Le XIXe siècle est en France celui de la bière : production et consommation annuelles passent en l’espace de cent ans de moins de trois à plus de quinze millions d’hectolitres. Profitant de sa position de carrefour commercial et de la qualité de ses eaux, Lyon occupe une place à part dans ce marché de masse en construction. Remettant en question l’hermétisme de supposées frontières alimentaires, la ville se démarque en effet dès les dernières années de l’Ancien Régime par un notable recours à la boisson houblonnée et la fabrication d’un produit aux qualités organoleptiques bien particulières qu’elle exporte en direction d’un large quart Sud-est du pays. Savamment entretenue, cette position originale fait de la cité rhodanienne l’un des principaux centres de production de bière français de la première moitié du siècle. La donne change à compter du Second Empire. Aux évolutions des modes et pratiques alimentaires à l’égard des alcools s’ajoutent décloisonnement des marchés et avancées technologiques affectant de manière irrémédiable l’activité. Le secteur brassicole régional, très largement lyonnais, passe ainsi en quelques décennies d’une structure artisanale voyant coexister une myriade de petits établissements employant quelques individus et produisant chacun annuellement quelques centaines d’hectolitres à une dimension industrielle où un nombre réduit de grandes usines concentrent main-d’œuvre, capitaux et parts de marché. L’encadrement réglementaire lui-même, qu’il s’agisse de législation professionnelle ou de régulation de l’insalubrité, et les politiques fiscales, à l’échelle de la ville comme du pays, participent à cette transition. Alors que la redéfinition des logiques urbaines et commerciales impacte directement les pratiques des brasseurs en les forçant à revoir leurs procédés de fabrication et leurs stratégies de formation, d’approvisionnement et de vente, c’est la progressive structuration d’une filière de la bière qui apparaît en filigrane. Il faut néanmoins se garder de voir ces entrepreneurs comme de simples victimes de mouvements qui leur échappent : plus que spectateurs d’une révolution protéiforme, ils s’en font les acteurs. L’étude prosopographique de 337 parcours considérés dans leurs dimensions individuelles et collectives atteste de la pluralité des destins : quand le modèle de la petite entreprise permet aux artisans les plus audacieux, qu’ils viennent d’un ailleurs professionnel ou géographique (sont notamment mises à jour les origines germaniques et alsaciennes de nombre d’entre eux), de valoriser leur travail et de satisfaire leurs ambitions, celui de l’industrie fait d’une poignée seulement de véritables brasseurs d’affaires. Ce seront les seuls à survivre, la plupart de leurs collègues et concurrents payant à terme les effets conjoints de la conjoncture économique, de la rationalisation du marché et des tragédies familiales. À l’orée du premier conflit mondial, seules six brasseries sont encore opérationnelles : ayant démontré sa précoce capacité d’adaptation en modifiant sa structure afin de donner aux établissements subsistants les moyens d’assimiler la modernisation productiviste, le monde brassicole rhodanien fait figure d’exception parmi les activités pré-industrielles, a fortiori parmi celles relevant du secteur agroalimentaire. / In France, the nineteenth century is the age of beer: in a hundred years, annual production and consumption grow from less than three to more than fifteen million hectolitres. Thanks to its advantageous commercial position and the quality of its waters, Lyon occupies a unique place in this developing mass-market. Calling presumed alimentary boundaries into question, the city distinguishes itself as soon as the end of the Ancien Régime through a wide use of the hoppy beverage and the making of a product with specific organoleptic qualities being exported to the southeast quarter of the country. Skilfully maintained, this original situation turns Lyon into one of the main French beer production centres of the first half of the century. Things change with the advent of the Second Empire. New drinking trends and habits, birth of a European then worldwide consumption market and substantial scientific and technical improvements combine themselves to change the activity into a definite way. Thus, the Rhône brewing sector, leaded by Lyon’s breweries and initially made of numerous and small short-lived handcraft production units selling locally only, becomes in a few decades an industry operating towards foreign markets and formed by a handful of big factories gathering workforce, capitals and market share. Regulatory framework itself (professional legislation or insalubrity control) and fiscal politics on national and municipal scales contribute also to the transition. Since they have to adapt their manufacturing and formation processes, as well as supplying and selling strategies, the redefinition of urban and commercial logics has a direct impact on brewers’ practices: in a wider sense, it is the organization of the beer sector which progressively reveals itself. However, it would be untrue to see these businessmen as powerless victims of an uncontrolled process. More than spectators, they are actors of a protean revolution. The prosopographical study of 337 careers considered in their individual and collective dimensions prove the plurality of fortunes: while the model of the small business allows audacious craftsmen whatever their professional and geographical origins (many of them come from Alsace and Germany) to succeed by highlighting their work and satisfying their ambitions, the industrial model is more selective. In the medium term, only a few businessmen will survive, their smaller colleagues and competitors suffering the joint effects of economic conjuncture, market rationalization and family tragedies. At the edge of World War One, six breweries are still in operation: having proven its early adaptation ability by modifying its structure in order to assimilate the productivist modernization, the Rhône brewing sector can be considered as an exception among the pre-industrial activities, a fortiori among those from the food-processing sector.

Die Arbeit unterzieht am Bespiel der westsächsischen Textiindustrie das Verständnis der Industrialisierung im Allgemeinen einer Überprüfung. Wie reagierten die Betroffenen auf die unbestreitbare Technisierung ihrer Arbeitsprozesse? Führte der Einsatz von Maschinen tatsächlich zu einer Abwertung ihrer Qualifikationen, zu einer nervtötenden fremdbestimmten Routinearbeit anstelle der weitgehend selbstbestimmten handwerklichen und Heimarbeit, die vorher dominiert hatte? Oder konnten die Arbeiter/innen ihre Autonomie behaupten, indem sie neue Fertigkeiten im Umgang mit Maschinen entwickelten, und vermochten sie daraus eventuell sogar ein neues Selbstbewusstsein abzuleiten? In theoretischer Perspektive zeigt sich, dass in der Tat viele soziale Beziehungen ohne die Berücksichtigung der Maschinen nicht adäquat verstanden werden können. So lassen sich die Streikbewegungen um 1900 ohne die technische Entwicklung der Zeit nicht hinreichend erklären, und die Maschinenproteste der ersten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts werfen ein Schlaglicht auf die von der Mechanisierung bewirkten sozialen Veränderungen. Entscheidend waren letztlich die Verwendung der Maschinen, die Art und Weise ihrer Integration in bestehende Produktionsabläufe und das gesamtgesellschaftliche Umfeld (Arbeitsmarkt, soziale Absicherung, Bildungswesen etc.).:1. Maschinen und Menschen: ein Problemaufriss 2. Gesellschaft und „Dinge“: der theoretische Rahmen 3. Reviere und Produkte: die westsächsische Textilindustrie 4. Heimarbeiter/innen und Stühle: Weber/innen, Posamentierer/innen, Strumpfwirker/innen 5. Maschinenproteste in der Frühindustrialisierung, 1816-1858 6. Arbeitsbeziehungen und Fabrikdisziplin 7. Die Maschinenfrage in Politik und Gesellschaft 8. Technischer Fortschritt und Arbeitskämpfe im Kaiserreich 9. Der Crimmitschauer Textilarbeiterstreik im internationalen Vergleich 10. Zusammenfassung: Arbeiter/innen, Maschinen und Industrialisierung in Westsachsen / Using the example of the West Saxon textile industry, the work aims to reassess our understanding of industrialization in general. How did those affected react to the undeniable mechanization of their work processes? Did the use of machines actually lead to a devaluation of their qualifications, to a nerve-racking externally determined routine work instead of the largely self-determined manual and home work that had dominated before? Or were workers able to assert their autonomy by developing new skills in working with machines, and were they perhaps even able to derive a new self-confidence from this? From a theoretical perspective, it appears that indeed many social relations cannot be adequately understood without taking machines into account. For example, the strike movements around 1900 cannot be adequately explained without considering the technical developments of the time, and the machine protests of the first half of the 19th century shed light on the social changes brought about by mechanization. Ultimately, the decisive factors were the use of the machines, the way they were integrated into existing production processes, and the overall social environment (labor market, social security, education, etc.).:1. Maschinen und Menschen: ein Problemaufriss 2. Gesellschaft und „Dinge“: der theoretische Rahmen 3. Reviere und Produkte: die westsächsische Textilindustrie 4. Heimarbeiter/innen und Stühle: Weber/innen, Posamentierer/innen, Strumpfwirker/innen 5. Maschinenproteste in der Frühindustrialisierung, 1816-1858 6. Arbeitsbeziehungen und Fabrikdisziplin 7. Die Maschinenfrage in Politik und Gesellschaft 8. Technischer Fortschritt und Arbeitskämpfe im Kaiserreich 9. Der Crimmitschauer Textilarbeiterstreik im internationalen Vergleich 10. Zusammenfassung: Arbeiter/innen, Maschinen und Industrialisierung in Westsachsen

Après la crise économique en 2008, l’activité de construction en France a connu une croissance très rapide. La hausse de la demande des matériaux de construction était accompagnée d’une augmentation des quantités de déchets de construction et de CO2 émise. En 2018, l’émission de CO2 liée aux activités humaines a atteint un niveau historique mondial de 37.1 milliards de tonnes. Ceci encourage le développement des matériaux de construction qui répondent aux besoins mutants de la société d’aujourd’hui et de demain. Les géopolymères, préparés par activation alcaline, présentent une opportunité pour produire des nouveaux matériaux plus performants et respectueux de l’environnement dans le secteur de la construction. D’autre part, l’industrialisation et la robotisation font apparition dans le secteur de la construction, avec des nombreux avantages tels que l’augmentation de la productivité, la réduction des gaspillages, du coût et de la pénibilité du travail, ainsi que l’amélioration de la qualité et la sécurité.Ce travail de recherche est mené pour répondre à ces défis et verrous scientifiques. Il est réparti selon trois axes : l’élaboration de nouvelles formulations de briques géopolymères, l’intégration des matériaux géopolymères dans le processus d’industrialisation et de robotisation de la construction, et enfin l’évaluation de l’impact environnemental et économique du nouveau système de fabrication automatisé. / After the economic crisis in 2008, construction activity in France grew rapidly. The increase in demand for building materials was accompanied by an increase in the quantities of construction waste and emitted CO2. In 2018, CO2 emissions from human activities reached a world historic level of 37.1 billion tons. This encourages the development of building materials that meet the changing needs of today's and tomorrow's society. Geopolymers, prepared by alkaline activation, present an opportunity to produce new, more efficient and environment-friendly materials in the construction sector. On the other hand, industrialization and robotization are emerging in the construction sector, with many benefits such as increased productivity, reduced waste, cost and arduous work, as well as improved quality and safety.This doctoral thesis is being conducted to address these scientific challenges and issues. These are divided into three research directions: the development of new geopolymer brick formulations, the integration of geopolymer materials into the industrialization and robotization of construction processes, and finally the environmental and economic assessment of the new automated manufacturing system.

This thesis deals with waste and waste management in 19th century in Prague. The theoretical basis is the concept of "urban metabolism", which part is waste, as the metabolic output. Waste is also seen as an example of interactions between city and its hinterland. The intention of this thesis is to prove the proposition on the case of Prague, that the 19th century wasn't the century of waste. At the time of progressing industrialization and demand of raw materials there was the tendency to reuse every potentially usable material. This thesis describes based on literature and especially on analysis of archival documents the particular steps of waste management in 19th century in Prague (city cleaning, collection, transport and disposal of waste), whereas the main concern lays in interaction of city and its hinterland in context of waste disposal. The results of the analysis are widely interpreted in conclusions. key words: waste, waste management, Prague, "the long" 19th century, process of industrialization, interactions of city and its hinterland, social and urban metabolism, environmental history

The aim of the doctoral thesis is to describe the development trends of the transformation of miller's trade into modern miller's industry on the example of the judicial district Sedlčany in years 1848-1938. Miller's trade has been influenced by many technological changes, which were already described in the past. The legislative changes based on the economic and political climate, which have yet been ignored, are also essential. These changes had a crucial influence not only on the status of mills, but also on the status of millers. The thesis is divided in three time periods, in which the frame of the state formation and also the Sedlčany district itself were taken into account.

The thesis analyzes the theory of Steady-State Economy based on a research of literature as well as principles and starting points for its application in practice. The central question revolves around the viability of the theory. First, however, the thesis focuses on the context, i.e. the background and needs for the emergence of this theory. Thus, the research begins at a time of industrial revolution and the rise of modern economies. In the course of the research, the analysis also points out the phenomenon of cooperatives, which arise in the early days of industrialization, as examined at the start of the work. Later, after a comprehensive introduction of the steady-state economy theory, the thesis returns to cooperatives, as during the research certain parallels in both of the phenomena emerge. Consequently, the conclusion recapitulates and examines whether steady state economy has been proven to be viable, what could support its functioning and whether one of the answers might be cooperatives - considered they have been shown to realize certain assumptions of this economic theory in practice. After a review of criticism of both of the phenomena, a final evaluation and decision may be reached, i.e. the research questions may be answered.

The phenomenon of introducing public lighting in Czech cities is mainly associated with the increase in population in regionally important centres of industry, trade, craft, or administration. Unlike classical historiographical monographs, this work aims to investigate how the introduction of public lighting took place, who was involved in it, and what was at stake. Through the analysis of literary sources, particularly newspaper articles (both national and local) and archival records, the thesis seeks to highlight the attributes of light not only as a purely practical urban element, but also as a carrier of symbolic levels of security and progress. It is shown that light played an important role as a maintainer of security and prevented criminal behaviour by its presence. It is further revealed that light was a manifestation of civilization, education, and progress. Having public lighting on the streets was therefore not only a practical but also a symbolic issue. It was also reflected in the electoral programs of local political parties. It was not, however, the municipalities that incurred considerable costs in upgrading the lighting infrastructure (setting up gas plants, power stations, laying pipes); it was private entities that entered into contracts with municipalities for decades. However,...

The study examines the occurrence of children born out of wedlock in four parishes belonging to the current Karlskrona municipality during the period 1875–1925. The parishes surveyed are Fridlevstad, Rödeby, Tving and Karlskrona city-parish. The period is divided into two parts where the first includes the years 1875–1890 and the second part includes the years 1910–1925. The proportion of children with unknown/known fathers, the mothers' occupations, the fathers' occupations, and the mothers' age are also used as survey variables. The proportion of known fathers increases significantly between the study periods, which could be explained by a reduced internal social control, while the study shows that the introduction of a child welfare officer in 1918 resulted in an increased proportion of known fathers. The mothers' occupational designations change between the periods, for example, the proportion of maids decreases while other occupations are added. In the city-parish, professions such as washerwoman and waitress are added during the second period. The proportion of women working in the industry also increases between the survey periods. The increased proportion of professions, especially in the city-parish, could be linked to the demographic transition. As more people settle in a city, new needs emerge and thus also new occupational categories. The age of the mothers decreases between the study periods. When it comes to class affiliation, it can be noted that most of the fathers and mothers belonged to the working class. However, the proportion of fathers belonging to the middle class was higher than the proportion of mothers belonging to the middle class.

Anglais:<p>Through a comparative examination of Montreal and Brussels, this thesis considers the way city dwellers shaped the social and cultural significance of urban space in terms of sensorial experiences and bodily practices. The analysis is based primarily on qualitative sources relating to urban life and to the relationship with the city environment during the period 1880-1914, a time when cities underwent intense transformations associated with modernity and industrialisation. The discourses and representations examined in this study were produced by a wide range of urban actors, including elected officials and municipal bureaucrats, industrialists, urban reformers, factory and housing inspectors, workers, doctors, hygienists, writers, artists and ordinary citizens.<p><p>This was a period in which the city was increasingly conceptualised as a total, organic object. Consequently, the thesis first examines representations, both critical and celebratory, of these cities in their entirety, showing how the discourse about urban space was constructed through experiences with, and perceptions of, its materiality. The subsequent chapters examine, in turn, spaces of industrial production, homes and the streets. In each of these spaces, representations of these changing environments were produced in marked reference to the body and the senses. In a time marked by the rise of scientific and rational thought, the sources consulted demonstrate the centrality of personal and subjective experiences in the construction of understandings of the city. Analysing these specific milieus also affords the opportunity to consider the cultural significance of the body, as well as its place in the social tensions that characterised the period.<p><p>The comparative approach through which these cities are analysed illuminates the development of similar processes in analogous, yet discrete, contexts. In this way, certain specificities of Brussels and Montreal, as well the commonalities they shared, are brought to light. The principal objective of this bipartite perspective, however, is to demonstrate, in reference to two local examples, how urban dwellers interiorised vast processes of global transformation by means of their bodies, the spaces through which they moved on a daily basis, as well as their immediate socio-cultural context.<p><p>*********<p><p>Français:<p>Se penchant sur les cas de Montréal et de Bruxelles en comparaison, cette thèse examine la façon dont, à travers la perception sensorielle et les pratiques corporelles des citadins, la signification sociale et culturelle de l’espace urbain se construit. L’analyse se base principalement sur des sources discursives témoignant de la vie urbaine et du rapport à l’espace d’une multitude d’acteurs durant la période 1880-1914, traversée par d’intenses transformations liées à la modernité et à l’industrialisation. Les discours émanant des élus et des fonctionnaires municipaux, des industriels, des réformateurs urbains, des inspecteurs d’usines et de logements, des ouvriers, des médecins, des hygiénistes, des écrivains, des artistes et de simples citoyens ont été consultés. <p><p>S’agissant d’une époque où la ville est de plus en plus conceptualisée dans sa totalité, la thèse aborde, dans un premier temps, les discours, à la fois critiques et élogieux, concernant la ville industrielle dans son ensemble, en montrant comment ceux-ci sont construits par rapport à l’expérience et aux perceptions de la matérialité urbaine. Puis, dans les chapitres subséquents, les lieux de production industrielle, le logement et les rues sont examinés successivement. Dans chacun de ces types d’espace, les discours faisant état de l’intensification des transformations à l’environnement se déclinent, de façon prononcée, en référence au corps et aux sens. Ils témoignent de la place prépondérante des expériences personnelles et subjectives dans la construction du rapport à l’espace urbain, et ce à une époque marquée par la montée de la pensée scientifique et rationnelle. L’analyse de ces milieux permet aussi de mettre en relief la façon dont se construit la signification culturelle du corps, ainsi que la place de celui-ci dans l’évolution des tensions sociales caractéristiques de l’époque. <p><p>À travers une approche comparative, l’étude de ces deux villes permet d’examiner l’évolution de processus similaires dans deux contextes analogues, mais distincts. Ainsi est-il possible de déceler certaines spécificités de Bruxelles et de Montréal, de même que des traits communs aux deux villes. Cependant, l’apport principal de cette perspective croisée est de montrer, à la lumière de deux exemples locaux, la manière dont les citadins intériorisent de vastes processus globaux de transformation par le biais de leur corps, des espaces qu’ils fréquentent quotidiennement, et de leur contexte socioculturel immédiat. <p> / Doctorat en Histoire, art et archéologie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Die vorliegende Untersuchung arbeitet die wesentlichen gesellschaftspolitischen und ökonomischen Entwicklungslinien heraus, die sich während der geschichtlichen Umbruchphase um 1830 im deutschen Raum aus dem letzten Akt von Goethes Faust II ableiten lassen. Tiefgreifende politische, wirtschaftlich-technische und kulturelle Umwälzungen zu Beginn des 19. Jahrhunderts wirkten auf Goethe als Zeitgenossen ein und wurden von ihm in seinem literarischen Spätwerk verarbeitet. Aus Goethes Alterswerk Faust II heraus lassen sich Konstanten und Entwicklungen seiner Zeit sichtbar machen und, immer eingebettet in den zeitgeschichtlichen Kontext, konkret nachweisen. Diese Ausarbeitung will aufzeigen, dass Goethe im letzten Akt von Faust II einen sich zu Beginn des 19. Jahrhunderts vollziehenden – und teils bereits vollzogenen - Wandel der menschlichen Geisteshaltung attestiert. Säkularisierung und zweckorientierte Rationalität, Beschleunigung, Enthumanisierung und Unterwerfung von Mensch und Natur stehen hierbei im Mittelpunkt. Fausts aus seinem Pakt mit dem Teufel entstandene Welt nimmt die uns heute umgebende vorweg, die geprägt ist von Datenflut, elektronischen Medien, einer von Alltagshektik geprägten Realität und systemimmanenten Expansionsstreben. Allein dies verleiht dem Drama ein unübersehbar hohes Gegenwartspotential. / This thesis explores the trends of socio-political developments during the period of historical changes in Germany around 1830 that can be deduced from Act V of Goethe´s Faust II. Profound political, technical, economic and cultural changes at the beginning of the nineteenth century had an impact on Goethe as a contemporary and appear in his late literary work. Thus specific constants and developments of his time are also presented in and can be deduced from one of the great literary works of the aged poet, Faust II. This paper shows that the final act of Faust II Goethe reveals profound changes in human mentality that took place at the beginning of the nineteenth century and partly even before: Secularization and ruthless rationality with a tendency to acceleration, de-humanization and unscrupulous submission of human beings and nature. The world that originated from Faust´s pact with the devil in Faust II anticipates the reality surrounding us nowadays, a reality characterized by a flood of data, electronic media and the hectic pace of everyday life, - a fact vouching for the play´s striking modernity. / Classics & World Languages / M.A. (German)