Relational Density Theory describes quantifiable higher-order properties governing relational framing of verbal organisms. Consistent with Newtonian classical mechanics, the theory posits that relational networks, and relating itself, will demonstrate the higher-order emergent properties of density, volume, and mass. Thus, networks that contain more relations (volume) that are stronger (density) will be more resistant to change (i.e., contain greater mass; mass = volume * density). Consistent with Newton’s law of gravity, networks that contain greater mass will also demonstrate force, accelerating the acquisition of new relations beyond that accounted for by direct acting contingencies, therefore demonstrating emergent self-organization that is highly susceptible to small changes at initial conditions. The current set of experiments provides initial proof of concept data for foundational principles introduced in the theory. Experiment 1 (N = 6) models the volumetric mass density formula, predicting that networks with greater volume and density will be more resistant to change (i.e., contain greater mass) when counterconditioning is applied to a subset of derived relations contained within experimentally established networks. Results were consistent with theoretical predictions based on density on 10 of 12 occasions, and resistance appeared greater for relations operating at greater volume. Experiment 2 (N = 6) extended directly from Experiment 1, generating a density differential through exposure at initial training conditions, and utilizing response time as a measure of relational density. Results again demonstrated successful prediction of resistance corresponding with the emergent density differential on 10 of 12 occasions, along with overall greater resistance corresponding with and volumetric increases. Experiment 3 (N = 9) demonstrated that relational volume can detract from relational density when accurate responding is near 100%, and that network density is predictive of class mergers when no merged responding is ever reinforced, suggesting that network mass can exert force on relational responding in the absence of any experimental conditioning (i.e., gravity). Taken together, results have radical implications for understanding the self-emergent nature of complex human behavior, with applications in therapy and treatment, as well as in understanding the human condition more broadly.

Submitted by Rosivalda Pereira (mrs.pereira@ufma.br) on 2017-07-21T18:04:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 CarlosSantos.pdf: 7721249 bytes, checksum: ee220ca2d9a3d156b8c575c28854ffea (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T18:04:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CarlosSantos.pdf: 7721249 bytes, checksum: ee220ca2d9a3d156b8c575c28854ffea (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-28 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa e ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Maranhão (FAPEMA) / In this work L-tyrosine hydrochloride crystals (LTHCl) were prepared by slow evaporation technique at room temperature and characterization by X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetry, differential thermal analysis, differential scanning calorimetry and Raman scattering at room temperature and under high pressures. After four weeks, it was possible obtain various crystals of good crystalline quality. The solution was acidic with pH 1.2. From the XRD pattern of the material and the Rietveld analysis, it was found that at room temperature LTHCl crystallizes in monoclinic space group (P21) with two molecules per unit cell. The refinement quality parameters were satisfactory with Rp = 6.29 %, Rwp = 8.49 % and S = 1.34. The thermal analysis showed that the material undergoes fusion around 231°C and presented no thermal event that features phase transition before the fusion. Furthermore, thermal analysis showed that the crystal is stable up to 220°C. Calculations using DFT (Functional Density Theory) were performed to identify the vibrational modes in the LTHCl crystal. Raman scattering measurements as a function of pressure (0,0-7,2 GPa) showed as major changes: the occurrence of an inversion of intensity between a strong band (attributed to torsion of L-tyrosine molecule) and an imperceptible band (at ambient pressure) for pressures above 2,5 GPa and a discontinuity of dω/dP associated with the strong band between 1.0 and 1.5 GPa, suggesting a conformational transition above 1.5 GPa stabilizing the structure up to 7,2 GPa. In the region of the internal modes few changes were observed, with the downshift of the COOH and NH3+ units as one of them. Finally, the decompression reinforced that the conformational phase transition is reversible, demonstrating a great capacity of this material to regenerate its original structure without presenting hysteresis. / Neste trabalho foram sintetizados cristais de L-tirosina hidroclorídrica (LTHCl) pela técnica de evaporação lenta do solvente à temperatura ambiente e realizadas medidas de caracterização por difração de raios X, análise térmica diferencial, análise termogravimétrica, calorimetria exploratória diferencial e espalhamento Raman à temperatura ambiente e a altas pressões neste sal de aminoácido. Após quatro semanas foram obtidos vários cristais, que apresentaram, visualmente, boa qualidade cristalina. A solução de crescimento era ácida com pH 1,2. Através do difratograma do material e da análise pelo método de Rietveld, constatouse que à temperatura ambiente a LTHCl cristaliza-se numa estrutura monoclínica (P21) com duas moléculas por célula unitária. Os parâmetros de qualidade do refinamento foram satisfatórios, com Rp = 6,29 %, Rwp = 8,49 % e S = 1,34. As análises térmicas mostraram que o material sofre fusão por volta de 231°C e que não há evento térmico que caracterize uma transição de fase antes da fusão. Além disso, as análises térmicas mostraram que o cristal é estável até 220°C. Cálculos usando a Teoria do Funcional de Densidade (DFT, density funcional theory) foram realizados para a identificação dos modos vibracionais no cristal de LTHCl. As medidas de espalhamento Raman em função da pressão (0,0-7,2 GPa) apresentaram como principais mudanças: A ocorrência de uma inversão de intensidade entre uma forte banda (associada à torção da molécula de L-tirosina) e uma banda imperceptível (à pressão ambiente) para pressões acima de 2,5 GPa, bem como a descontinuidade em dω/dP da forte banda entre 1,0 e 1,5 GPa, sugerindo uma mudança conformacional indicada pela torção da molécula de L-tirosina para pressões acima de 1,5 GPa deixando a estrutura estável até 7,2. Na região dos modos internos foram observadas poucas mudanças, tendo o downshift das unidades COOH e NH3 + como uma delas. Finalmente, a descompressão reforçou que a transição de fase conformacional é reversível, demonstrando uma grande capacidade desse material para se regenerar, sem apresentar histerese.

El coneixement de la superfície d'energia potencial (PES) ha estat essencial en el món de la química teòrica per tal de discutir tant la reactivitat química com l'estructura i l'espectroscòpia molecular. En el camp de la reactivitat química es hem proposat continuar amb el desenvolupament de nova metodologia dins el marc de la teoria del funcional de la densitat conceptual. En particular aquesta tesis es centrarà en els següents punts:a) El nombre i la naturalesa dels seus punts estacionaris del PES poden sofrir canvis radicals modificant el nivell de càlcul utilitzats, de tal manera que per estar segurs de la seva naturalesa cal anar a nivells de càlcul molt elevats. La duresa és una mesura de la resistència d'un sistema químic a canviar la seva configuració electrònica, i segons el principi de màxima duresa on hi hagi un mínim o un màxim d'energia trobarem un màxim o un mínim de duresa, respectivament. A l'escollir tot un conjunt de reaccions problemàtiques des del punt de vista de presència de punts estacionaris erronis, hem observat que els perfils de duresa són més independents de la base i del mètode utilitzats, a més a més sempre presenten el perfil correcte. b) Hem desenvolupat noves expressions basades en les integracions dels kernels de duresa per tal de determinar la duresa global d'una molècula de manera més precisa que la utilitzada habitualment que està basada en el càlcul numèric de la derivada segona de l'energia respecte al número d'electrons.c) Hem estudiat la validesa del principis de màxima duresa i de mínima polaritzabiliat en les vibracions asimètriques en sistemes aromàtics. Hem trobat que per aquests sistemes alguns modes vibracionals incompleixen aquests principis i hem analitzat la relació d'aquest l'incompliment amb l'efecte de l'acoblament pseudo-Jahn-Teller. A més a més, hem postulat tot un conjunt de regles molt senzilles que ens permetien deduir si una molècula compliria o no aquests principis sense la realització de cap càlcul previ. Tota aquesta informació ha estat essencial per poder determinar exactament quines són les causes del compliment o l'incompliment del MHP i MPP.d) Finalment, hem realitzat una expansió de l'energia funcional en termes del nombre d'electrons i de les coordenades normals dintre del conjunt canònic. En la comparació d'aquesta expansió amb l'expansió de l'energia del nombre d'electrons i del potencial extern hem pogut recuperar d'una altra forma diferent tot un conjunt de relacions ja conegudes entre alguns coneguts descriptors de reactivitat del funcional de la densitat i en poden establir tot un conjunt de noves relacions i de nous descriptors.Dins del marc de les propietats moleculars es proposa generalitzar i millorar la metodologia pel càlcul de la contribució vibracional (Pvib) a les propietats òptiques no lineals (NLO). Tot i que la Pvib no s'ha tingut en compte en la majoria dels estudis teòrics publicats de les propietats NLO, recentment s'ha comprovat que la Pvib de diversos polímers orgànics amb altes propietats òptiques no lineals és fins i tot més gran que la contribució electrònica. Per tant, tenir en compte la Pvib és essencial en el disseny dels nous materials òptics no lineals utilitzats en el camp de la informàtica, les telecomunicacions i la tecnologia làser. Les principals línies d'aquesta tesis sobre aquest tema són:a) Hem calculat per primera vegada els termes d'alt ordre de Pvib de diversos polímers orgànics amb l'objectiu d'avaluar la seva importància i la convergència de les sèries de Taylor que defineixen aquestes contribucions vibracionals.b) Hem avaluat les contribucions electròniques i vibracionals per una sèrie de molècules orgàniques representatives utilitzant diferents metodologies, per tal de poder de determinar quina és la manera més senzilla per poder calcular les propietats NLO amb una precisió semiquantitativa. / The knowledge of the potential energy surface (PES) has been essential in the world of the theoretical chemistry to discuss such as the chemistry reactivity as the molecular spectroscopy. In the reactivity chemistry we are interested to develop new methodology in the field of the conceptual functional density theory. This thesis will be center in the following points:a) The number and character of the different stationary points of the PES can have radical changes modifying the calculation level used. This fact produces that to be sure of the character of a stationary point is necessary to arrive a very precise calculation level. The hardness is a measure of the resistance of a chemistry system to change his electronic configuration, and taking into account the maximum hardness principle, where there is a minimum or a maximum of energy, there also is a minimum or a maximum of hardness, respectively. Choosing a set of problematic reactions in the number of stationary points, we noted that the hardness is more independent of the base and the method used and it always shows the correct shape.b) We made new expressions based in the integrations of the hardness kernel to predict the global hardness of a molecule in a more precise way that the numerical second derivative of the energy respect to the number of electrons.c) We studied the validity of the maximum hardness and the minimum polarizability principles in the asymmetric vibrations in aromatic systems. We found that for theses systems some vibrational modes break these principles and we studied the relationship of this non-fulfillment with the pseudo-Jahn-Teller effect. Moreover, we postulated a set of simple rules, that allows deducing if a molecule will follow or not these rules without a previous calculation. All this information has been essential to exactly determine the reasons of the fulfillment or non-fulfillment of the MHP and MPP.d) Finally, we made an expansion of the functional energy respect to the number of electrons and the normal coordinates into the canonic ensemble. The comparison of this expansion with the expansion of the energy respect to the number of electrons and the external potential give the recuperation of some know relations between traditional reactivity descriptors of DFT, but a different way, and establish a set of new relations and descriptors.In the field of molecular properties we propose to generalize and improve the methodology to calculate the vibrational contribution (Pvib) to the non-linear optical properties (NLO). Despite of that the Pvib is not taking account into the majority of the theoretical studies published of the properties NLO, it has recently been checked that the Pvib of different organic molecules with high NLO properties is bigger that the electronic contribution. Thus, the Pvib is essential to pattern new NLO materials used in informatics, telecommunications, and laser technology. The main lines of the research about this subject are:a) We have calculated for the first time the high terms of the Pvib for different organic polymer with the goal to evaluate the importance and the convergence of the Taylor series that define the vibrational contributions.b) We have evaluated the electronic and vibrational contributions for different representative organic molecules using different methodologies to predict the cheaper way to calculate the NLO properties with semi quantitative precision.