Syfte: Avhandlingen syftar till att följa upp, beskriva samt generera tentativ teori om pågående förändringsprocesser inom hälso- och sjukvården på såväl makronivå genom studier av sjukhusfusioner som mikronivå genom studier av delat ledarskap. Metod: ”Sjukhusfusioner” beskriver två genomförda sjukhussammanslagningar utifrån en kvalitativ ansats, Grounded Theory med intervjuer av vårdpersonal (I, II). ”Delat ledarskap” utgår från en förändrad ledarskapsmodell på en intensivvårdsavdelning med intervjuer (III-IV) samt frågeformulär (V) som datainsamlingsmetod. Vårdpersonalens uppfattningar av ledarskap redovisas genom en fenomenografisk ansats (III). Vidare beskrivs två avdelningschefers upplevelser av att ha arbetat i ett delat ledarskap genom Grounded Theory (IV). I den sista delstudien (V) används en kvantitativ metod i form av ett frågeformulär. En del av dessa frågor ingår i instrumentet QPSNordic som belyser vårdpersonalens åsikter om arbete, ledarskap och delat ledarskap. Resultat: Vårdpersonalen uttryckte behov av delaktighet och balans mellan olika behov och krav i ett förändringsarbete. Ledarskapets betydelse lyftes fram som en framgångsfaktor för att utveckla hälso- och sjukvårdsorganisationer i förändring. Vårdpersonalens idealbild av sjuksköterskans ledarskap utgjordes av en chef som var närvarande och tillgänglig i den dagliga verksamheten. Begreppet stödjande tvåsamhet lyftes fram som kärnan i delat ledarskap. Stödjande tvåsamhet, en tillitsfull relation mellan avdelningscheferna, bidrog till en god arbetsmiljö då ansvar och befogenheter delades av aktuellt ledarpar. Vårdpersonalen hade en positiv syn på sitt arbete och ledarskapet. De ansåg att det delade ledarskapet ökade avdelningschefernas möjligheter att vara engagerade och tillgängliga i det dagliga arbetet. Konklusion: Resultatet har bildat underlag för två empiriskt grundade modeller; engagerat ledarskap och stödjande tvåsamhet. Engagerat ledarskap utgår från begreppen delaktighet och stöd i en vårdande kultur. Stödjande tvåsamhet bygger på en gemensam värdegrund och olikheter i kompetens hos ledarparet som ligger till grund för utveckling av en tillitsfull relation. Vidare har teorin om det caritativa ledarskapet vidareutvecklats genom begreppet stödjande tvåsamhet som belyser relationen chef till chef i en vårdande kultur. / Aim: The overall aim of this thesis is to follow up, describe and generate a tentative theory on ongoing processes of change in health care. This will be done at a macro level, through the study of hospital mergers as well as a micro level through studies of shared leadership. Method: ”Hospital Mergers” is based on a qualitative approach; Grounded Theory, with interviews of health professionals (I, II). ”Shared leadership” considered a change of the leadership model with interviews (III-IV) and questionnaires (V) as methods for data collection. Health professionals’ conceptions of leadership were described by a phenomenographical approach (III). In addition, two nurse managers’ experiences of working together as equal partners within a shared leadership model have also been presented by Grounded Theory (IV). In the last paper (V), a quantitative method has been used by means of a questionnaire. Some of these questions are included in the QPSNordic focusing on health professionals’ approach to work, leadership and shared leadership. Results: Participation and balancing involvement in a change process was emphasised by the health professionals. Leadership was highlighted as an important factor for healthcare organisations in change. Nurse leadership was seen as an ideal image by the health professionals and emphasised the importance for being present and available in order to provide support and feedback to improve practice. Supportive ”two-getherness” in a shared leadership are described as a relationship based on trust and confidence. Shared leadership made it possible to share responsibilities and tasks, which gave nurse managers a good working environment. Health professionals believe that shared leadership contributes to increased availability of committed nurse managers in day-to-day work. Conclusion: Two empirical models; committed leadership and supporting ”two-getherness” were developed. Committed leadership is built on participation through support in a caring culture. Supporting ”two-getherness” uses concepts such as common value and confident relationship. Moreover, the theory of Caritative Leadership was further developed from another perspective which is that of the relationship between managers. This relationship is known as supporting ”two-getherness”.

Att vara ledare inom den offentliga sektorn vid en mottagning på ett akutsjukhus mitt under en rådande pandemi skapar svårigheter. Då arbetet måste fortsätta fungera som vanligt i organisationen, trots den stora globala spridningen av Covid-19-viruset. I fokus ligger mottagningens två enhetschefer och deras arbete att leda sin arbetsgrupp för en trygg och säker arbetsplats som också ska vara patientsäkert. Störst fokus i uppsatsen ligger på hur enhetscheferna och medarbetarna arbetade under våren år 2020. Uppsatsen utgår från genomförda intervjuer två enhetscheferna och deras syn på hur det har varit att leda sin arbetsgrupp under en pandemi. Det har även gjorts en enkätundersökning, som syftade till att integrera medarbetarnas syner på ledarskapet då bredden av tillfrågade bidrar till en intressant aspekt i uppsatsen. Studiens syfte är att få en förståelse kring om ledarskapet förändras under en kris och hur ledarna tillsammans med medarbetarna tar sig an en sådan uppgift. Studien är baserad på kvalitativ och kvantitativ forskningsmetod. Resultatet av studien visar att enhetscheferna ansåg att kommunikationen var den största svårigheten och förändringen på mottagningen. Genom att alltid ha öppna kontorsdörrar ville de visa sina medarbetare att de var välkomna in, exempelvis om de kände sig oroliga eller hade ett ämne att diskutera. Enhetschefernas tanke med detta var att de bidrar till en gemenskap då alla fysiska möten varit inställda och mycket social kontakt fått stå tillbaka under pandemin. Detta på grund av de restriktioner som funnits angående hur många personer som får samlas i grupp. / Being a leader in the public sector at a ward in an emergency hospital in the midst of a prevailing pandemic creates difficulties. The work must continue to function as usual in the organization, despite the large global spread of the Covid-19 virus. The focus is on the ward's two unit managers and their work to lead their working group for a safe and secure workplace that must also be patient-safe. The biggest focus in the essay is on how the unit managers and employees worked during the spring of 2020. The essay is based on conducted interviews with the two unit managers and their views on what it has been like to lead their working group during a pandemic. A survey was also conducted, which aimed to integrate employees' views on leadership as the width contributes to an interesting aspect of the essay. The purpose of the study is to gain an understanding of whether leadership changes during a crisis and how leaders, together with employees, take on such a task. The study is based on qualitative and quantitative research methods. The results of the study show that the unit managers considered that communication was the biggest difficulty and change in the ward. By always having open office doors, they wanted to show their employees that they were welcome, for example if they felt worried or had a topic to discuss. The unit managers' idea with this was that they contribute to a community when all physical meetings have been canceled and a lot of social contact has been left behind during the pandemic. This is due to the restrictions that have existed regarding how many people can gather in a group.

In rapidly changing environments organization and management theories have to consider more flexible approaches to match the demands (1) (2). Agile methods attempt to enable flexible efficient ways of working in team structures (1). In this thesis we empirically study a model from a constructivist approach in an attempt to contribute to knowledge on the eternal problem of people working efficiently in the structure of teams. Social processes are argued to have a major impact on the general application of agile methods (3). However, the practitioners of agile methods tend to focus more on the physical and technical infrastructure as enablers of successful teamwork rather than the social processes of team development (4). Hence, without knowing how the social processes of a team affects the usage of agile methods for team development, an organization is at risk of becoming less efficient over time without realizing why (5) (6).Therefore it is essential to study how an agile method for team development affects and influences the social processes within a team in order to understand how it can be used for efficient teamwork. The purpose of this thesis was to study how an agile method for team development can aid a software development team to improve their way of working. We empirically tested a team-level workshop-based agile method for team development, SHC, in a case study at the Swedish Police Authority IT Department. This included 14 focus group sessions with seven development teams. We posed the following main research question to fulfill the purpose of the study: how can the use of an agile method for team development help software development teams improve theirway of working? We conclude that there are several ways in which an agile method for team development can help teams improve their way of working, and that these depend on the unique social processes within each team. The purpose of the study was fulfilled by the findings of how an agile method can serve teams in different stages of team development by fulfilling different purposes, how it can assist a team in taking action, as well as the potential it has to enable Shared Leadership. / I snabbt föränderliga miljöer måste organisations-och management-teorier ta hänsyn till mer flexibla angreppssätt för att möta kraven (1) (2). Agila metoder har som mål att möjliggöra flexibla och effektiva arbetssätt i teamstrukturer (1). I denna uppsats studerar vi empiriskt en modell ur ett konstruktivistiskt perspektiv i ett försök att bidra till kunskapen om det eviga problemet i att arbeta effektivt i teamstrukturer. Sociala processer anses ha en stor påverkan på den generella appliceringen av agila metoder (3). Utövare av agila metoder tenderar dock att fokusera mer på den fysiska och tekniska infrastrukturen som mögliggörare för effektivt teamwork snarare än de sociala processerna kring teamutveckling (4). Om en organisation alltså inte vet hur de sociala processerna hos ett team påverkar användandet av en agil metod så riskerar organisationen att bli mindre effektiv över tid utan att inse varför (5) (6). Därför är det essentiellt att studera hur en agil metod för teamutveckling påverkar och influerar de sociala processerna inom ett team, för att förstå hur metoden kan användas  för effektivt teamarbete. Syftet med denna uppsats var att studera hur en agil metod för teamutveckling kan hjälpa ett mjukvaruutvecklingsteam att förbättra sitt arbetssätt. Empiriskt testade vi en workshop-baserad agil metod på team-nivå, SHC, i en fallstudie på Polismyndighetens IT-avdelning. Denna inkluderade 14 fokusgruppsessioner med 7 olika utvecklingsteam. Vi ställde följande huvudsakliga forskningsfråga: hur kan användandet av en agil metod för teamutveckling hjälpa mjukvaruutvecklingsteam att förbättra sitt arbetssätt? Vi nådde slutsatsen att det finns flera sätt som en agil metod för teamutveckling kan hjälpa team att förbättra sitt arbetssätt, och att dessa sätt beror på de unika sociala processerna inom teamet. Syftet med studien uppfylldes av slutsatserna kring hur en agil metod kan stödja team i olika stadier av teamutveckling genom att fylla olika syften, hur en agil metod kan stödja ett team i att agera, samt potentialen metoden har i att möjliggöra delat ledarskap.

第一篇論述討論處置效果於選擇權市場的實證。處置效果係指投資人在處分資產時，傾向盡快賣出有未實現利得的投資部位，並且繼續持有有未實現損失的投資部位的行為偏誤現象。文獻上有關處置效果的實證多半集中在股票市場而少有於選擇權市場的實證。選擇權市場一般認為是具有私有資訊及較具備金融知識與經驗的投資人會選擇交易的市場。本文實證處置效果在指數選擇權市場上的影響。我們認為對於選擇權投資人來說，價內外程度是最重要且顯而易見的資訊，是很直觀可以衡量可能利得及損失的參考點。相較於傳統衡量根據過去交易價格所形成的未實現損益指標，價內外程度更能吸引投資人的注意力。以本文所提出的基於價內外程度衡量之賣出傾向指標(Moneyness-based Propensity to Sell, MPS)以及根據Grinblatt and Han (2005)所形成的調整後未實現資本利得指標(adjusted Capital Gains Overhang, ACGO)，每周將買權(賣權)排序成五等分後，我們發現持有最高等分的MPS或ACGO的買權(賣權)並賣出最低等分的買權(賣權)所形成的投資組合能夠產生超額報酬，顯示處置效果在指數選擇權市場亦存在。利用雙重排序(double sorting)的方法，我們發現MPS相較於ACGO，是較能夠在選擇權市場捕捉處置效果的指標。第二篇論述討論相似度衡量策略在期貨市場獲利的可能性。文獻上對於技術交易是否能產生顯著的報酬結果並不一致，然而實務上分析過去的價格走勢並使用技術指標所產生的訊號，是廣泛被接受的。現有測試技術交易指標獲利能力的文獻，通常假設投資人在實證測試的樣本期間一致性的參考某個交易指標產生的交易訊號並依此交易。然而實務上投資人可能同時參考不同的交易指標，每次交易可能根據不同交易指標所產生的訊號，且投資人會從歷史交易價格走勢中尋找類似於現有走勢的狀況，以這些歷史走勢接續的報酬率做為現有走勢未來報酬率的預期值。本文中我們提出一個較符合實際狀況的決策過程來描述技術交易投資人的行為，並重新檢視技術交易的獲利能力。我們提出的決策過程包含三個步驟。首先投資人建立一個特徵向量，包含投資人所認為足以預測未來報酬率並足以描述現況的指標。第二個步驟，投資人從過去某段期間中尋找相似於現有特徵向量的歷史狀況，並以這些歷史狀況接續的報酬率來作為預測的根據。最後，投資人依照過去的歷史狀況與現在有多相似，作為接續報酬率的加權權重，並以相似度權重加權平均報酬來做為未來報酬率的預測值，我們將依照相似度加權報酬所產生交易訊號所形成的策略稱為相似度衡量交易策略(Similarity-based trading rules)。我們檢視相似度衡量交易策略在九個不同的期貨市場中的獲利能力，在考量data-snooping及交易成本後，每日相似度衡量交易策略仍在其中六個市場中獲得顯著的報酬率。 / The disposition effect, which refers to the tendency of investors to selling their winning investments too soon and to hold losing investments too long, has been well-documented in the extant literature. However, while empirical researches focus on examining the behavioral bias in the stock market, little attention is paid to the option market, where most informed investors and sophisticated traders gather. This essay tests for the disposition effect on the index options market. We argue that moneyness, the most salient and readily available information for option investors, is a natural reference point for potential gains and losses, which likely attracts market participants’ attention more than traditional measures that are based on past trading prices. Based on the Moneyness-based Propensity to Sell (MPS) measure that we introduce and an adjusted capital gains overhang (ACGO) measure of Grinblatt and Han (2005), we find that a strategy formed by buying calls/puts in the highest MPS or ACGO quintile and selling those in the lowest quintile would generate significant abnormal returns, suggesting the presence of the disposition effect. Using double sorting method, we find that the MPS is better as a measure in capturing the disposition effect on the options market than the ACGO. While the literature documents mixed results for the profitability of technical trading rules, the use of technical buy/sell signals based on analyzing past prices is widely accepted by practitioners. The existing literature on testing the predictive ability of technical trading mostly assumes that a technical investor consistently makes investment decisions based on the buy/sell signals according to one particular trading rule during the entire sample period. However this may be far from reality. Technical investors may simultaneously make predictions based on different technical indicators and follow different technical signals. Furthermore, they analyze historical price patterns that are similar to the current market condition and make assessment of future returns based on the subsequent returns of these similar patterns. The process is known as charting. We attempt to propose a more realistic decision-making process that incorporates the similarity-based predictors to account for technical investors’ decisions in the real world and reexamine the profitability of technical trading rules. The proposed process includes three steps. First, the investor attempts to predict future returns based on a vector of current characteristics that is sufficient for his assessment of the future returns and to depict the present scenario of the stock market. Second, the investor searches for the similar patterns in a specific time window prior to the current date and make an assessment of the future returns based on how similar these past patterns and the current pattern are and how rewarding the subsequent returns of the similar patterns are. Third, the investor is assumed to form a similarity-based indicator which is an assessment of the future returns depended on the similarity-weighted average of all previously observed values of the subsequent returns. The technical investor is then assumed to buy/sell according to the signals generated by the similarity-based trading rules (SBTR). We examine the profitability of the SBTR in nine futures markets and find significantly positive and robust returns after considering the data-snooping adjustments and transaction costs in six of the nine markets.