Cette thèse a pour objet d’analyser l’impact des flux d’investissement direct étranger (IDE) reçu par l’Afrique sur la croissance économique, l’industrialisation et le transfert de technologie. Les analyses portant sur la croissance économique et l’industrialisation sont basées sur des données macroéconomiques comprenant respectivement 50 et 49 pays africains observés sur la période 1980-2009 ; et les analyses portant sur l’impact des flux d’IDE sont basés une étude de cas mobilisant des données microéconomiques des firmes kenyanes du secteur manufacturier observées en 2012/2013. Les résultats des analyses de l’impact des IDE sur la croissance économique suggèrent que : les flux d’IDE ont eu impact positif et significatif sur la période 1980-2009 ; mais que cet impact a probablement été non significatif ou négatif pendant la période 1980-1994 alors que l’impact a été significativement positif sur la période 1995-2009. En outre, le relatif faible niveau des capacités d’absorption n’a pas contraint l’impact positif sur la croissance économique. S’agissant de l’industrialisation, les analyses suggèrent que l’impact des IDE sur le secteur manufacturier n’a pas été significativement différent de zéro pendant la période d’étude. Concernant l’existence de transferts de technologie horizontaux au Kenya, les analyses révèlent une absence de significativité de l’impact des IDE sur le degré d’innovation des firmes locales en concurrence avec les firmes internationales. / The objective of this thesis is to analyze the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows towards Africa on economic growth, industrialization, and technological transfer. Analyses aiming at studying the nexuses FDI-economic growth and FDI-industrialization are based on macroeconomic data from respectively 50 and 49 African countries observed during the period from 1980 to 2009; and analyses on FDI related technological spillovers are based on Kenyan firm-level data observed in the manufacturing sector during the period 2012/2013. Concerning the FDI-economic growth nexus, it is found that FDI inflows had a significant impact on economic growth in the African region during the period of interest. It also finds that while the low level of human resources did not limit the impact of FDI, and that the impact of FDI on economic growth was negative or non-significant during the period from 1980 to 1994 and positive during the period from 1995 to 2009. The results indicate that FDI most likely did not have a significant impact on the industrialization of African countries. Concerning the existence of FDI-related technological transfer, it is found that FDI inflows did not spur innovation in local firms competing against multinational firms.

Die Zeit der Hochindustrialisierung veränderte das Gesicht der Städte in Europa und Nordamerika grundlegend. Ein hohes natürliches Bevölkerungswachstum, ausgeprägte Land-Stadt-Wanderungen gepaart mit einer intensiven baulichen Verdichtung nach innen und außen prägten das Geschehen. Das steigende Arbeitsplatzangebot in der Industrie und dem tertiären Sektor griff tief in die traditionellen Arbeits- und Lebenswelten des Einzelnen ein. Von den Veränderungen war Berlin als Hauptstadt des Deutschen Reiches und eines der wichtigsten Wirtschaftszentren im besonderen betroffen. Ein Stadtteil Berlins, der an der ehemaligen nördlichen Stadtgrenze gelegene Wedding, steht im Mittelpunkt der vorliegenden Dissertation. Dieser Stadtteil zeichnete sich durch eine besonders dynamische Entwicklung aus. Die noch vorhandenen großen Freiflächen wurden innerhalb weniger Jahre in Bauland verwandelt. Großbetriebe der Elektro- und Chemischen Industrie ließen sich im Wedding nieder und bestimmten in zunehmendem Maße den lokalen Arbeitsmarkt. Auf der Grundlage einer Auswertung der Kirchenbücher der lokalen Gemeinden mit insgesamt 95.623 erfaßte Personen konnte für das Untersuchungsgebiet im Zeitraum 1885-1914 der Nachweis erbracht werden, dass selbst innerhalb eines eng umrissenen Stadtgebietes erhebliche sozio-ökonomische und städtebauliche Gegensätze bestanden. Diese Gegensätze werden durch die Zahlen der amtlichen Statistik nur allzu leicht verdeckt, wirken aber in ihrer Konsequenz bis in die Gegenwart nach. Zahlreiche der aktuell zu beobachtenden Problemkomplexe - u.a. eine Arbeitslosenquote von weit über 20 Prozent, Gewerbebrachen und eine überdurchschnittlich starke Konzentration ausländischer Bevölkerungsgruppen - haben demnach ihren Ursprung bereits im Kaiserreich. / The era at the peak of industrialization fundamentally altered the appearance of cities in Europe and North America. A high level of natural population growth and extensive migration movements from rural to urban areas coupled with an intensive architectural expansion to the inside and outside characterized the events. The increasing number of employment opportunities in the industrial and tertiary sectors profoundly interfered with the people’s traditional working and living environments. These changes particularly affected Berlin as the capital city of the German Empire and as one of the most important commercial centers. The Wedding, a city district of Berlin located along the former northern city limit, is at the core of this dissertation. This district stood out through its especially dynamic development. The large undeveloped areas that still existed at the time were transformed into built-up areas within a few years’ time. Large-scale enterprises in the electronic and chemical industries settled down in the Wedding district and took an increasing influence on the local job market. On the basis of an evaluation of church records (from the local Wedding parishes) that altogether contain information on 95,623 people, this study of the time period from 1885 to 1914 demonstrates the existence of significant socio-economic and urban developmental contrasts recognizable even within a narrowly defined city area (such as the Wedding district). These contrasts are all too easily concealed by the numbers of official statistical data, yet their consequences continue to produce an after-effect, even in the presence. An unemployment rate of well above 20 percent, widespread unoccupied commercial infrastructure, and a significantly above-average concentration of foreign population groups is among numerous currently recognizable problem clusters that already originated in the time of the German Empire.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:48:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ernesto Augusto Moura.pdf: 1198193 bytes, checksum: b21520087a411711e38a09c3c376a54f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-05-16 / This work has as main objective to analyze the trajectory of intellectual economist Maria da Conceição Tavares, passing its main tests since 1963, when he produced his first essay Heyday and decline of the process of import substitution , through analysis of the processes of capital accumulation and industrialization in Brazil, who scored two major works of the author, as the first thesis professor at UFRJ under the title of capital accumulation and industrialization in Brazil (1974) and the second thesis professor also defended at UFRJ, titled Cycle and crisis: the recent movement of the Brazilian economy (1978). From the 1980s, Tavares continues his reflections now through the prism of a contextual view of international political economy, where advances various trials that have examined the main causes and consequences of financial globalization and weaves a series of critiques of neoliberal policies, especially applied the brazilian economy after the 1990s / Esta dissertação tem como principal objetivo, analisar a trajetória intelectual da economista Maria da Conceição Tavares, perpassando os seus principais ensaios desde 1963, quando produziu o seu primeiro ensaio Auge e declínio do processo de substituição de importações , passando pela análise dos processos de acumulação de capital e industrialização no Brasil, que marcou duas principais obras da autora, a primeira como tese de professora livre-docente da UFRJ sob o título Acumulação de capital e industrialização no Brasil (1974) e a segunda tese de professora titular também defendida na UFRJ, intitulada Ciclo e crise: o movimento recente da economia brasileira (1978). A partir dos anos 1980, Tavares segue suas reflexões agora sob o prisma de uma visão contextual da economia política internacional, onde avança diversos ensaios que procuraram analisar as principais causas e consequências da globalização financeira e tece uma série de críticas às políticas neoliberais, principalmente aplicadas na economia brasileira pós anos 1990

O presente trabalho apresenta a trajetória do recente cenário de desenvolvimento econômico-industrial de Minas Gerais como consequência da desconcentração industrial brasileira verificada, notadamente, a partir dos anos de 1970. O fenômeno da desconcentração produtiva vem chamando atenção de pesquisadores influenciados pelos estudos acerca da “reversão da polarização” sobretudo em países desenvolvidos, e que no Brasil tem sido experimentado pelo Estado de São Paulo nas últimas décadas. Este fenômeno, que originalmente permitiria maior articulação e integração do sistema produtivo nacional, não tem sido suficiente para estreitar as desigualdades regionais, além do mais, pesquisas recentes apontam para um novo processo de aglomeração, chamado de desenvolvimento poligonal, agora no Centro-Sul do País. Mantendo o foco no Estado de Minas Gerais, a presente investigação é justificada nos estudos de autores renomados que apontam o Estado de Minas Gerais como maior beneficiário do processo da desconcentração, assumindo também um destaque maior na produção industrial nacional, mas que demonstra claramente um desenvolvimento desigual entre as suas diversas regiões. Assim sendo, objetiva-se verificar o cenário econômico-industrial de Minas Gerais pela sua dinâmica setorial e pelos seus fatores locacionais, com base nas 66 microrregiões que integram o Estado, nos anos de 2007 e 2014. A base de dados utilizada para o estudo corresponde ao emprego efetivo por atividades econômicas da CNAE 2.0 no período informado, disponíveis pela Relação Anual de Informações Sociais. O intervalo de tempo determinado justifica-se por corresponder ao período mais recente dos dados do Estado mineiro, sendo oito anos um período consideravelmente capaz de captar mudanças na estrutura produtiva das microrregiões estudadas. Ademais, por utilizar, entre outros métodos, o Shift-Share, isto é, o método diferencial-estrutural, este preconiza manipular dois anos, o inicial (2007) e o final (2014), em que, quanto menor o espaço de tempo maior a relevância captada no intervalo proposto. Para o tratamento dos dados foram utilizados métodos complementares da estatística multivariada, sendo eles: o método Diferencial-Estrutural e Análise Correlacionada dos Dados, a Análise de Componentes Principais e a Análise de Clusters. Os cálculos, assim como o tratamento dos dados foram realizados no software estatístico denominado Ambiente R. Entre outros resultados, pode-se destacar que Minas Gerais apresenta uma estrutura produtiva relativamente diversificada entre setores weberianos, tradicionais e dinâmicos, com variação positiva, em termos de oferta de empregos, no período entre 2007 e 2014. Atenta-se, porém, para os setores da indústria dinâmica que demonstraram perda de representatividade de empregos, aludindo à continuação da velha estrutura produtiva de Minas Gerais. Além disso, verifica-se que tais setores (dinâmicos) estão fortemente concentrados nas microrregiões pertencentes à Região Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte e Sul de Minas / This work presents the trajectory of the recent economic-industrial development scenario of Minas Gerais state resulting of the Brazilian industrial deconcentration, which was remarkable from 1970s. The productive deconcentration phenomenon has attracted attention of researchers, who are motivated by the “polarization reversal” studies that has happened, mainly, in developed countries. In the Brazil, it has occurred in the São Paulo state in the last decades. Such phenomenon, which originally would allow greater articulation and integration of the national productive system, has not been enough to narrow regional inequalities. Moreover, recent research points to a new agglomeration process called polygonal development, now concentrated in the Center-South of Brazil. Our study is based on the researches of renowned authors who point out Minas Gerais state as the major beneficiary of the deconcentration process, taking a highlight place in the national industrial production. However, this state clearly demonstrates an uneven development among its various regions. Hence, the aim of this work is to verify the current economic-industrial scenario of Minas Gerais, in the years 2007 and 2014, through its sectoral dynamics and its locational factors based on the 66 microregions that make up the state. The database used for this study refers to the effective employment according to the economic activities of the CNAE 2.0 in the mentioned period, which is available on Annual Social Information Report (RAIS). The time interval is justified because it corresponds to the most recent period of the available data about Minas Gerais state and eight years is a period considerably able to capture changes in the studied microregions productive structure. Moreover, the Shift-Share method employed in this work suggests to manipulate two years, the initial (2007) and the final (2014), so that the smaller time interval the grater the relevance capture in such period. For treatment of the data, it was used multivariate statistical complementary methods: Shift-Share and Correlated Data Analysis; and Principal Component Analysis and Cluster Analysis. Whole data processing was performed in the statistical software R. Among the results, one can be highlighted that Minas Gerais presents a relatively diversified productive structure among weberian, traditional and dynamic sectors, with a positive variation in the job offer between 2007 and 2014. However, one can notice that sectors of dynamic industry have demonstrated a loss of employments representativeness, which suggests the continuation of the Minas Gerais traditional productive structure. In addition, one can verify that such sectors (dynamics) are strongly concentrated in the regions located at Metropolitan Region of Belo Horizonte and Southern of Minas Gerais state.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T19:31:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabio Cesar Venturini.pdf: 1526596 bytes, checksum: 90df6e8b1cc091eb58eb1e6c7fb75376 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-05-30 / Civilian enterpreneurs and military groups, active in political and civil societies of Brazilian State, organized in representative classes and took the Federal Government administration on April 1st 1964 Coup d'etat. Once commanding political society, those groups got in a contradictory correlation of power in State environment, which resulted on strengthening of civilian groups and weakening of militaries as a party. This dissertation describes the phases of civilian-military bloch ideal formation, its actions for the Coup d'etat and conduction of a regimen whose goal was to meet society modernization intentions, inspired on capitalism organic core nations and commanded in Brazilian Southern-Center. The emphasis is on enterpreneur leaders actions of metalworking sector. The investigations were focused from 1964 to 1978, when conflicts on policical field between enterpreneurs civilian groups and the militay party became stronger, resulting on civilian hegemony establishment / Grupos empresariais civis e militares atuantes nas sociedades política e civil do Estado Brasileiro organizaram-se para ação de classe e tomaram a administração do Governo Federal no golpe de 1º de Abril de 1964. Uma vez nos postos de comando da sociedade política, esses grupos entraram em uma contraditória correlação de forças no âmbito do Estado, que resultou no fortalecimento dos grupos civis e enfraquecimento dos militares como partido. Esta dissertação descreve as etapas de formação do ideário do bloco civil-militar, a sua ação golpista e a condução de um regime que pretendeu atender a aspirações de modernização da sociedade, com modelo nas nações do núcleo orgânico do capitalismo e comando de ações no Centro-Sul do Brasil, com enfase na atuação de líderes empresariais do setor metalmecânico. As investigações se concentraram no período de 1964 até 1978, no qual os conflitos no campo político entre os grupos empresariais civis e o partido militar se acentuaram, culminando com o estabelecimento da hegemonia civil

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:30:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CAPITULO I.pdf: 3435123 bytes, checksum: 3a217406f96215893a8f341510f2421a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-07-14 / How wrote Marx and Engels (1998), the production is very important to man, more than this, it`s the responsible by own humanization; to measure that the men, to opposite of the animals that live by nature (offer of foods, resisting by climatic intemperance etc), get to produce the instrument of survival (foods, clothes, home etc). However, we verified that in the human sciences, specifically at the Geography, in the last epochs has been given little attention to the production, mainly to industrialization. In this study, we realized a analysis about the industry`s importance at the Southwest of the Parana`s development, region of new population occupation, happened mainly after the 1940`s. By the realization of that study, proceeded to light from the historic materialism, method which to consist, thick manner, in to analyses the formations and transformations occurred at the society from active production and from work`s connections intrinsic to its. The theoretical reference Marxism mainly the Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Vladimir Lenin, Karl Kautsky, Ignácio Rangel, Armem Mamigonian`s studies, among others abetted us to that realized a detailed research, interviewing owns and executives of industrial unities from region, salaried workers etc, looking at to get information and dies about the thematic studied. In this discourse, we analyzed: 1) the importance of the industry (mainly the wood`s branch) to the population of this region from Parana; 2) we verified the conditions that the social formation (marked by presence of few owns of earth, craftsmen and merchants) offered to organize a few merchant production; 3) we saw the importance that had the financial capital, as modernizing the agricultural as financing the industrial production (mainly from the second half at 1970`s); 4) we saw the importance that the abetment politics to industrialization, the offer of raw materials, and of work`s power, have been to attract industrial unities to this region; and, 5) we verified the increase of income advanced by industry, that besides, has been contributed, somehow, to a geral advancement of the life`s conditions from Southwest of the Parana`s population. / Como escreveram Marx e Engels (1998), a produção é de suma importância ao homem, mais do que isso, ela é responsável pela própria humanização; à medida que os homens, ao contrário dos animais que vivem à mercê da natureza (da oferta de alimentos, resistindo às intempéries climáticas etc.), conseguem produzir os meios de sobrevivência dos quais necessitam (alimentos, vestuário, residências etc.). No entanto, verificamos que nas ciências humanas, especificamente na Geografia, nos últimos tempos tem-se dado pouca atenção à produção, principalmente à industrialização. Nessa pesquisa, realizamos uma análise da importância da indústria no desenvolvimento do Sudoeste do Paraná, região de ocupação populacional recente, ocorrida principalmente após a década de 1940. Para a realização de tal estudo, procedemos à luz do materialismo histórico, método que consiste, grosso modo, em analisar as formações e transformações ocorridas na sociedade a partir da organização produtiva e das relações de trabalho inerentes a ela. O referencial teórico marxista principalmente estudos de Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Vladimir Lenin, Karl Kautsky, Ignácio Rangel, Armem Mamigonian, entre outros nos apoiou para que realizássemos uma pesquisa minuciosa, entrevistando proprietários e/ou administradores de unidades industriais da região, trabalhadores assalariados etc., visando obter informações e dados acerca da temática estudada. Nessa dissertação, analisamos: 1) a importância da indústria (principalmente o ramo da madeira) para o povoamento dessa região do Paraná; 2) verificamos as condições que a formação social (marcada pela presença de pequenos proprietários de terra, artesãos e comerciantes) ofereceu ao constituir uma pequena produção mercantil; 3) observamos a importância que o capital financeiro teve, tanto modernizando a agricultura como financiando a produção industrial (principalmente a partir da segunda metade da década de 1970); 4) observamos a importância que as políticas de fomento à industrialização, as inovações no processo produtivo, bem como a oferta de matérias-primas, e de força de trabalho, têm tido para atrair unidades industriais para essa região; e, 5) verificamos o aumento de renda promovido pela indústria, que, aliás, tem contribuído, de certa forma, para uma melhoria geral das condições de vida da população do Sudoeste do Paraná.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T14:42:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CAPITULO I.pdf: 3435123 bytes, checksum: 3a217406f96215893a8f341510f2421a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-07-14 / How wrote Marx and Engels (1998), the production is very important to man, more than this, it`s the responsible by own humanization; to measure that the men, to opposite of the animals that live by nature (offer of foods, resisting by climatic intemperance etc), get to produce the instrument of survival (foods, clothes, home etc). However, we verified that in the human sciences, specifically at the Geography, in the last epochs has been given little attention to the production, mainly to industrialization. In this study, we realized a analysis about the industry`s importance at the Southwest of the Parana`s development, region of new population occupation, happened mainly after the 1940`s. By the realization of that study, proceeded to light from the historic materialism, method which to consist, thick manner, in to analyses the formations and transformations occurred at the society from active production and from work`s connections intrinsic to its. The theoretical reference Marxism mainly the Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Vladimir Lenin, Karl Kautsky, Ignácio Rangel, Armem Mamigonian`s studies, among others abetted us to that realized a detailed research, interviewing owns and executives of industrial unities from region, salaried workers etc, looking at to get information and dies about the thematic studied. In this discourse, we analyzed: 1) the importance of the industry (mainly the wood`s branch) to the population of this region from Parana; 2) we verified the conditions that the social formation (marked by presence of few owns of earth, craftsmen and merchants) offered to organize a few merchant production; 3) we saw the importance that had the financial capital, as modernizing the agricultural as financing the industrial production (mainly from the second half at 1970`s); 4) we saw the importance that the abetment politics to industrialization, the offer of raw materials, and of work`s power, have been to attract industrial unities to this region; and, 5) we verified the increase of income advanced by industry, that besides, has been contributed, somehow, to a geral advancement of the life`s conditions from Southwest of the Parana`s population. / Como escreveram Marx e Engels (1998), a produção é de suma importância ao homem, mais do que isso, ela é responsável pela própria humanização; à medida que os homens, ao contrário dos animais que vivem à mercê da natureza (da oferta de alimentos, resistindo às intempéries climáticas etc.), conseguem produzir os meios de sobrevivência dos quais necessitam (alimentos, vestuário, residências etc.). No entanto, verificamos que nas ciências humanas, especificamente na Geografia, nos últimos tempos tem-se dado pouca atenção à produção, principalmente à industrialização. Nessa pesquisa, realizamos uma análise da importância da indústria no desenvolvimento do Sudoeste do Paraná, região de ocupação populacional recente, ocorrida principalmente após a década de 1940. Para a realização de tal estudo, procedemos à luz do materialismo histórico, método que consiste, grosso modo, em analisar as formações e transformações ocorridas na sociedade a partir da organização produtiva e das relações de trabalho inerentes a ela. O referencial teórico marxista principalmente estudos de Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Vladimir Lenin, Karl Kautsky, Ignácio Rangel, Armem Mamigonian, entre outros nos apoiou para que realizássemos uma pesquisa minuciosa, entrevistando proprietários e/ou administradores de unidades industriais da região, trabalhadores assalariados etc., visando obter informações e dados acerca da temática estudada. Nessa dissertação, analisamos: 1) a importância da indústria (principalmente o ramo da madeira) para o povoamento dessa região do Paraná; 2) verificamos as condições que a formação social (marcada pela presença de pequenos proprietários de terra, artesãos e comerciantes) ofereceu ao constituir uma pequena produção mercantil; 3) observamos a importância que o capital financeiro teve, tanto modernizando a agricultura como financiando a produção industrial (principalmente a partir da segunda metade da década de 1970); 4) observamos a importância que as políticas de fomento à industrialização, as inovações no processo produtivo, bem como a oferta de matérias-primas, e de força de trabalho, têm tido para atrair unidades industriais para essa região; e, 5) verificamos o aumento de renda promovido pela indústria, que, aliás, tem contribuído, de certa forma, para uma melhoria geral das condições de vida da população do Sudoeste do Paraná.

Esta tese apresenta as relações, entre desenho industrial e arquitetura, que se estabeleceram no ensino da Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo da Universidade de São Paulo, FAU USP, de 1948 até 1968. São discutidas as questões relativas à evolução do ensino de arquitetura e do desenho industrial (DI) até 1962. No plano da arquitetura, são observadas a reforma da Escola Nacional de Belas Artes, ENBA, a partir da direção de Lucio Costa (RJ, 1930), e a FAU USP, com a sua criação, em 1948, por Anhaia Mello, independentemente da Escola Politécnica (SP) e dos engenheiros-arquitetos. Sobre o desenho industrial, são estabelecidas algumas das influências das experiências internacionais - Bauhaus (1919-33), VKhUTEMAS (1917-30), HfG de Ulm (1947-68) - que, diretamente, ou reformuladas nos Estados Unidos, chegaram ao Brasil. São consideradas as interlocuções entre as primeiras experiências de ensino de DI no país, entre estas, o IAC-MASP, (SP, 1951-1953), a ESDI (RJ, 1963) e a FAU USP (SP, 1962), objeto central desta investigação. A partir da Reforma de 1962, liderada por Vilanova Artigas, é estudada a intenção manifesta de criação de uma Universidade do Projeto, em que, pela prática do ateliê, o profissional da FAU USP estaria apto a atuar em qualquer área de projeto: arquitetura, urbanismo, design de produto e design gráfico, constituindo assim uma escola de formação de designers de produto diferente da contemporânea ESDI. Outras questões abordadas dizem respeito à importância da cultura arquitetônica e da cultura geral nacional, para a realização da identidade do desenho industrial brasileiro, e à adoção de métodos do desenho industrial como recurso para uma produção arquitetônica em uma quantidade capaz de suprir as demandas sociais nacionais, sem perder de vista a sua qualidade. / This thesis presents the relations between industrial design and architecture that were established in the teaching of Faculdade de Arquitetura e Urbanismo da Universidade de São Paulo, FAU USP, between 1948 until 1968. The questions about the evolution of the architecture and industrial design teaching until 1962 are discussed. In the architecture plan, the reform of Escola Nacional de Belas Artes, ENBA, from the direction of Lucio Costa (RJ, 1930) and FAU USP, its foundation in 1948, by Anhaia Mello independent of Escola Politécnica (SP) and the architectural engineers. About the industrial design, some influences of international experiences are established - Bauhaus (1919-33), VKhUTEMAS (1917-30), HfG of Ulm (1947-68) - that directly or reformulated in the United States arrived in Brazil. The interlocutions between the first teaching experiences of industrial design (ID) in the country are considered, among them, IAC-MASP, (SP, 1951-1953), ESDI (RJ, 1963) and FAU USP (SP, 1962), main object of this research. From the Reform of 1962, led by Vilanova Artigas, the intention of creation of a Project University is studied, which using the practice of the atelier the professional of FAU USP would be able to act in any project area: architecture, urbanism, product design and graphic design, constituting a school of product designers formation different from the contemporaneous ESDI. Other questions are related with the architectonic culture importance and national general culture for the execution of the identity of the brazilian industrial design and the adoption of methods of the industrial design as a resource for an architectonic production in a quantity able to supply the national social demands, without losing its quality.

Cette thèse analyse l’application de la théorie du commerce international dans des pays émergents de l’Asie et de l’Amérique Latine en particulier en Chine et au Brésil, dans un processus de globalisation. Cette politique se fait différemment en Chine et au Brésil par rapport aux réalités régionales et nationales, liées parfois aux avantages comparatifs de chaque pays, qui conduisent l’un ou l’autre, à adopter une politique d’exportation basée sur des biens à faible contenu technologique [ les produits primaires ], comme c’est le cas du Brésil. Cette primarisation de l’industrie brésilienne par rapport à celle de la Chine a pour origine la politique du taux d’intérêt très élevés au Brésil qu’en Chine. La valorisation de la monnaie brésilienne par rapport au dollar affecte son industrie et ne favorise pas la compétitivité des biens exportés au marché mondial, favorisant ainsi l’entrée des capitaux étrangers spéculatifs [ non productifs ]. Bien qu’il y ait une amélioration des indicateurs macroéconomiques la monnaie brésilienne reste encore très valorisée para rapport au dollar tandis que la monnaie chinoise est très peu valorisée. Les résultats empiriques obtenus dans cette thèse nous indiquent que la Chine exporte plus des biens à contenu technologique que le Brésil et a un degré d’ouverture plus élevé. / This thesis analyzes the application of the theory of international trade in emerging countries of Asia and Latin America in particular in China and Brazil, in a process of globalization. This policy is done differently in China and Brazil in relation to regional and national, sometimes related to the comparative advantages of each country, leading one or the other, to adopt a policy based on export of low technological content [primary products], as is the case of Brazil. This primarization of Brazilian industry compared to that of China’s original interest rate policy very high in Brazil and China. The valuation of the Brazilian currency against the dollar affects its industry and is not conducive to the competitiveness of goods exported to the world market, thereby encouraging the entry of speculative capital inflows [not productive]. Although there is an improvement in macroeconomic indicators the Brazilian currency remains very valued against the dollar while the Chinese currency is valued very little. The empirical results obtained in this thesis indicate that China exports more goods to technology-and that Brazil has a higher opening.

本文利用一九九三∼一九九四年，與一九九七∼一九九九年中國大陸官方的地區別產業合併資料（panel data），運用固定效果計量模型（fixed effect model），以Chenery修正後的Hoffmann指數的倒數（C-H指數）為應變數，來檢測外人直接投資，對中國大陸製造業產業升級的影響。 從實證模型的迴歸結果發現。首先，在檢視外資對中國大陸製造業產業升級上，結果發現中國大陸外資的引進，對製造業的產業升級並沒有幫助，甚至出現反工業化（de-industrialization）的情形。這樣的結果雖人令人驚訝卻也合理。歸咎原因，在於（1）中國大陸的外資來源，大部分是來自台港澳外資，而台港澳外資所投資的產業，主要是在勞力密集型的產業，生產消費財產品居多。（2）從實證結果中可知，並非絕對表示中國大陸製造業沒有產業升級的情形，而是表示外資在其本身所投資的產業，相對於全國平均產業，其產業升級的幅度小於全國平均產業的水準。因此相對而言，外資對中國大陸製造業，並沒有促進產業升級的影響。 其次，針對不同來源外資，對中國大陸製造業產業升級的影響。實證結果顯示，台港澳外資對中國大陸製造業的產業升級，並無顯著影響；一般外資的引進，對中國大陸製造業的產業升級並沒有幫助，反而出現反工業化的情形。 另外，針對不同來源外資，對不同工業化程度地區製造業產業升級的影響。實證結果顯示，台港澳外資，對中國大陸高工業化程度地區的製造業工業化程度的影響，與在低工業化程度地區的製造業比較，有提升產業升級的影響；一般外資對中國大陸高工業化程度地區製造業的產業升級，與低工業化程度地區製造業比較，並無明顯不同。 雖然從研究結果可得知，似乎中國大陸引進外資越多，不但無助於產業升級，甚至出現反工業化的情形。然而，從中國大陸的產業發展策略來看，在一九七九年改革開放之前，由於中國大陸實行重工業優先發展的「趕超戰略」，雖然使得中國大陸的工業得以迅速發展，但卻造成產業結構的嚴重失衡，農、輕、重工業的比例關係失調。因此，在引進外資的政策與過程中，希望利用外資的力量，來彌補中國大陸消費財產業的缺口，尤其佔外資來源最大的台港澳外資，也多是以生產消費財產業為主。所以整體而言，中國大陸引進外資的策略，對整體產業結構的調整，仍是有利的。 / This thesis investigates the issue regarding whether or not foreign direct investment (FDI) has upgraded China’s industrial structure. Using China’s official regionally-based panel data in 1993~1994, and 1997~1999, and several specifications of the fixed-effect model with a reciprocal of the Chenery-revised-Hoffmann ratio (C-H ratio) as the dependent variable, the primary finding is that FDI has had a negative influence on industrial upgrading in China during this period. This conclusion is surprising, but reasonable, due to (1) FDI resources coming from Hong Kong and Taiwan are concentrated on consumption goods industries in China. (2) FDI didn’t have absolutely a negative influence on industrial upgrading in China. Relative to the level of industrialization, industries of FDI is less then total industries. Therefore, FDI was no use on industrial upgrading in China. Secondly, this thesis separated the source of FDI into Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macao (THM hereafter), and other FDI (FOR hereafter), the conclusion indicated that both THM and FOR have had a negative influence on industrial upgrading in China during this period. Besides, relative to the different level of industrialization, the conclusion indicated that THM has had positive influence in the regions of low level of industrialization, than in the regions of high level of industrialization. FOR has had no influence in all regions. Although the conclusion showed that FDI has had a negative influence on industrial upgrading in China during this period. However, due to the development of heavy industry was priority in China’s industrial policy before 1979, the industrial structure in China was not balance. Therefore, to attract FDI has became the most important policy to make up for the gap of consumer goods industry. In conclusion, the policy to attract FDI could adjust the industrial structure in China.