The purpose of this study is to determine some principles of a counseling program which applies the principles of democratic supervision. The major emphasis has been given to an analysis of such a program in the light of accepted principles of democratic supervision.

本論文從「後社會主義中國」發展的框架下以「村民自治」來研究九十年代大陸基層政治參與，從制度層面及非制度層面探討大陸農村村民「政治參與權」發展情況，並分析對大陸未來政治發展可能產生的積極影響及消極影響。制度層面指涉的範圍是在「村民自治」的正式制度規範設計對於人民政治參與權利以及管道上的影響，主要包括「民主選舉」、「民主決策」、「民主管理」、「民主監督」、「村民小組」等等；非制度層面指涉的是包括內外部政治環境、傳統文化、經濟環境、社會環境等因素對人民政治參與的影響。從「村民自治」的制度層面和非制度層面的因素探討中，發現九十年代「村民自治」的政治參與呈現出一種嚴重的不平衡發展狀態。在制度面上，＜組織法＞比＜試行法＞在「四個民主」的機制設計比較進步，但是在選舉的競爭機制改善上成就不是很大；在非制度面上，經濟發展、仲介社團的產生及資訊的進步等因素對於民眾參與的意願有所促進，但是宗族、黨幹部的心態、傳統文化以及政府對傳媒的管制等因素卻使民眾的政治參與受到限制。九十年代大陸基層政治參與情況，由於制度變遷「路徑依賴」的選擇及自我強化的結果，使「後社會主義中國」政治參與的轉型發展，朝著「部份民主化」的方向前進，形成「接近自主型」、「部分自主型」、「被動型」三種不同的「政治參與權」型態。照目前「村民自治」發展情況來看，中共政權朝民主化方向發展是侷限性大於可能性。以漸進、溫和的方式由下而上的推動制度變革、經濟的發展、社會多元化、公民意識及參與政治文化的建立，來作為大陸推動民主化的策略選擇，雖然目前看來成功機會不大，但可作為未來大陸政治轉型之一種轉形發展策略。 / This paper attempts to look into the local political participation in Mainland China during the 1990s. The analysis on the villagers’ self-government under the framework of the post-socialism and the transitional development of Chinese Mainland and the analysis on the villagers’ “political participation powers and rights” from the formal and the informal systems of villagers’ self-government will be used to find the positive and the negative influences on the future of Mainland China’s political development by local self-government political participation. The scope of the formal system of villagers’ self-government includes democratic election, democratic decision-making, democratic management, democratic supervision and villagers’ subcommittee. The scope of the informal system of villagers’ self-government includes the interior and the exterior political environment, traditional culture, economic factor, and social environment. From the gathered data, we find the local political participation on the Mainland China during the 1990s is seriously unbalanced in rural areas of PRC. Because of the effect of path dependence, the transitional path forms three different types of “political participation powers and rights.” From the indications of current local political participation, the democratization of PRC in the near future will be limited. However, the strategy for gradualism reform still can be viewed as one possible path for transitional development of Chinese Mainland.