezoito consoantes (*p, *b, *t, *d, *k, *g, *f, *v, *s, *z, *m, *n, *ɲ, *r, *l, *ʎ, *w, *j) e o sistema vocálico, por seu turno, constituído por sete vogais orais (*i, *e, *ɛ, a, *ɔ, *o, *u). O sistema acentual do PGG era prevísivel e sensível ao peso silábico. Portanto, o acento se fixava na penúltima sílaba em palavras nominais (ex.: *\'blasu \'braço\'), todavia, deslocava-se para a última quando a sílaba era pesada (ex.: *bɔ\'tɔN \'botão\'). Verbos apresentavam acento na sílaba final (ex.: *be\'be \'beber\'). Com efeito, os processos fonológicos descritos nas línguas-filhas oferecem evidências para a reconstrução lexical das protoformas. Dessa maneira, a reconstrução do PGG demonstra que a configuração atual das línguas-filhas provém da interação entre o quadro linguístico inicial do protocrioulo em conjunto com uma série de fenômenos fonológicos que atuaram no cenário de especiação. / Abstract: The aim of this study is to present a phonological and lexical reconstruction of the Proto-Creole of Gulf of Guinea (PGG). The emergence scenario of the PGG goes back to the Portuguese colonization period on the island of São Tomé at the end of the fifteenth century and at the beginning of the sixteenth century, when contact between African populations brought to that island as slaves and the Portuguese settlers resulted in the formation of a Portuguese-based Creole. After the formation of the Proto-Creole, the geographical separation of its speakers began: some settlers and their slaves were taken away from São Tomé to the islands of Príncipe and Ano Bom. Thus, within a new environment and with other speakers, the PGG branched into Lung\'ie on the island of Príncipe. Similarly, the PGG developed on the island of Ano Bom, becoming Fa d\'ambô. In São Tomé, in turn, Proto-Creole speakers are divided between those who remained in colonization centers, where Santome arose, and those who formed maroon communities, which became setting for the speciation of PGG into Angolar (FERRAZ, 1974, 1979; SEIBERT, 2004; HAGEMEIJER, 2009). Following the principles of the comparative method of Historical Linguistics (THOMASON & KAUFMAN, 1988; KAUFMAN, 1990, HOCK, 1991, FOX, 1995; CROWLEY, 1997 [1992], CAMPBELL, 2004 [1998]), a corpus was selected from a set of items belonging to the common lexicon of Santome, Lung\'ie, Fa d\'ambô and Angolar, languages derived from the PGG. However, due to gaps in the descriptions of these languages, it was necessary to investigate their phonological systems. Thus, because of its range and scope, this study also offers a contribution to the study of their phonology. Therefore, this study is based on the phonology of the derived languages and on the analysis of 536 sets of cognates. In addition, we present a description and an analysis of the phonological processes observed in the comparison of the sets of cognates. The study of such processes is vital as they shed light on the structural characteristics of the Proto-Creole phonology and also in the modifications on its daughter languages. The PGG consonant system consists of eighteen consonants (*p, *b, *t, *d, *k, *g, *f, *v, *s, *z, *m, *n, *ɲ, *r, *l, *ʎ, *w, *j) . The vocalic system consists of seven vowels (*i, *e, *ɛ, a, *ɔ, *o, *u). The PGG accentual system was predictable, in general, and related to syllabic weight. Therefore, the stress was on the penultimate syllable in nominal words (e.g.: *\'blasu \'arm\'), but moved to the last syllable when it was heavy (e.g.: *bɔ\'tɔN \'button\'). Verbs were stressed on the final syllable (e.g.: *be\'be \'drink\'). Indeed, the phonological processes described for the derived languages provide evidence for the lexical reconstruction of proto-forms. Thus, the reconstruction of PGG shows that the current configuration of derived languages comes from the interaction between the early Proto-Creole linguistic frame and a series of phonological phenomena that acted in the speciation scenario.

This thesis is about the self-identity of antebellum New Orleans's free people of color. The emphasis of this work is that French culture, mixed Gallic and African ancestry, and freedom from slavery served as the three keys to the identity of this class of people. Taken together, these three factors separated the free people of color from the other major groups residing in New Orleans - Anglo-Americans, white Creoles and black slaves. The introduction provides an overview of the topic and states the need for this study. Chapter 1 provides a look at New Orleans from the perspective of the free people of color. Chapter 2 investigates the slaveownership of these people. Chapter 3 examines the published literature of the free people of color. The conclusion summarizes the significance found in the preceding three chapters and puts their findings into a broader interpretive framework.

Text in English / This study investigates the nature of spiritual intelligence and its link to ethnic identity, and gauges the difference across the main ethnic groups in Mauritius. A new scale, the Multicultural Spiritual Intelligence Scale (MSIS) was proposed, using the following six dimensions: self-awareness, transcendental awareness, levels of consciousness, the quest for meaning, sensitivity, and resilience. The MSIS was developed and tested using a cross-sectional survey research design with the option of completing a paper or online version, administered to a sample of 1,177 adult participants in Mauritius. This research looked at the three major ethnic groups in Mauritius: Hindu-Mauritians, Creole-Mauritians, and Muslim-Mauritians, and examined their conceptions of spiritual intelligence and ethnic identification. A factor analysis was conducted on the scale and five specific factors: self-mastery, transcendental awareness, spiritual sensitivity, resilience, and the existential quest. These factors emerged with factor loadings greater than 0.35. The MSIS’s construct validity was tested with other similar scales, particularly Meaning in Life (MLQ) (Steger et al., 2006), the Connor-Davison Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) (Connor & Davidson, 2011), Private Self-Consciousness (PSC) (Scheir & Carver, 1985), and New Indices of Religious Orientation (NIRO) (Francis, 2007). The Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding (BIDR) (Paulhus, 1991) was also included to check for social desirable responses and MSIS’s divergent validity. A Welch ANOVA revealed a statistical difference in spiritual intelligence among the ethnic groups: Welch’s F (2, 639.98) = 3.923. Spearman’s rank order correlation revealed that ethnic identification was connected to spiritual intelligence: rs (98) = 0.52, p < 0.0005. A Games-Howell post-hoc analysis indicated a statistically significant mean difference between Muslim-Mauritians and Hindu Mauritians (0.27, 95% CI [0.083, 0.45]) and between Muslim-Mauritians and Creole Mauritians (0.44, 95% CI [0.25, 0.62]). The Muslim-Mauritians obtained the highest score in both ethnic exploration and ethnic commitment. Ethnic identification implied a prior quest for identity, which was connected with spiritual development. A second study was conducted on a sample of 303 participants using a shorter version of MSIS to confirm the five-factor model. Implications for further research include analysing the MSIS in terms of other constructs and using the MSIS with other minority groups in Mauritius. / Psychology / D.Litt et Phil. (Psychology)

In the last twenty years, recent scholarship has opened up fresh inquiry into several aspects of New Orleans society during the late nineteenth century. Much work has been done to reassess the political and cultural involvement, as well as perspective of, the black Creoles of the city; the successful reordering of society under the direction of the Anglo-Protestant elite; and the evolution of New Orleans's social conditions and cultural institutions during the period initiating Jim Crow segregation. Further exploration, however, is necessary to make connections between each of these avenues of study. This thesis relies on a variety of secondary sources, primary legal documents, and contemporary newspaper articles and publications, to provide connections between the above topics, giving each greater context and allowing for the exploration of several themes. These include the direction of black Creole public ambition after the end of that community's last civil rights crusade, the effects of Democratic Party strategy and the Lost Cause of the Confederacy movement on younger generations of white residents, and the effects of changing social expectations and increasing segregation on the city's diverse ethnic immigrant community. In doing so, this thesis will contribute to enhancing the current understanding of New Orleans's complex and changing social order, as well as provide future researchers with a broad based work which will effectively introduce the exploration of a variety of key topics and serve as a bridge to connect them with specific lines of inquiry while highlighting the above themes in order to make new connections between various facets of the city's troubled racial history.