The underlying assumptions of Western counselling and psychotherapy are based on Western European values such as individualism and autonomy. How applicable then are the goals and practices of Western counselling and psychotherapy when applied to non-Western cultures? This research study interviews eight Western-trained Chinese counsellors/psychotherapists who have experience with counselling both Western European clients and Chinese clients. It was found that the establishment of rapport using traditional Western counselling theories has varying amounts of success depending on (a.) the familiarity of the client to Western values, (b.) the familiarity of the counsellor/psychotherapist with Chinese values, (c.) the awareness to not apply knowledge of a client's culture in a stereotypical way, and (d.) the willingness of the counsellor/psychotherapist to be open, flexible, and patient in negotiating a process that fits comfortably with BOTH the particular counsellor/psychotherapist's cultural bias and the particular client's cultural bias. / Education, Faculty of / Educational and Counselling Psychology, and Special Education (ECPS), Department of / Graduate

No description available.

Research on medical interpreters (MIs) in recent years has informed us of the visible and active participating roles that MIs play in the doctor-interpreter-patient triadic encounter. The use of multi-faceted, authentic data has also allowed both verbal and nonverbal nuances to be studied. However, while empirical studies have shown that physician empathy in medical communication is beneficial to the patient's healthcare outcomes, empathy in medical interpreting, especially the one that is expressed nonverbally, is rarely examined in medical interpreting research, even though MI is the key communication facilitator and in principle shares a communicative goal with the doctor. This study aims to acquire a deeper understanding of how an MI's empathy is constructed nonverbally and perceived by service users, and how it affects interlocutors and the communication process. This research argues that MI empathy in communication is desired and should be incorporated in the training, assessment, and most importantly, in the interpreting practice. Three sets of research questions are thus formed: 1) How do Mis communicate empathy, if any, for and to the patient? 2) How do the other medical interview participants (doctor and patient) and observers (video observers) perceive the empathic performance of the interpreters? Is there any discrepancy? Why? and 3) How do internal and external factors such as an MI's nonverbal sensitivity and personality traits influence empathic performance? The findings are expected to inform medical interpreting training and assessment and to enhance doctors' awareness of the roles of MIs so that a more patient-centred and empathic communication environment can be nurtured.

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No description available.

The purpose of the present study was to explore the relationship between intergroup attitudes and the remembering activity of two culturally different groups of subjects. The theoretical basis of this study is the transactional model as outlined by Meacham (1977). According to this model, the attitudes, memories and the sociocultural background of the rememberer constantly and simultaneously alter one another in a reciprocal fashion. Different sociocultural experiences lead to different attitudes and memories, and any changes brought about in attitudes result in changes in memories and vice versa. To examine this system of relationship, two groups of American and Iranian subjects were recruited. Both groups consisted of 28 university students who were either upper classmen or graduate students. Subjects' initial attitudes toward three sets of attitudinal objects were assessed using a set of 37 Semantic Differential Scales. The three sets of attitudinal objects consisted of peoples and governments of three countries of Iran, Sweden, and the U.S. A week after the inital assessment, the subjects were engaged in a remembering activity which consisted of two tasks. The first task was a free recall task. The subjects were asked to recall, to the best of their abilities, the story of the American hostages in Iran. Following the free recall activity the subjects were given a set of 16 statements, which collectively described the entire hostage event in a concise manner. Each of these statements had four different components which the subjects were asked to mark if they would recognize them. The four components were action, agent, time, and explanation. Immediately after the recall and recognition tasks, the attitudes of the subjects toward the same attitudinal objects were assessed again. The data did not provide any support for the transactional model, but nevertheless revealed some significant differences between the two groups of subjects in regard to some of the attitudinal objects.

published_or_final_version / Paediatrics / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

Understanding the process of consumers during key purchasing decision points is the margin between success and failure for any business. The cultural differences between the factors that affect consumers in their decision-making process is the motivation of this research. The purpose of this research is to extend the current body of knowledge about decision-making factors by developing and testing a new theoretical model to measure how culture may affect the attitudes and behaviors of consumers in restaurants. This study has its theoretical foundation in the theory of service quality, theory of planned behavior, and rational choice theory. To understand how culture affects the decision-making process and perceived satisfaction, it is necessary to analyze the relationships among the decision factors and attitudes. The findings of this study contribute by building theory and having practical implications for restaurant owners and managers. This study employs a mixed methodology of qualitative and quantitative research. More specifically, the methodologies employed include the development of a framework and testing of that framework via collection of data using semi-structured interviews and a survey instrument. Considering this framework, we test culture as a moderating relationship by using respondents’ birth country, parents’ birth country and ethnic identity. The results of this study conclude, in the restaurant context, culture significantly moderates consumers’ perception of service quality, overall satisfaction, and behavior intention.of OA.

Researchers and policy makers consider entrepreneurship to be a major source of economic development and competitiveness. Determinants of entrepreneurship have been studied at individual, regional and national levels. Even though research indicates that variation in the levels of entrepreneurship across regions within nations is greater than the national differences and that these differences persist over time (Bosma & Schutjen 2009, 2011; Fritsch & Mueller 2006; Sternberg 2004; Tamásy 2006), we still do not know the full range of regional level determinants of entrepreneurship. I drew from Wennekers’ (2006) framework and link two lines of research (international entrepreneurship and international management) to examine the effects of institutional, economic, technological and cultural contexts on entrepreneurship across within-country regions developed ten hypotheses regarding the relationship of institutional, economic, technological and cultural context to entrepreneurship. I tested these hypotheses within Europe using the regional classification scheme developed by the European Union. Data for the variables came from the European Values Survey, European Social Survey, Eurostat, World Bank, International Social Security Association, Eurobarometer and the Global Competitiveness Report. To test the hypothesized relationships, I use Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM 6.0.) The results indicate that there is a positive relationship between institutional trust, Long Term Orientation and entrepreneurship levels across regions. In conclusion, examination of region-level predictors of entrepreneurship must include different measures of entrepreneurship to provide more accurate understanding and to inform policy makers. / Includes bibliography. / Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2014. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

曾凱恩. / 論文(哲學碩士) -- 香港中文大學硏究院傳播學部, 1996. / 參考文献 : leaves 178-181. / Zeng Kai'en [Tsang Doris H. Y.]. / Chapter 第一章： --- 總論 / Chapter 第一節： --- 前言 --- p.7 / Chapter 第二節： --- 研究問題之闡釋 --- p.8 / Chapter 第二章： --- 文化資源與訊息解讀的關係 / Chapter 第一節： --- 「文化」在閱聽人和解讀中的角色 --- p.14 / Chapter 第二節： --- 解讀的認知心理過程 --- p.17 / Chapter 第三節： --- 活動於文化資源中的「符號」 --- p.22 / Chapter 第三章： --- 文本與閱聽人的互動形態 / Chapter 第一節： --- 總論文本與閱聽人的關係 --- p.27 / Chapter 第二節： --- 積極活躍於解讀的閱聽人 --- p.28 / Chapter 第三節： --- 多元歧義的解讀結構 --- p.32 / Chapter 第四節： --- 符號的種類與意義的闡釋 --- p.37 / Chapter 第四章： --- 研究方法 / Chapter 第一節： --- 研究設計 --- p.45 / Chapter 第二節： --- 影片介紹 --- p.50 / Chapter (一） --- 阿甘正傳 --- p.51 / Chapter (二） --- 人間有情 --- p.52 / Chapter 第五章： --- 總論研究實證 --- p.53 / Chapter 第六章： --- 表述解讀過程的形式 --- p.59 / Chapter 第一節： --- 比較式的表述 --- p.59 / Chapter (一） --- 内部比較 --- p.60 / Chapter (二） --- 外部比較 --- p.61 / Chapter 第二節： --- 體驗式的表述 --- p.63 / Chapter 第三節： --- 誘導式的表述 --- p.65 / Chapter 第四節： --- 設身式的表述 --- p.66 / Chapter 第七章： --- 解讀：閱聽人文化資源的運用與文本的互動 / Chapter 第一節： --- 文化資源與解讀的關係 / Chapter (一） --- 文化資源決定了閱聽人的解讀取向 --- p.68 / Chapter 第二節： --- 小組討論的互動性表現 --- p.79 / Chapter (一） --- 表述方式的倣效 --- p.80 / Chapter (二） --- 問題的再建構潛力 --- p.81 / Chapter (三） --- 眾人的「壓力」 --- p.82 / Chapter 第八章： --- 故事線解讀 / Chapter 第一節： --- 故事線解讀的停留性 --- p.84 / Chapter 第二節： --- 故事線解讀的一致性 --- p.92 / Chapter 第三節： --- 解讀的提升性 --- p.93 / Chapter 第九章： --- 探索性解讀 / Chapter 第一節： --- 故事線中的思考空間 --- p.95 / Chapter 第二節： --- 延申性探索解讀 --- p.98 / Chapter 第三節： --- 獨立性探索解讀 --- p.104 / Chapter 第十章： --- 認知性解讀 / Chapter 第一節： --- 特定解讀 / Chapter (一） --- 特定解讀模式 --- p.110 / Chapter (二） --- 不同的發源，相同的理解 --- p.116 / Chapter (三） --- 異己文化的知識性解讀 --- p.117 / Chapter (四） --- 抽象訊息解讀的特定性 --- p.123 / Chapter 第二節： --- 任意解讀 / Chapter (一） --- 任意解讀模式 --- p.126 / Chapter (二） --- 相同的發源，不同的理解 --- p.131 / Chapter (三） --- 異己文化訊息的再解讀 --- p.132 / Chapter (四） --- 「沒定義」的文化符碼 --- p.135 / Chapter (五） --- 訊息是回憶的起點站 --- p.137 / Chapter 第十一章： --- 總結 --- p.140 / 附錄 / 附錄一 ：「阿甘正傳」討論點 --- p.145 / 附錄二 ：「阿甘正傳」討論點（英文） --- p.151 / 附錄三：「人間有情」討論點 --- p.157 / 附錄四：「人間有情」討論點（英文） --- p.164 / 附錄五：中國人組個人資料問卷 --- p.172 / 附錄六：美國人組個人資料問卷 --- p.173 / 附錄七：内容複述的書信戔 --- p.174 / 參考書目 --- p.178