This thesis examined 228 college students' reported use of relational maintenance behaviors and strategies and their reported perception of the degree of relational satisfaction and solidarity with the relational partners they chose to identify. The study gathered extensive data with the intention of primarily investigating the validity and reliability of measurement of relational maintenance behaviors across cultures with some attention to correlations between relationship maintenance behaviors, relationship satisfaction, and interpersonal solidarity. The study focused on refining previous measures of relationship maintenance behaviors in order to develop a comprehensive global measure. The study found that a linear combination of factors or relationship maintenance behaviors are related to relational satisfaction and interpersonal solidarity.

Este trabalho, integrado ao projeto Levantamento Arqueológico da Área de Confluência dos rios Negro e Solimões, coordenado pelo Dr. Eduardo Góes Neves, é resultado de uma pesquisa no sítio arqueológico Hatahara, município de Iranduba, AM. Nosso principal objetivo é reconstruir a estrutura, funcionamento e ocupação do sítio em questão, através do mapeamento da variabilidade química e física do solo, e sua associação à variabilidade cerâmica no sítio. Pretendemos conhecer as variações nas áreas ocupadas no sítio, além do tamanho e forma de seus antigos assentamentos. Durante o trabalho de investigação, procuramos esclarecer alguns questionamentos, entre eles: a) Qual camada de ocupação relaciona-se ao início do processo de formação das terras pretas? b) Através das análises químicas e físicas dos solos e sua associação com a cerâmica, podemos recontar a história de ocupação do sítio Hatahara? c) É possível entender a morfologia de assentamento de quatro ocupações distintas no sítio através da variabilidade cerâmica, química e física do solo? d) É possível encontrar áreas de atividades específicas através de análises das concentrações químicas? Utilizamos o método de fração de fósforo (P) e potássio (K) disponível para plantas através da Extração Mehlich III, bem como de cálcio (Ca) e magnésio (Mg), muito utilizado nos laboratórios de ciência da terra para determinar a fertilidade do solo através da quantificação desses nutrientes. O carbono (C) e o nitrogênio (N) foram medidos através de combustão a seco. Os dados obtidos com este método serão apresentados em forma de gráficos e tabelas. As análises químicas de solo foram realizadas por Heiko Grosch, da Universidade de Bayreuth - Alemanha, na EMBRAPA Amazônia Ocidental - Manaus. Os resultados apontaram para uma aldeia circular associada a ocupação Paredão e um padrão linear para a ocupação posterior identificada como Guarita. / This work is the result of a research in the Hatahara archaeological site in Iranduba, AM. Our main goal is to reconstruct the site\'s structure, functioning and occupation through the mapping of the soil\'s chemical and physical variability as well as the site\'s ceramics variability, in order to know the variations present and the size and shape of its early settlements. Our investigation aimed at discovering what layer is related to the beginning of the process of black soil\'s formation and whether it is possible to do the following: a) reestablish the Hatahara site\'s occupation history through the chemical and physical soil analyses and their associations with ceramics? b) understand the morphology of settlement of four distinct occupations through the ceramics, chemical and physical soil variability? c) find specific activity areas through chemical concentration analyses? The Mehlich III method was used to extract the soil nutrients (P, K, Ca, Mg, C, N) and the results, which were plotted in a map, showed a circular village associated with Paredao occupation, and a linear village associated with Guarita occupation.

Este trabalho, integrado ao projeto Levantamento Arqueológico da Área de Confluência dos rios Negro e Solimões, coordenado pelo Dr. Eduardo Góes Neves, é resultado de uma pesquisa no sítio arqueológico Hatahara, município de Iranduba, AM. Nosso principal objetivo é reconstruir a estrutura, funcionamento e ocupação do sítio em questão, através do mapeamento da variabilidade química e física do solo, e sua associação à variabilidade cerâmica no sítio. Pretendemos conhecer as variações nas áreas ocupadas no sítio, além do tamanho e forma de seus antigos assentamentos. Durante o trabalho de investigação, procuramos esclarecer alguns questionamentos, entre eles: a) Qual camada de ocupação relaciona-se ao início do processo de formação das terras pretas? b) Através das análises químicas e físicas dos solos e sua associação com a cerâmica, podemos recontar a história de ocupação do sítio Hatahara? c) É possível entender a morfologia de assentamento de quatro ocupações distintas no sítio através da variabilidade cerâmica, química e física do solo? d) É possível encontrar áreas de atividades específicas através de análises das concentrações químicas? Utilizamos o método de fração de fósforo (P) e potássio (K) disponível para plantas através da Extração Mehlich III, bem como de cálcio (Ca) e magnésio (Mg), muito utilizado nos laboratórios de ciência da terra para determinar a fertilidade do solo através da quantificação desses nutrientes. O carbono (C) e o nitrogênio (N) foram medidos através de combustão a seco. Os dados obtidos com este método serão apresentados em forma de gráficos e tabelas. As análises químicas de solo foram realizadas por Heiko Grosch, da Universidade de Bayreuth - Alemanha, na EMBRAPA Amazônia Ocidental - Manaus. Os resultados apontaram para uma aldeia circular associada a ocupação Paredão e um padrão linear para a ocupação posterior identificada como Guarita. / This work is the result of a research in the Hatahara archaeological site in Iranduba, AM. Our main goal is to reconstruct the site\'s structure, functioning and occupation through the mapping of the soil\'s chemical and physical variability as well as the site\'s ceramics variability, in order to know the variations present and the size and shape of its early settlements. Our investigation aimed at discovering what layer is related to the beginning of the process of black soil\'s formation and whether it is possible to do the following: a) reestablish the Hatahara site\'s occupation history through the chemical and physical soil analyses and their associations with ceramics? b) understand the morphology of settlement of four distinct occupations through the ceramics, chemical and physical soil variability? c) find specific activity areas through chemical concentration analyses? The Mehlich III method was used to extract the soil nutrients (P, K, Ca, Mg, C, N) and the results, which were plotted in a map, showed a circular village associated with Paredao occupation, and a linear village associated with Guarita occupation.

Ce mémoire porte sur l’étude d’un petit groupe d’Iroquoiens du Saint-Laurent qui habitait la région de Saint-Anicet au cours du Sylvicole supérieur tardif. Nous traitons de l’occupation villageoise de Mailhot-Curran (BgFn-2) et, plus particulièrement, d’une analyse morpho-stylistique de la poterie. En considérant la variabilité culturelle qui caractérise les Iroquoiens du Saint-Laurent, nous replaçons cette communauté à l’intérieur du grand réseau d’interactions auquel participe ce groupe culturel. Notre objectif général est de déterminer l’apparentement stylistique des potières de Mailhot-Curran selon quatre grandes échelles d’interactions sociales, soit locale, régionale, interrégionale et internationale, et de situer le site à l’étude dans le temps. Cette étude permet de proposer que Mailhot-Curran date du XVIe siècle, mais contrairement à l’effervescence ressentie au site Mandeville au cours du même siècle, les potières seraient demeurées assez conservatrices dans la réalisation de leur poterie. De plus, les potières de Mailhot-Curran semblent posséder une identité villageoise relativement forte. Nous avons aussi observé qu’un style régional caractérise les sites de Saint-Anicet. En considérant l’aspect diachronique des sites Mailhot-Curran, Droulers et McDonald, nos résultats supportent l’idée qu’ils forment un ensemble culturel cohérent qui pourrait indiquer une occupation continue de la région par un même groupe. En outre, notre étude démontre que le site Mailhot-Curran appartient à la province occidentale qui inclut les régions de Prescott et de Summerstown en Ontario, les régions de Montréal et de Saint-Anicet au Québec, ainsi que le nord du lac Champlain au sud-est. Par contre, Mailhot-Curran semble se situer plus en périphérie du réseau d’interactions auquel participent les regroupements de Prescott et de Summerstown au nord du lac Saint-François et il parait s’ouvrir sur d’autres régions comme Montréal et le nord du lac Champlain. Par ailleurs, les potières sont ouvertes à certaines influences provenant de la province centrale, leur région voisine à l’est. / This thesis focuses on a small group of St. Lawrence Iroquoians that lived in the Saint-Anicet region in the last centuries of the Late Woodland period. The results concern the village occupation at the Mailhot-Curran site (BgFn-2) and, specifically, a morpho-stylistic analysis of the pottery. Taking St. Lawrence Iroquoian cultural variability into account, we discuss the cultural position of this community within the broad interaction network which involved this cultural group. Our main goal is to determine the potters’ stylistic relationship according to the local, regional, interregional and international interaction scales, and to date the site. This study allows us to date the Mailhot-Curran site to the 16th century but, unlike the effervesce felt at the Mandeville site during the same period, the potters seem to have remained rather conservative in making their pottery. Furthermore, the Mailhot-Curran potters seem to have a relatively strong village identity. We also observe that a regional style characterizes the Saint-Anicet sites. Considering the diachronic character of Mailhot-Curran, Droulers and McDonald, our results support the idea that they form a coherent cultural ensemble which might suggest a continuous regional occupation by that group. Moreover, our study demonstrates that the Mailhot-Curran site belongs to the western province that includes the Prescott and Summerstown regions in Ontario, Montreal and Saint-Anicet in Quebec, and the northern Lake Champlain region to the southeast. On the other hand, Mailhot-Curran seems to lie on the periphery of the interaction network involving the Prescott and Summerstown regions located to the north of Lake St. Francis and seems to open up to other regions like Montreal and northern Lake Champlain. Otherwise, Mailhot-Curran’s potters are open to influences from the neighboring central province to the East.

Ce mémoire tente d’établir la position sociale et culturelle de la communauté villageoise du XVᵉ siècle du site Droulers dans l’espace iroquoien du Saint-Laurent. À partir d’une analyse morpho-stylistique de la poterie, et particulièrement les vases décorés au dentelé, ce mémoire examine la variabilité culturelle du site et sa participation au sein de la sphère d’interactions des Iroquoiens du Saint-Laurent. La comparaison des tendances stylistiques de Droulers et des communautés voisines contribue ainsi à cerner la position chronologique ainsi que l’apparentement culturel du site au sein de sa région immédiate et des régions occidentale et centrale. Les caractères stylistiques à la fois conservateurs et progressistes relevés sur le site Droulers lui sont propres et expriment à la fois l’homogénéité du site et une certaine indépendance stylistique au sein de sa région. Sur cette base, nous avons déterminé que l’usage du dentelé n’a pas une valeur chronologique fiable à des fins de sériation dans le cas spécifique de Droulers, mais qu’il peut toutefois servir comme marqueur régional distinctif. Cet attribut ainsi que d’autres tendances régionales significatives nous ont ainsi servi à mieux cerner les similarités stylistiques entre les sites et à déterminer que Droulers s’apparente plus particulièrement aux sites Mandeville et Lanoraie, et dans une moindre mesure au site McIvor. De plus, nous avons pu établir que le site Droulers s’intègre dans un réseau d’interactions complexe, le rapprochant de communautés situées autant à l’Est qu’à l’Ouest le long de la vallée du Saint-Laurent. Finalement, l’ensemble des tendances morpho-stylistiques confirme la position chronologique du site, soit à la fin du XVᵉ siècle, et ce malgré une proportion importante du décor au dentelé, traditionnellement considéré comme une caractéristique des sites plus anciens. / This Masters project attempts to integrate the 15th Century village community of Droulers within our current understanding of the Iroquoian social and cultural sphere in the St. Lawrence Valley. Using a stylistic analysis of pottery rim sherds decorated with the dentate stamp technique, this study attempts to evaluate the cultural variability of the site as well as its place within the St. Lawrence Iroquoian world. The comparison of the stylistic specificities of the Droulers site with those of a variety of other sites is used to position this site within the development of the St. Lawrence Iroquoian sequence, and to map the cultural ties that linked this specific site to the rest of its proximate area and within the western and central provinces of the Saint-Lawrence Iroquoian territory. The simultaneous conservative and progressive characteristics of the pottery produced at the Droulers site are unique to this site, and help us to identify the specificity of the site and to establish its stylistic independence within the region. On the basis of this evidence, we have determined that the use of dentate designs cannot alone serve as a reliable indicator for the purpose of establishing the period of occupation of the site. However, the use of dentate designs can still be used as an indicator of patterns of regional interaction. The use of the dentate design, in conjunction with other significant regional variations, has also helped us better delineate a set of stylistic similarities and to determine that Droulers is most closely linked to the Mandeville and Lanoraie sites, and to a lesser extent to the McIvor site. Furthermore, we have also determined that the Droulers site is part of a complex network of interactions that ties it to communities located further East and West along the St. Lawrence Valley. Finally, the different patterns of stylistic variation, taken together, confirm the chronological position of the site at the end of the 15th Century, despite the high ratio of dentate designs traditionally considered to be characteristic of earlier settlements.

Ce mémoire porte sur la variabilité stylistique présente dans l’assemblage céramique du site McDonald, dans la région de Saint-Anicet, et a pour principal objectif de déterminer comment s’exprime cette variabilité à travers les différents niveaux identitaires auxquels appartiennent les Iroquoiens du Saint-Laurent, soit la famille linguistique iroquoienne, la sphère d’interaction des Iroquoiens du Saint-Laurent, les provinces culturelles, les villages, les clans et les maisonnées. Cette étude abordera également la distribution spatiale des vases retrouvés sur le site à l’aide d’un travail de remontage effectué à l’échelle du site. Cette méthode permettra également d’aborder le mode d’occupation du site McDonald, notamment par l’étude de la relation existant entre le contenu des habitations et celui présent dans chacun des dépotoirs. Une fois ce travail effectué, l’étude de la variabilité stylistique sera abordée par une étude comparative des unités décoratives observées sur les différents registres de décoration des vases à l’intérieur d’un site, c’est-à-dire entre les différentes maisons-longues qui le composent, mais également avec d’autres sites iroquoiens de la vallée du Saint-Laurent. Une étude simultanée des résultats de ces comparaisons intra et intersites aura pour objectif d’identifier la variabilité présente dans les différents niveaux identitaires auxquels appartiennent les habitants du site McDonald et plus précisément la maisonnée, le clan, le village et la province iroquoienne. / This thesis is focused on the stylistic variability observed within the ceramic assemblage of the McDonald site, locatedSt-Anicet cluster, and how this variability can be observed at different levels of St. Lawrence Iroquoian identity. These levels of identity are the Iroquoian linguistic family, the St. Lawrence Iroquoian interaction sphere, the village cluster, the village, the clan and the household. The study includes a spatial distribution of the ceramic on the site through an observation of the pottery refits. This also helps to understand the settlement pattern by looking at, for example, the connections between the longhouses and the middens. The stylistic variability between longhouses and with other St. Lawrence Iroquoian sites will be studied by a comparative analysis of all the decorative techniques on the ceramic vessels. The objective of a comparison between longhouses is to identify the variability within the site and to determine the cultural identity of each household. Finally, a comparison with other St. Lawrence Iroquoian sites will be used to determine the position of the McDonald site within the St. Lawrence Iroquoian interaction sphere.

Ce mémoire porte sur l’étude d’un petit groupe d’Iroquoiens du Saint-Laurent qui habitait la région de Saint-Anicet au cours du Sylvicole supérieur tardif. Nous traitons de l’occupation villageoise de Mailhot-Curran (BgFn-2) et, plus particulièrement, d’une analyse morpho-stylistique de la poterie. En considérant la variabilité culturelle qui caractérise les Iroquoiens du Saint-Laurent, nous replaçons cette communauté à l’intérieur du grand réseau d’interactions auquel participe ce groupe culturel. Notre objectif général est de déterminer l’apparentement stylistique des potières de Mailhot-Curran selon quatre grandes échelles d’interactions sociales, soit locale, régionale, interrégionale et internationale, et de situer le site à l’étude dans le temps. Cette étude permet de proposer que Mailhot-Curran date du XVIe siècle, mais contrairement à l’effervescence ressentie au site Mandeville au cours du même siècle, les potières seraient demeurées assez conservatrices dans la réalisation de leur poterie. De plus, les potières de Mailhot-Curran semblent posséder une identité villageoise relativement forte. Nous avons aussi observé qu’un style régional caractérise les sites de Saint-Anicet. En considérant l’aspect diachronique des sites Mailhot-Curran, Droulers et McDonald, nos résultats supportent l’idée qu’ils forment un ensemble culturel cohérent qui pourrait indiquer une occupation continue de la région par un même groupe. En outre, notre étude démontre que le site Mailhot-Curran appartient à la province occidentale qui inclut les régions de Prescott et de Summerstown en Ontario, les régions de Montréal et de Saint-Anicet au Québec, ainsi que le nord du lac Champlain au sud-est. Par contre, Mailhot-Curran semble se situer plus en périphérie du réseau d’interactions auquel participent les regroupements de Prescott et de Summerstown au nord du lac Saint-François et il parait s’ouvrir sur d’autres régions comme Montréal et le nord du lac Champlain. Par ailleurs, les potières sont ouvertes à certaines influences provenant de la province centrale, leur région voisine à l’est. / This thesis focuses on a small group of St. Lawrence Iroquoians that lived in the Saint-Anicet region in the last centuries of the Late Woodland period. The results concern the village occupation at the Mailhot-Curran site (BgFn-2) and, specifically, a morpho-stylistic analysis of the pottery. Taking St. Lawrence Iroquoian cultural variability into account, we discuss the cultural position of this community within the broad interaction network which involved this cultural group. Our main goal is to determine the potters’ stylistic relationship according to the local, regional, interregional and international interaction scales, and to date the site. This study allows us to date the Mailhot-Curran site to the 16th century but, unlike the effervesce felt at the Mandeville site during the same period, the potters seem to have remained rather conservative in making their pottery. Furthermore, the Mailhot-Curran potters seem to have a relatively strong village identity. We also observe that a regional style characterizes the Saint-Anicet sites. Considering the diachronic character of Mailhot-Curran, Droulers and McDonald, our results support the idea that they form a coherent cultural ensemble which might suggest a continuous regional occupation by that group. Moreover, our study demonstrates that the Mailhot-Curran site belongs to the western province that includes the Prescott and Summerstown regions in Ontario, Montreal and Saint-Anicet in Quebec, and the northern Lake Champlain region to the southeast. On the other hand, Mailhot-Curran seems to lie on the periphery of the interaction network involving the Prescott and Summerstown regions located to the north of Lake St. Francis and seems to open up to other regions like Montreal and northern Lake Champlain. Otherwise, Mailhot-Curran’s potters are open to influences from the neighboring central province to the East.