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Cylindrically symmetric shell sources are studied and a general form of induced energy-momentum tensor of a collapsing shell is presented. The actual movement of the shell is numerically solved for a case when dynamics of the system is determined by energy conservation per unit length. It is then shown that additional assumptions can prevent the collapse, e. g. induced energy-momentum tensor as perfect fluid or null dust of counter-rotating particles. Collapse can be prevented also by introducing Thorne's C-energy into the system.

<p>In this study, we developed and improved the numerical mode matching (NMM) method which has previously been shown to be a fast and robust semi-analytical solver to investigate the propagation of electromagnetic (EM) waves in an isotropic layered medium. The applicable models, such as cylindrical waveguide, optical fiber, and borehole with earth geological formation, are generally modeled as an axisymmetric structure which is an orthogonal-plano-cylindrically layered (OPCL) medium consisting of materials stratified planarly and layered concentrically in the orthogonal directions.</p><p>In this report, several important improvements have been made to extend applications of this efficient solver to the anisotropic OCPL medium. The formulas for anisotropic media with three different diagonal elements in the cylindrical coordinate system are deduced to expand its application to more general materials. The perfectly matched layer (PML) is incorporated along the radial direction as an absorbing boundary condition (ABC) to make the NMM method more accurate and efficient for wave diffusion problems in unbounded media and applicable to scattering problems with lossless media. We manipulate the weak form of Maxwell's equations and impose the correct boundary conditions at the cylindrical axis to solve the singularity problem which is ignored by all previous researchers. The spectral element method (SEM) is introduced to more efficiently compute the eigenmodes of higher accuracy with less unknowns, achieving a faster mode matching procedure between different horizontal layers. We also prove the relationship of the field between opposite mode indices for different types of excitations, which can reduce the computational time by half. The formulas for computing EM fields excited by an electric or magnetic dipole located at any position with an arbitrary orientation are deduced. And the excitation are generalized to line and surface current sources which can extend the application of NMM to the simulations of controlled source electromagnetic techniques. Numerical simulations have demonstrated the efficiency and accuracy of this method.</p><p>Finally, the improved numerical mode matching (NMM) method is introduced to efficiently compute the electromagnetic response of the induction tool from orthogonal transverse hydraulic fractures in open or cased boreholes in hydrocarbon exploration. The hydraulic fracture is modeled as a slim circular disk which is symmetric with respect to the borehole axis and filled with electrically conductive or magnetic proppant. The NMM solver is first validated by comparing the normalized secondary field with experimental measurements and a commercial software. Then we analyze quantitatively the induction response sensitivity of the fracture with different parameters, such as length, conductivity and permeability of the filled proppant, to evaluate the effectiveness of the induction logging tool for fracture detection and mapping. Casings with different thicknesses, conductivities and permeabilities are modeled together with the fractures in boreholes to investigate their effects for fracture detection. It reveals that the normalized secondary field will not be weakened at low frequencies, ensuring the induction tool is still applicable for fracture detection, though the attenuation of electromagnetic field through the casing is significant. A hybrid approach combining the NMM method and BCGS-FFT solver based integral equation has been proposed to efficiently simulate the open or cased borehole with tilted fractures which is a non-axisymmetric model.</p> / Dissertation

The complete set of Green&rsquo / s functions for cylindrically layered media is presented. The formulations reported in the previously published work by Tokg&ouml / z (M.S.Thesis, 1997) are recalculated, the missing components are added and a solution to the problem when (rho equals rhop) is proposed. A hybrid method to calculate mutual coupling of electric or magnetic current elements on a cylindrically layered structure using MoM is proposed. For the calculation of MoM matrix entries, when (rho equals rhop) and fi is not close to fip, the closed-form Green&rsquo / s functions are employed. When fi is close to fip, since the spectral-domain Green&rsquo / s functions do not converge, MoM matrix elements are calculated in the spectral domain. The technique is applied to both printed dipoles and slots placed on a layered cylindrical structure. The computational efficiency of the anaysis of mutual coupling of printed elements on a cylindrically layered structure is increased with the use of proposed hybrid method due to use of closed-form Green&rsquo / s functions.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Este trabalho à baseado no artigo The Mean Curvature Cylindrically Bounded Submanifolds, nele abordaremos uma estimativa para a curvatura mÃdia de subvariedades completas cilindricamente limitadas. Ademais apresentaremos uma relaÃÃo entre uma estimativa da curvatura mÃdia e o fato de M ser estocasticamente incompleta. / This work is based on the article The Mean Curvature Cylindrically Bounded Submanifolds, it will discuss an estimate for the mean curvature of complete cylindrically submanifolds bounded. Furthermore we present a relationship between an estimate of the mean curvature and the fact that M is stochastically incomplete.

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