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The research effort in this thesis is devoted to develop techniques to accurately and rapidly identify the location, orientation, and magnitude of the defects by using structural health monitoring concepts that use Laser Doppler Vibrometer as a non-contact sensor with multi-point sensing capability. The first research area addresses the formulation and validation of an innovative Damage Measure that is based on the ratios of the strain energy distributions of the damaged and undamaged structure. The innovations include use of a single set of actuator/sensor pair to excite and detect the responses of a structure for low frequency vibrations as well as guided wave propagation studies. A second new capability is the estimation of the Damage Measure without requiring any knowledge of the undamaged baseline structure. This method is made possible because of the development of these new technologies: Spatial Decimation and Wavenumber/Frequency filtering. The third contribution is to develop analytical models for the structural dynamics of damaged structure and seek solutions that use perturbation methods to detect damage in a plate structure. The fourth contribution is the development of a comprehensive damage detection technique over a wide frequency dynamic range. The fifth topic of research involves automation in Structural Health Monitoring based on the comprehensive Damage Measure formulation. Under the control of software the Scanning Laser Doppler Vibrometer is used to acquire the low frequency vibration mode data for a coarse identification of all the suspect regions of damage using a threshold criterion on the Damage Measure. Each suspect region of damage is further investigated using the high frequency elastic wave propagation to clearly identify the location, orientation, and extent of the damage. The computer control of the Laser Doppler Vibrometer and a quantitative assessment of the damage provide the enabling technologies for the automation proof of concept. Finally the developed techniques of damage detection are successfully demonstrated on practical structures such as a turbine blade in the laboratory and an F-15 vertical tail in field maintenance conditions

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第23858号 / 工博第4945号 / 新制||工||1772(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科社会基盤工学専攻 / (主査)教授 KIM Chul-Woo, 教授 高橋 良和, 准教授 北根 安雄 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

Orientador: Vicente Lopes Júnior / Resumo: Prever a dispersão das ondas incidentes em uma seção danificada de uma estrutura é importante para o monitoramento da saúde estrutural e técnicas de testes não destrutivas a fim de se detectar danos. Nesses casos, ondas de alta frequência são geralmente envolvidas e modelos simples, que não conseguem capturar o comportamento dinâmico das guias de onda, podem resultar em falha experimental ou má interpretação dos resultados. Além disso, os danos geralmente não são simétricos em relação ao eixo neutro da estrutura, resultando na conversão do modo de onda e diferentes ondas refletidas e transmitidas se propagando com diferentes velocidades. O objetivo deste trabalho é investigar a reflexão e transmissão de ondas em uma guia de onda unidimensional devido a descontinuidades assimétricas. Estes podem ser tubos contendo fluido, placas, vigas ou estruturas em geral os quais estejam sujeitas a propagação de ondas em uma única direção, com mudanças na área da seção transversal, que podem ser interpretadas como danos estruturais. Essas podem ser alterações de área de seção transversal pontuais ou de tamanho finito e também podem ser simétricas ou assimétricas com relação à linha neutra da guia de onda. Múltiplos tipos de modos de ondas são considerados e conversão de onda devido às interações com descontinuidades são investigadas para altas frequências (frequências a cima da frequência de corte do segundo modo de Lamb simétrico, S2). Neste trabalho, a análise de propagação de onda em gu... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Predicting the scattering from waves that are incident on a damaged section of a structure is of importance in structural health monitoring and non-destructive testing techniques to detect damage. High-frequency waves are generally involved, and simple models, which cannot capture the dynamic behaviour of the waveguides at high frequency, can result in experimental failure and misinterpretation of the results. Moreover, the damage can be non-symmetrical with respect to the neutral axis of the structure, resulting in wavemode conversion and different reflected and transmitted waves propagating with different velocities. The aim of this work is to investigate wave reflection and transmission due to symmetric and non-symmetric discontinuities in one-dimensional waveguides. These can be fluid-filled pipes, plates, beams, or more generally structures involving wave propagation in one direction, with a change of cross-section, which can be seen as a structural damage. In particular, wave scattering from changes of cross-sectional area in a beam/plate are numerically studied. These can be point or finite length changes of area and they can be symmetric or non-symmetric with respect to the axis of the waveguide. Multiple wave modes are considered and conversion due to interaction with the discontinuity are investigated up to high frequency (above the cut-off of the second symmetric Lamb wave mode, S2).The Wave Finite Element method is applied to the structure for studying the wave pr... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Submitted by EVERALDO SILVA DE FREITAS null (everaldo.freitas@gmail.com) on 2016-07-03T18:42:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Mestrado_Everaldo_Freitas_2016_final.pdf: 3897384 bytes, checksum: 5c9536e39331c3a9d0ddfa1752cc723a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-07-07T16:33:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 freitas_es_me_bauru.pdf: 3897384 bytes, checksum: 5c9536e39331c3a9d0ddfa1752cc723a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-07T16:33:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 freitas_es_me_bauru.pdf: 3897384 bytes, checksum: 5c9536e39331c3a9d0ddfa1752cc723a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-30 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Esta dissertação de mestrado apresenta uma análise experimental da viabilidade do uso dos diafragmas piezelétricos comerciais de baixo custo (comumente conhecidos como buzzers) em sistemas de monitoramento de integridade estrutural (SHM – Structural Health Monitoring) baseados na técnica da impedância eletromecânica (E/M). Esse tipo de aplicação tem recebido uma atenção especial nas últimas décadas por se basear no uso de transdutores piezelétricos pequenos e leves que operam simultaneamente como sensores e atuadores. Foram realizados vários testes em barras de alumínio utilizando diafragmas de diversos tamanhos; as assinaturas de impedância elétrica e os índices de dano foram comparados com os obtidos usando uma cerâmica convencional de PZT (Pb-lead Zirconate Titanate – titanato zirconato de chumbo), que é o transdutor mais comumente utilizado nessa aplicação. Os danos estruturais foram simulados utilizando-se massas metálicas (porcas de parafuso), as quais foram fixadas nas barras com cola a base de cianoacrilato. Quatro tipos de experimentos foram realizados para fins de comparação: estimação da sensibilidade dos transdutores utilizando método da quebra do grafite (PLB – Pencil Lead Break – quebra do grafite); comparação dos índices de dano RMSD (root mean square deviation – desvio da raiz média quadrática) e CCDM (correlation coefficient deviation metric – métrica do desvio do coeficiente de correlação), calculados a partir das assinaturas de impedância; avaliação dos efeitos da temperatura; e a avaliação da reprodutibilidade dos resultados a longo prazo. Os resultados indicaram que a cerâmica convencional de PZT e um diafragma de tamanho semelhante apresentam características bem próximas em relação à reprodutibilidade dos resultados, sensibilidade ao dano e aos efeitos de temperatura, o que leva a conclusão de que os diafragmas são viáveis para sistemas de SHM baseados na impedância E/M. / This dissertation presents an experimental analysis of the viability of low-cost commercial piezoelectric diaphragms (commonly known as buzzers) in structural health monitoring (SHM) systems based on the electromechanical impedance (EMI) technique. This application has received special attention in recent decades because it is based on the use of small, lightweight piezoelectric transducers operating as both sensors and actuators. Several tests were carried out on aluminum bars using diaphragms of different sizes; the electrical impedance signatures and damage indices were compared with those obtained using a conventional PZT (Pb-Lead Zirconate Titanate) ceramic, which is the most commonly employed transducer in this application. Structural damage was simulated using metallic bolts (steel nut), which were fixed in the bars using cyanoacrylate glue. Four types of experiments were carried out for comparison between the two transducers: sensitivity estimation using the pencil lead break (PLB) method, analysis of the feasibility to detect structural damage using conventional impedance signatures and damage indices, analysis of temperature effects, and determination of the long-term reproducibility of the results. The results indicated that conventional PZT ceramics and diaphragms with similar size exhibit very close characteristics in relation to reproducibility, sensitivity to damage and temperature effects, which leads to the conclusion that the piezoelectric diaphragms are feasible in SHM systems based on the EMI method. / FAPESP: 2015/02500-6

Nesta tese doutoral estudam-se formas de resolver o problema de detecção de dano em estruturas a partir da aplicação de técnicas de inteligência computacional e da resposta dinâmica da estrutura. Duas opções para a formulação do problema são consideradas. Primeiro, um problema de otimização é estabelecido a partir da minimização da diferença entre os parâmetros dinâmicos experimentais da estrutura na condição com dano e aqueles calculados utilizando um modelo de elementos finitos que representa tal condição. Diferentes técnicas metaheurísticas (algoritmos genéticos, particle swarm optimization, evolução diferencial), algumas em versões com adaptação de parâmetros, são empregadas. Estuda-se, ainda, a formulação do problema de otimização como um com múltiplos objetivos. Uma nova forma de avaliar o desempenho de uma metodologia de detecção de dano é proposta, que está baseada na capacidade da metodologia para obter um nível determinado de exatidão no cálculo da extensão do dano e na presença de falso-negativos e falso-positivos nos resultados. Segundo, aplicam-se redes neurais para determinar o mapeamento entre os parâmetros dinâmicos experimentais da condição atual da estrutura e a extensão ou posição do dano nesta. Estruturas do tipo viga e treliça foram submetidas a diferentes cenários de dano com o intuito de determinar o desempenho das metodologias propostas. Resultados mostram a habilidade de técnicas de inteligência computacional para detecção de cenários de dano com uns poucos elementos danificados; porém não é possível garantir que as metodologias terão sucesso para o 100% dos casos. Recomenda-se a utilização de técnicas de busca local para melhorar a solução encontrada pelos algoritmos globais. Finalmente, observou-se que se requer da determinação da quantidade mínima de informação a ser utilizada, uma função objetivo adequada e uma alta qualidade nas medições para garantir uma detecção de dano confiável. / This research aims at studying how to solve the damage detection problem by using computational intelligence techniques and the dynamic response of the structure. Two different ways for formulating the solution to the problem are implemented. In first place, an optimization problem is formulated as the minimization of the difference between the experimental dynamic parameters for the current structure and those from a finite element model that represent the damaged condition. Several metaheuristics (genetic algorithms, particle swarm optimization and differential evolution) are used to solve the optimization problem, where most of them present adaptive configurations. The implication of a multi-objective approach is also studied. A new scheme to determine the algorithm´s performance is proposed, which computes three error indicators concerning differences between the real and computed damage extents and the presence of false-positives and false-negatives. In second place, artificial neural networks are used to determine the mapping between the experimental dynamic parameters and either the damage extension (quantification) or the damage position (localization). Different damage scenarios were simulated in beam and truss structures to verify the performance of the proposed methodologies. Results show the ability of computational intelligence techniques to detect damage scenarios with a few damaged elements; however, it is not possible to guarantee a 100% of success. It is suggested to use local search techniques to improve the solution found by the different proposed algorithms. Three main conclusions are the followings: i) it is necessary to determine the minimum quantity of modal data that permits guarantying a reliable damage detection, ii) objective functions plays a very important role to the success of the algorithms and iii) noise prejudice the damage identification process.

Structural health monitoring systems have a great potential for cost saving and safety improvement in different types of structures. One of the most important tasks of these systems is to identify damage at an early stage of its development. A variety of methods may be used to identify, locate, or quantify the extent of damage or fault in a structural or mechanical component. However, the preferable method is the one which maximises the probability of detecting the flaw, while also considering feasibility of in-situ testing, ease of use and economic factors. Cracks are one of the common defects in structural components that may ultimately lead to failure of structures if not detected. The presence of cracks in a structure brings about local variations in the stiffness of the structure. These variations cause the dynamic behaviour of the cracked structure to be different from that of a healthy one. Vibration-based damage detection methods have attracted considerable attention over the past few decades. These methods generally use changes to the physical properties of structures for the purpose of crack detection. In this thesis, two new vibration-based methods have been developed for damage detection in beam-like and rotor-type structures. The first method performs the entire signal processing required for crack detection in time domain. It is based on assessing the normality of vibration responses using the normal probability plot (NPP). The amount of deviation between the actual and normal distribution of measured vibration responses was calculated along the length of the structure to localise the crack. The second proposed method converts the vibration responses into frequency domain for further processing. Excitation of the cracked structure at a given frequency always generates higher harmonic components of the exciting frequency due to the breathing of the crack. This method uses the operational deflection shape of the structure at the exciting frequency and its higher harmonics to identify the crack location. Avoiding complicated signal processing in frequency domain is the main advantage of the first method. However, more precise identification of crack locations can be obtained through the second method. Generally, both methods have the advantage of being easy, reference-free and applicable to in-situ testing for any structure. The concept and computational approach of both methods along with their validations through numerical and experimental examples have been presented. Moreover, different input excitations have been used to evaluate the capability of the developed methods in detecting the crack location(s).

Vibration monitoring is widely used to determine the condition of various mechanical systems. Traditionally a transducer is attached to the structure under investigation and the vibration signal recorded. This signal is then processed and the required information extracted from the signal. With epicyclic gearboxes this traditional approach is not advisable. This is in part due to the fact that the planet gears rotate internally on a planet carrier. Special techniques are therefore required to extract a viable data signal from the measured vibration signal. These techniques require an additional post-processing step in which a compiled data signal is extracted from the measured data signal. This work investigates the possibility of mounting transducers internally on the rotating planet carrier. Mounting transducers at this location removes the relative motion seen in traditional measurement techniques. An epicyclic gearbox is modified to facilitate the internal mounting of the accelerometers. A number of implementation problems are highlighted and solutions to these problems are discussed. A large portion of the work is dedicated to implementing and qualifying the epicyclic time synchronous averaging technique which is traditionally used to evaluate epicyclic gearboxes. As this technique forms the basis to evaluate the data obtained from internal measurements, it is of fundamental importance that the technique is implemented correctly. It is shown that vibration data can be reliably measured internally, by means of accelerometers mounted on the planet carrier. The internally measured data is compared to data obtained by traditional techniques and shown to be equally adept in detecting deterioration of a planet gear tooth. Simple condition indicators were used to compare the vibration data of the two techniques. It was seen that the data obtained from the internally mounted accelerometers was equally, and in certain cases, slightly more sensitive to planet gear damage. This implies that the technique can be used successfully to evaluate epicyclic gearbox damage. There are a number of practical implementation problems that will limit the use of this technique. As the technology becomes available to transmit measured vibration signals wirelessly, the application of the internal measurement technique will become more viable. A preliminary investigation was also launched into the relationship between a planetary gearbox with a single planet gear and one with multiple planet gears. It is illustrated that vibration data, measured from a gearbox containing a single planet gear, shows an increased sensitivity to planet gear damage. Although a special test rig might be required, the increased sensitivity to damage can provide a method to test planet gears in critical applications such as aircraft gearboxes. Copyright / Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering / unrestricted

The development cost of any civil infrastructure is very high; during its life span, the civil structure undergoes a lot of physical loads and environmental effects which damage the structure. Failing to identify this damage at an early stage may result in severe property loss and may become a potential threat to people and the environment. Thus, there is a need to develop effective damage detection techniques to ensure the safety and integrity of the structure. One of the Structural Health Monitoring methods to evaluate a structure is by using statistical analysis. In this study, a civil structure measuring 8 feet in length, 3 feet in diameter, embedded with thermocouple sensors at 4 different levels is analyzed under controlled and variable conditions. With the help of statistical analysis, possible damage to the structure was analyzed. The analysis could detect the structural defects at various levels of the structure.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第14135号 / 工博第2969号 / 新制||工||1441(附属図書館) / 26441 / UT51-2008-N452 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科社会基盤工学専攻 / (主査)教授 杉浦 邦征, 准教授 白土 博通, 准教授 宇都宮 智昭 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Engineering / Kyoto University / DFAM