Les salles de cinéma sont passées à l'ére numérique. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier le déploiement du cinéma numérique pour les salles d'art et essai et de proposer des solutions techniques ouvertes, basées sur des logiciels libres et gratuits. Nous présentons les impacts du passage au numérique pour les distributeurs et les exploitants indépendants. Nous détaillons le fonctionnement du cinéma numérique : de la création de contenu au format DCP, au système de projection en salles. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons deux solutions : une solution de projection basée sur le lecteur multimédia VLC, et un système de transmission dématérialisée de DCP des distributeurs vers les exploitants. / Movie theaters have switched to the digital era. The objective of this thesis is to study the deployment of digital cinema for arthouse cinemas and to propose open technical solutions based on free and open source software. We present the impacts of the digital switch for independent distributors and exhibitors. We detail the workflow of the digital cinema specification: from creation of DCP content to the projection system in theaters. This thesis offers two solutions: a projection system based on the VLC media player, and a dematerialized transmission system of DCP from distributors to exhibitors.

Patent foramen ovale (PFO) has been associated with an increased risk of decompression sickness (DCS) in divers. Pathophysiologicaly this has been ascribed to paradoxical embolization of nitrogen bubbles from venous blood to systemic circulation, resulting in obstruction of peripheral capillaries and ischemic injury. However, the role of PFO has been largely debated and experimental and prospective clinical data has been missing. It is of note, that this hypothesis is not only of theoretical importance. The proof of PFO as a causative factor of DCS and, importantly, of unpredictable events (unprovoked DCS) could affect millions of divers worldwide through improved therapy and prevention. In our research we aimed to describe the pathophysiological role of PFO in decompression sickness and to determine whether the prevention of arterialization of post-dive venous gas emboli (VGE) would decrease the incidence of unprovoked DCS in divers. We have screened 489 scuba divers for the presence of PFO by means of transcranial color-coded Doppler ultrasonography. In a retrospective analysis we found that the incidence of unprovoked decompression sickness was 7% among these divers and that PFO was the only risk factor. Subsequently, we have studied the occurrence of VGE and arterial gas emboli (AGE) in divers with...

L’Accident de Décompression présente un risque majeur pour les plongeurs. Il est admis que la formation de bulles circulantes est à l’origine de l’ADD. Cependant, une forte variabilité inter individuelle existe entre plongeurs, avec une faible corrélation entre bulles et symptômes de l’ADD. Plusieurs mécanismes physiologiques ont été liés à l’ADD, mais aucun d’entre eux ne semble déterminant dans la mise en place de la pathologie. Dans ce contexte, des techniques issues de la médecine de précision pourraient apporter de nouveaux éléments de compréhension.Durant cette thèse, nous avons effectué des études protéomiques afin d’étudier les possibles changements du protéome plasmatique de rats et de plongeurs suite à une plongée avec ou sans ADD, dans le but de trouver de potentiels biomarqueurs de développement précoce de l’ADD. Nous avons de plus mis en évidence une potentielle implication de processus inflammatoires dans la mise en place des symptômes de l’ADD. Un protocole de sélection a ensuite été utilisé dans le but de créer une nouvelle souche de rats résistante à l’ADD. Une résistance à l’ADD est apparue en l’espace d’une génération chez les femelles, deux chez les mâles. Une caractérisation physiologique de la souche résistante a montré une potentielle implication d’une région spécifique du chromosome X, ainsi que des modifications du fonctionnement du muscle lisse vasculaire, de la résistance aux espèces réactives de l’oxygène, de la consommation d’oxygène mitochondriale, et du système immunitaire. Les suites de cette caractérisation se focaliseront sur des études transcriptomiques et génétiques, en particulier sur la région d’intérêt du chromosome X. / Decompression Sickness is one of the most serious hazards for divers. It is usually admitted that DCS origins from circulating bubbles. However, a strong inter-individual variability exists between divers, resulting in a poor correlation between bubble grade and DCS symptoms. Several physiological mechanisms have been linked with DCS, but none of them appeared to be determinant in the onset of the pathology. In this context, medicine precision techniques may offer new insights, with a broader approach.During this thesis, we used proteomics to investigate changes of the plasma proteome of rats and divers during diving, with and without DCS, and aimed at finding biomarkers of early DCS development. We found that acute inflammation may play a role in the onset on DCS, and that proteomics may be fitted to look for new biomarkers. We also used a selection protocol to create a new DCS resistant rat strain, which was significantly more resistant than classic Wistar rats. Moreover, DCS resistance was gained in a matter of only 2 reproductions cycles (only 1 for females), which gives evidence of heritable components of DCS resistance/susceptibility that might be carried out by the X chromosome. A characterization of this DCS resistant strain showed a number of physiological adaptations gained during the selection process. Indeed, DCS resistant rats showed a decreased mitochondrial oxygen global consumption, a decrease of vascular smooth muscle contraction and relaxation as well as a raise of neutrophils count among males.Further characterization of the DCS resistant strain will focus on transcriptomic and genetic studies, especially on the genomic region of interest located on the X chromosome.

Diante da necessidade de produzir uma vedação com maior vida útil frente as condições de descompressão explosiva de CO2 incorporou-se quantidades diferentes de MWCNT (multiwalled carbono nanotubes) curtos e longos (0,25 phr e 1 phr) e com graus de funcionalidade de grupos oxigenados variando entre 0% e 7,5% em elastômeros fluorados. A incorporação foi realizada utilizando-se o processo de mistura em cilindro aberto (Copê) e as mantas de borracha obtidas foram termoprensadas e submetidas a doses de irradiação de 5, 10 e 20 kGy em ar atmosférico. Analisaram-se os nanocompósitos e os MWCNT por análises térmicas, difrações de raios-X e micrografias. A partir dos nanocompósitos também foram confeccionados corpos de prova para ensaios mecânicos, análises dinâmico-mecânicas, ensaios de dessorção. Os resultados indicaram em geral aumento dos módulos a 100% e secante a 15% nas amostras com adição de 1 phr, mas pouca mudança da temperatura de transição vítrea foi observada, indicando pouca alteração da mobilidade das cadeias. As micrografias apontaram algumas extremidades de MWCNT soltas da matriz polimérica após o processo de preparação da amostra. Os resultados apontaram melhora na dessorção dos nanocompósitos após a incorporação dos MWCNT. / Faced with the need to produce a gasket with longer useful life against the explosive decompression conditions of CO2, it was incorporated different amounts of short and long MWCNT (0.25 phr and 1 phr) and degrees of oxygenated groups functionality ranging between 0% and 7.5% in fluorinated elastomers. The incorporation was performed using the open mill with two rolls (COPE) and rubber blankets were obtained thermopressed and subjected to radiation doses of 5, 10 and 20 kGy in air atmosphere. Nanocomposites and MWCNT were analyzed by thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction and SEM micrographs. From the nanocomposites were also prepared specimens for mechanical testing, dynamic mechanical analysis, desorption tests. The results indicated, in generally, an increase of modules to 100% and secant to 15% in the samples with the addition of 1 phr, however little change in the glass transition temperature was observed, indicating little variation of mobility of the chains. The micrographs showed some free ends of MWCNT the polymer matrix after sample preparation process. The results pointed improvement on dessorpotion of nanocomposites after the incorporation of MWCNT.

Submitted by JÚLIO HEBER SILVA (julioheber@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-03-21T18:46:52Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Leonardo Rodrigues Barros - 2017.pdf: 2170703 bytes, checksum: 536c80600024e0977209454f08eebcd1 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-03-22T12:40:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Leonardo Rodrigues Barros - 2017.pdf: 2170703 bytes, checksum: 536c80600024e0977209454f08eebcd1 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-22T12:40:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Leonardo Rodrigues Barros - 2017.pdf: 2170703 bytes, checksum: 536c80600024e0977209454f08eebcd1 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / In areas under no-tillage system in Brazil’s Cerrado, compaction is becoming increasingly frequent. It is noticeable because there are changes in soil physical properties and in the root system as well as reduction in crop yields. The practices of scarification and gypsum application are alternatives to mitigate compaction. In this sense, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effects and length of scarification and gypsum application on soil physical and chemical properties and on soybean yield under a no-tillage system deployed 15 years ago. The study was divided into two steps. The first step consisted of the diagnosis of soil compaction in an area of 315 ha divided into a 63-point sampling grid, where each point represented five hectares in Joviânia, GO. In this area, moisture samples were collected and a penetrometer was used at each point of the mesh, in the 0.0-0.20 m and 0.20-0.40 m layers, in three periods: 1) prior to the scarification; 2) at 60 days after soil scarification; and 3) at 390 days after scarification. Based on the results found in the first step, one of the points of this area was selected to perform the second step of the work, which consisted in setting up 24 plots, divided into six randomized blocks, composed of four treatments: (C) = Control, (S) = Scarification, (G) = Gypsum application, (G+S) = Gypsum application and scarification. The following properties were determined: soil fertility (MOS, pH, H+Al, P, K, Ca and Mg), gravimetric moisture and physical indicators in four soil layers, in addition to soybean yield. The data were submitted to analysis of variance and when they were significant, Dunnet’s test was applied for comparison of treatments at the level of probability of 5% of error (p<0.05). These results show that scarification offered short-lasting benefits, because although there was a reduction in resistance to penetration at 60 days after scarification, these values already showed a significant increase in resistance to penetration at 390 days after scarification. Scarification affected macroporosity and total porosity positively in the 0-0,10 m layer. Macroporosity is a physical indicator of great influence in determining soybean yield under a no-tillage system. The use of agricultural gypsum resulted in increased root volume and deeper root systems. / Nas áreas sob sistema plantio direto no Cerrado o processo de compactação vem se tornando cada vez mais frequente, sendo perceptível por alterações nos atributos físicos do solo, no sistema radicular e pela redução na produtividade das culturas. As práticas de escarificação e gessagem são alternativas para reduzir esta compactação. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar os efeitos e duração da escarificação e da gessagem nos atributos físicos e químicos do solo e na produtividade da soja cultivada em sistema plantio direto implantado há quinze anos. O estudo foi dividido em duas etapas. Na primeira etapa foi feito o diagnóstico da compactação do solo em uma área de 315 ha dividida em uma malha amostral com 63 pontos, onde cada ponto respresentava cinco hectares em Joviânia, GO. Nessa área foram coletadas amostras de umidade gravimétrica e realizadas penetrometrias em cada ponto da malha, nas camadas 0,0-0,20 m e 0,20-0,40 m, em três épocas: 1) antes da escarificação; 2) 60 dias após a escarificação do solo; e 3) 390 dias após a escarificação. Com base nos resultados obtidos na primeira etapa, foi selecionado um dos pontos dessa área para realização da segunda etapa do trabalho, que consistiu em instalar 24 parcelas, divididas em seis blocos casualizados, compostos por quatro tratamentos: (T) = Testemunha, (E) = Escarificação, (G) = Gessagem, (G+E) = Gessagem e escarificação, nos quais foram determinadas a fertilidade do solo (MOS, pH, H+Al, P, K, Ca e Mg ), umidade gravimétrica e indicadores físicos, em quatro camadas de solo, além da produtividade da soja. Os dados foram analisados por meio da análise de variância e quando significativo aplicou-se o teste de Dunnet para comparação dos tratamentos ao nível de probabilidade de 5% de erro (p<0,05). Os resultados mostram que os benefícios da escarificação foram de curto prazo, pois embora 60 dias após a escarificação tenha sido observada uma redução da resistência a penetração, aos 390 dias após a escarificação estes valores já apresentaram um incremento significativo da resistência a penetração. A escarificação afetou de forma positiva a macroporosidade e a porosidade total na camada 0-0,10 m. A macroporosidade é um indicador físico de grande influência na determinação da produtividade da soja em plantio direto. O uso do gesso agricola proporcionou um aumento no volume das raízes assim como sistemas radiculares mais profundos.

As lesões nervosas são freqüentes nos alongamentos e correções de deformidades dos membros inferiores. As lesões por estiramento do nervo fibular podem ser tratadas pela redução da taxa de alongamento ou do ritmo de correção gradual de deformidades até melhora clínica, ou pela descompressão cirúrgica, como demonstrado em estudos clínicos. Essa cirurgia mostrou-se eficaz para o tratamento dessas lesões, assim como outras de diversas etiologias, mas a quantificação da redução da tensão no nervo, a partir de uma descompressão limitada, não é conhecida. O presente estudo objetivou a mensuração da variação da tensão no nervo fibular após a osteotomia em varo da tíbia proximal, e em seguida após a descompressão limitada desse nervo. Essa descompressão limitada é realizada em dois pontos considerados anatomicamente importantes para o aumento da tensão no nervo: as fáscias superficial e profunda do músculo fibular longo, e o septo intermuscular anterior. A tensão no nervo foi medida através de um aparelho desenvolvido para tracionar o nervo perpendicularmente a seu eixo e medir sua reação em microdeformações com um transdutor de força. O gráfico de força por deformação produzido pelo computador mostrou uma fase inicial de acomodação, e depois apresentou comportamento linear. Essa porção da linear da curva, possibilitou o cálculo da rigidez do nervo em três momentos: pré osteotomia em varo, após a osteotomia em varo, e após a descompressão do nervo fibular. Os valores obtidos em sete cadáveres (quatorze membros inferiores) foram tratados estatisticamente através de análise de variância para medidas repetidas, obtendo-se o aumento significativo da tensão (p = 0,0002) após a osteotomia e a redução da mesma (p = 0,0003) após a descompressão do nervo fibular ao nível do colo da fíbula. Foi observado também que não houve diferença significativa entre os valores observados ao início em relação aos valores obtidos após descompressão do nervo (p= 0,3666). / Nerve injuries are complications often observed in lengthening and deformity correction in lower limbs. The peroneal nerve stretch lesions can be treated by slowing the rate of distraction or deformity correction or by surgical decompression, as demonstrated by clinical studies. This surgery proved to be very efficient to treat these lesions, but the amount of reduction of the nerve tension was not quantified. This study aims to measure the variation of the tension in the peroneal nerve (after varus osteotomy in the proximal tibia and after surgical decompression). The decompression is performed in two levels considered anatomically important to the increase of the nerve tension: the superficial and deep peroneus longus muscle fasciae, and the anterior intramuscular septum. The nerve tension was measured through a device developed to apply traction in the nerve perpendiculary to its axis, and capture the nerve reaction with a force transducer. It was then possible to plot a graphic of force by deformation that showed an accomodation phase followed by a linear segment. This region of the curve allowed to obtain the rigidity values in the three situations: pre varus osteotomy, after varus osteotomy and after peroneal nerve decompression. The values obtained in seven cadavera (fourteen lower limbs) were statistically treated by the multiple variance analysis. The results showed there was a significative increase of tension (p = 0.0002) after the osteotomy and varus positioning, and an also significant decrease (p = 0.0003) after peroneal nerve decompression at the level of the fibular neck. It was also observed no significative difference between the values obtained in the beginning of the experiment (pre varus osteotomy) if compared with the values obtained after nerve decompression (p= 0.3666).

Doctorat en kinésithérapie et réadaptation / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Les accidents de désaturation (ADD) résultent de la formation de microbulles dans les tissus lors de la décompression. De nombreux corps de métiers sont concernés par cette problématique : plongeurs, astronautes, tunneliers, personnel médical hyperbare... On observe que ces accidents peuvent survenir alors même que les tables de décompression sont respectées. La détection et la caractérisation des bulles de décompression présentent un intérêt diagnostic potentiel pour la prévention des ADD. Aujourd’hui, la détection de microbulles est réalisée par des personnels de santé expérimentés en utilisant des systèmes Doppler. Cependant, cette approche présente une grande dépendance à l'opérateur et ne permet pas d'obtenir une information quantitative (nombre, taille) sur la distribution des bulles circulantes. Par ailleurs, elle n'est pas adaptée à la détection de bulles tissulaires.Ces limitations conduisent à mettre en oeuvre une méthode ultrasonore bifréquentielle de détection et de caractérisation par mise en résonance des microbulles. Les contraintes de mesure temps-réel, de polydispersité en taille ([1 à 200 μm]) et de sursaturation des tissus imposent d'utiliser des ondes d'excitation de très faibles puissances mais très large bande.Les solutions mises en oeuvre visent d'une part à réduire la complexité de l'instrumentation et d'autre part à prendre en considération la dynamique de l'excitation. Par ailleurs, une solution originale, ayant fait l’objet d’un dépôt de brevet, est développée. Elle permet de s'affranchir de la mise en résonance tout en conservant un caractèrediscriminant séparant bulles et tissus. / Decompression sicknesses (DCS) are a consequence of microbubbles formation in tissues during decompression. Many fields are affected by this issue: divers, astronauts, tunneling, hyperbaric medical staff... It is observed that these accidents can occur even if the decompression tables are respected. The detection and characterization of decompression bubbles have a diagnostic potential for the prevention of DCS. Today, the detection of microbubbles is performed by experienced health workers using Doppler systems. However, this approach has a high dependence on the operator and does not provide quantitative information (number, size) about the distribution of circulating bubbles. Moreover, it is not suitable for the detection of stationary bubbles (tissue bubbles).These limitations lead to the development of a bi-frequency ultrasonic method for microbubbles detection and characterization by setting them into resonance. The constraints as real-time measurements, size polydispersity ([1 to 200 μm]) and saturation of tissues require the use of very low powerful excitation but high bandwidth waves.The solutions implemented are aimed firstly to reduce the complexity of the instrumentation and secondly to consider the dynamics of the excitation. In addition, an original solution, protected by a patent, has been developed. It allows to overcome the measurement of resonance while maintaining a discriminating character between bubbles and tissues.

This purpose of this study was to evaluate the contribution of post-dive peripheral tissue warming to the production of venous gas emboli (VGE) in divers. Inert gas elimination from the tissues is limited by both perfusion and diffusion. If changes in diffusion are matched by corresponding perfusion (vasoactive) changes, decompression should be asymptomatic (within allowable exposure limits). Under conditions when the diffusion of inert gas from the tissues is not matched by blood perfusion, VGE will ensue. Increasing tissue temperature will decrease inert gas solubility and thus diffusion into the blood. It has been demonstrated that problems may arise during rapid changes in peripheral temperature, as often occurs post-dive, when divers previously exposed to cold water actively rewarm themselves in showers or baths. The effect of moderate rewarming, however, may be to increase the rate of inert gas elimination without the formation of VGE since increased perfusion is encouraged. The effect of mild post-dive warming was investigated. Ten male subjects, between the ages of 21 and 29 years completed two dry chamber dives to 70 feet for 35 minutes (no decompression limit of the Canadian Forces Air Diving tables). Each dive was followed by a 30 minute head-out immersion in either a thermoneutral (28°C) or warm (38°C) bath. Non-invasive Doppler ultrasonic monitoring was then carried out at 30 minute intervals for the next 150 minutes to assess measurable VGE. Subjects did not display VGE formation in either the control or experimental conditions. Our findings suggest that: 1) the Canadian Forces table limits (for the profile employed) provide safe no-decompression limits not compromised by mild post-dive warming, and 2) mild peripheral warming, since not bubble generating, may be a useful adjunctive therapy in the management of decompression sickness by increasing the rate of inert gas elimination. / Education, Faculty of / Curriculum and Pedagogy (EDCP), Department of / Graduate

Aim: The objective of this project was to use analytical powder decompression (APDC) in tablet compaction processes to study the elastic behavior of powders. Background: During powder compaction, the particles undergo four stages of rearrangement, plastic deformation or particle fracture, and elastic deformation. The analytical powder compression protocol considers the loading phase and the elastic deformation during the unloading phase is neglected (Nordström et al., 2012). Using APDC analysis may give access to the underlying elastic characteristics of powders including tablet elastic recovery and powder modulus of elasticity (Persson et al., 2018). Methods: Two materials with different elasticity properties, NaCl and maize starch, were selected. After standard powder characterization, the powders were used in tablet compaction experiments with various pressures, compression and decompression rates, and lubrication. The resulting powder elastic modulus (EM) and tablet elastic recovery during unloading (ERin-die) and after ejection (ERout-of-die) up to 24 h were evaluated. Results: EM for NaCl was reduced by increased pressure or addition of internal lubrication, but no impact was seen from the compaction speeds. ERin-die for NaCl was doubled by the internal lubrication. For maize starch, EM increased at higher pressure, but it was not affected by the speeds or internal lubrication. ERout-of-die was negligible for NaCl, but it increased for maize starch with time. Conclusion: The larger nonlinear profile during unloading for maize starch can be a sign of mixed elastic and inelastic phenomena. The ascending trend for EM vs pressure for maize starch can be attributed to a larger interparticle cohesion and lower porosity. Addition of internal lubrication to NaCl lowered the tablet strengths which led to extensive relaxation and therefore much larger ERin-die.