folgt

No description available.

Content: For sustainable developments the chemical industry is continuously looking for technical innovations with wide potential implications. The Design of Experiments (DOE) approach has been proven to be a powerful tool in determining the relationship between factors affecting certain output variables. This is done to establish a 'cause and effect' relationship and eventually realize output optimization. In order to evaluate whether DOE can be implemented for improving our products and processes, a case study, focusing on the synthesis and production of traditional phenolic syntans was carried out within our R&D department. Although we can influence properties by application, the effect a retanning agent has on leather originates to a large extent from the chemistry involved. To understand interactions and the possibilities of targeted improvements of the production process, a DOE factorial design approach was used to identify the control parameters and their interactions in our phenolic syntan recipes that influence the various properties and effects. Instead of trial-and-error or one-factor-at-a-time practices, DOE made it possible to limit the number of lab experiments to one third (1/3) of the amount needed for completing our study. As a result, a much deeper and more consistent understanding of the building blocks’ interactions and how these influence the chemical process of phenolic syntan synthesis has been gained. This includes the amount of different building blocks, their molar ratios as well as process conditions. Aiming at achieving optimal efficiency for various projects, right now we are looking at possibilities in implementing DOE within Smit & zoon. Take-Away: The Design of Experiments (DOE) approach is a powerful tool in realizing process and product improvements. DOE factorial design can be used to identify control parameters and their interactions in a wide reage of (industrial) applications. DOE has been proven to be efficient and effective in optimizing phenolic syntan recipes and production process.

Content: Essential oils are of commercial interest primarily because of their potential antimicrobial, antifungal and antioxidant properties and for being of natural origin, which generally represents lower risk to the environment and human health. Clove essential oil not only contains many kinds of biological active compositions but also has highly effective and comprehensive antibacterial functions. Remarkably, clove has strong antimicrobial activities against a wide range of pathogenic microorganisms. To prevent chemical changes the oil is microencapsulated. The aim of this study is to develop essential oil microcapsules with gelatin and alginate. Various solutions were prepared for the capsule wall material at different concentrations. The encapsulation efficiency (%) was accessed and the microcapsules were characterized by oil content (%), oil charge (%), morphology, functional groups present, thermogravimetric analysis and by Fourier transform - infrared spectral analysis. FT-IR spectra of the clove oil shows some special peaks at 1148,01 and 1033,33 cm-1. The spectra of the capsule showed peaks 1148.34 and 1033.29 cm -1, the same peaks present in clove oil, showing that the encapsulation did not alter the structure of the oil's main assets. In case of the gelatin and alginate microcapsules containing clove oil, most of the characteristic peaks of clove oil remained unchanged, indicating the successful incorporation of clove oil into the microcapsules and the chemical stability of the clove oil after encapsulation. In otherwords, there was no significant chemical interaction between the oil and the wall of the microcapsule. Take-Away: The clove oil was microencapsulated according the FTIR spectra.

Die Bedeutung der (Wind)Mühle als kultur- und technikgeschichtlicher Meilenstein ist durch die mit ihr einhergehende Erhöhung der Leistungsfähigkeit des Kornmahlens unbestritten. Interessant ist die technisches Entwicklung der Windmühle sowohl aus ihren geographischen wie kulturellen, d. h. religiösen, Wurzeln. Auf den folgenden Seiten werden im wesentlichen grundlegende technisches Entwicklungsbedingungen und Typen der klassischen Windmühle überblicksartig zusammengefasst sowie eine Entwicklungsabfolge dargelegt. Ausgangspunkt ist dabei mit der Horizontalwindmühle der erste bekannte Windmühlentyp. Die Holländerwindmühle soll als Gipfel traditioneller Windmühlen den Endpunkt dieser Betrachtung bilden.:1 Historisches 1.1 Vom Reibstein zum Drehstein zur Mühle . . . . . 1 1.2 Bedeutung der Klöster . . . . . 2 1.3 Nutzung der Windkraft als Mühlenantrieb . . . . . 3 2 Technisches 2.1 Horizontalwindmühle . . . . . 3 2.2 Vertikalwindmühle . . . . .5 2.2.1 Segelwindmühle oder Mittelmehrtyp . . . . .5 2.2.2 Bockwindmühle . . . . .6 2.2.3 Rollbockwindmühle . . . . .8 2.2.4 Paltrockwindmühle . . . . .9 2.2.5 Kokerwindmühle . . . . .10 2.2.6 Holländerwindmühle . . . . .11 3 Zusammenfassung 12 Literatur 15

siehe Zusammenfassung

folgt

folgt

folgt

folgt