« Ce qu’il y a de plus profond en l’homme, c’est la peau – en tant qu’il se connaît » écrit Paul Valéry dans L’Idée fixe. Peu d’œuvres autobiographiques se sont pourtant abandonnées à l’exploration de cette profondeur : depuis Rousseau, les impératifs du genre exigent d’aller in cute. L’Histoire de ma vie est de ce petit nombre. Casanova, longtemps l’homme de toutes les superficialités, parcourt sans discontinuer cette surface de l’être, non pour s’y oublier, mais justement « en tant qu’il se connaît ». Sur l’épiderme, s’affichent les plus vertigineuses métamorphoses autant que se dévoilent les plus éclatantes révélations : l’homme y découvre de quelle étoffe il est fait. La réflexivité du récit de soi ne saurait faire l’économie de cette médiation, et ce que tente de retrouver l’écrivain au fil des pages, c’est moins une vérité ou une essence qu’un corps à nouveau capable de profondeur. L’œuvre tend à recomposer ses tissus, à rétablir sa splendeur et à rejouer ses élans, espérant ainsi triompher de la seule réalité véritablement superficielle : le Temps. La mémoire du désir renvoie à cette anamnèse charnelle, qui se déploie à l’écart de la conscience et de l’intériorité mais au sein du théâtre des peaux et des parures. L’Histoire de ma vie tente d’en recueillir et d’en relancer l’intensité, de redonner au sujet écrivant cette chair perdue, la seule qu’il connaisse et que chaque ligne tente de reconquérir. Cette mémoire à sa temporalité propre, elle façonne un sujet inédit et génère un régime d’écriture singulier : elle ouvre ainsi au sein de l’univers des écritures du Moi un espace immense et encore insuffisamment exploré. / «What is deepest in man, it is the skin - as he knows himself," wrote Paul Valéry in L’idée fixe. Few autobiographical works have quite explored of this depth: since Rousseau, the imperatives of the genre require to go in cute. L’Histoire de ma vie belongs to this little number. Casanova, for long man of all superficialities, runs continuously the surface of being, not to forget himself, but precisely "as he knows himself." On the epidermis, appear the most dizzying metamorphoses as the most brilliant revelations: man discovers of what stuff is made. The reflexivity of the narrative itself cannot do without this mediation, and that the writer tries to find as the pages go by, it's less a truth or essence than a body again capable of depth. The work tends to recompose its tissues, to restore its splendor and to replay his impulses, hoping to overcome the only truly superficial reality: Time. Desire’s memory refers to this carnal anamnesis, which unfolds away from consciousness and interiority but in the theater of skins and ornaments. L’Histoire de ma vie tries to collect and to raise the intensity, giving back to the subject writing this flesh lost, the only one he knows and that each line is trying to regain. This memory has its own temporality; it shapes a unique subject and generates a unique writing system: it opens within the world of writing of the self an immense space and still insufficiently explored.

Notion centrale de sa spiritualité, le désir selon Bossuet fait advenir son objet : d'où l'invitation à l'élaguer comme à l'exalter, à la recherche de « l'unique nécessaire ». Héritier de l'Antiquité païenne et chrétienne, augustinien et thomasien plus que cartésien, Bossuet défend la doctrine catholique traditionnelle. Son apologie de l'intérêt propre dans la quête du salut rejoint toutefois des préoccupations propres à son temps. Peut-il évoquer le désir spirituel de manière analogue aux désirs sensibles ? En un siècle où les termes théologiques se laïcisent, sa préférence pour ce mot profane favorise ce lien, même si sa perspective sur les désordres du désir demeure plus métaphysique que celle des moralistes. Naturel et surnaturel, l'élan du désir de Dieu dépasse infiniment le sensible dont il ne peut se déprendre. Cela se traduit dans la rhétorique du prédicateur post-tridentin, qui recourt à des images pédagogiques et imparfaites, ici recensées dans un index. Comme dans le système figural biblique, dispositif attisant le désir d'un accomplissement, leur littéralité est signifiante. Appuyé sur des médiations bibliques et patristiques, l'univers imaginaire de Bossuet est marqué par l'importance de la nature dont l'harmonie chante l'amour de Dieu et par le recours privilégié aux métaphores de l'amour nuptial. Le prédicateur entend susciter ce désir au moyen de son verbe. La délectable musicalité de son éloquence oratoire métaphorise l'orientation du sensible vers Dieu. Ses lettres, sermons et écrits spirituels transmettent l'impetus animant le fidèle et le lyrique langage de sa prière. Car l'expression du désir de Dieu ne peut ici-bas se passer du tâtonnement des mots. / The desire is central to Bossuet's spirituality. According to him, desire will make its object come to be : therefore one must control it or exalt it, in the hopes of securing “the one thing needful”. Heir to Pagan and Christian Antiquity, as an Augustinian and Thomist more so than a Cartesian, Bossuet defends traditional Catholic doctrine. His promotion of self-interest in the quest for salvation nevertheless has a relationship with some concerns typical of his time. Could he evoke spiritual desire in an analogous way to carnal desires ? Since, in the seventeenth century, theological terms were frequently rendered secular, his preference for the profane word encourages this analogy, although his perspective on the disorders of desire remains more metaphysical than the Moralists'views. Both natural and surnatural, the momentum of the desire of God infinitely surpasses the sensitive order from which it cannot free itself. This presents itself through the post-Tridentine predicator's rhetoric. He uses pedagogic and imperfect images, here inventoried in an index. As in the biblical figural system, which arouses the desire for an accomplishment, their literalness is meaningful. Fortified by biblical and patristical mediations, Bossuet's imaginary world is marked by the importance of nature (the harmony of which sings the love of God) and a predilection for metaphors of nuptial love. The predicator aims to instigate this love, through his verb. The delectable musicality of his oratorical elo-quence metaphorically represents this orientation of bodily desires towards God. His letters, sermons and spiritual wrintings communicate the impetus animating the faithful and the lyrical language of his prayer. Because in our world one cannot express God's desire without fumbling with words.

Cette thèse est une étude sur le geste de soin, c’est-à-dire le fait de se soucier d’autres personnes et de leur apporter une aide nécessaire. Elle est ancrée dans un cas particulier : l’action humanitaire, l’action d’organisations intervenant dans des situations d’urgence générées par des conflits ou des catastrophes. Ce secteur de pratiques vient nourrir et contextualiser notre réflexion en lui apportant ses contraintes propres. Le constat d’un ensemble d’écueils dans les pratiques de soin se trouve à l’origine de ce travail. Ces problèmes sont généralement perçus comme des abus de pouvoir, que ce soit le soigné qui se voit abusé (imposition d’une forme de soin, manque de respect, etc.) ou bien le soignant (manque de reconnaissance, manipulation, détresse empathique, etc.). Selon la conception dominante, ces écueils auraient leur source dans l’asymétrie de la relation de soin. Il faudrait alors réduire, si ce n’est même, annuler cette asymétrie. Mais que serait le soin en l’absence de cette asymétrie ? Que pourrait faire le soignant s’il se trouvait tout autant vulnérable que le soigné ? Cette thèse dénonce une conception dominante du soin qui tend à un affaiblissement du soignant. Non seulement la souffrance ne trouve pas de réponses effectives, mais elle se voit légitimée et même célébrée. Notre travail vise à dénoncer cet empire de la souffrance et en révèle les racines profondes. De plus, la contribution de cette thèse n’est pas uniquement critique : elle propose de retrouver la puissance au cœur du geste de soin. Nous montrons que la source de cette puissance se trouve dans le désir, le désir entendu dans son sens fondamental et intrinsèque. Cette thèse propose finalement de replacer le désir au cœur du soin. Le vitalisme et la puissance normative anti-dogmatique de philosophes comme Spinoza, Nietzsche, Canguilhem et Deleuze nous éclairent tout au long de ce travail ainsi, qu’un travail empirique réalisé auprès d’acteurs humanitaires. / This is a study on the gesture of care, i.e. the fact of caring for other people and providing them with the help required. It focuses on a particular case : humanitarian action, the action conducted by organisations that intervene in emergency situations generated by conflicts or disasters. This sector of practices nourrishes and contextualises this philosophical reflection. The impulse of this work resides in the observation of a set of pitfalls of caring practices. These issues are generally perceived as abuses of power: it is either the care-reciever that is being abused (imposition of a particular form of care, lack of respect, etc.) or the care-provider (lack of recognition, manipulation, empathic distress, etc.). According to the dominant understanding, these pitfalls would find their origin in the asymetry of the caring relations. It would then be necessary to reduce, or even, to remove this asymetry. However, what would care be in the absence of this asymetry? What could the carer do if he/she was as vulnerable as the one being cared for? This thesis critiques a dominant conception of care that leads to a weakening of the carer. Not only does this understanding makes it impossible to properly respond to suffering, but it also leads to legitimising distress and vulnerability, and even, celebrating these states. Hence, this work seeks to denounce this empire of suffering and reveals its deeper roots. Furthermore, this thesis is not only a critique; it also makes a proposition, that of coming back to power of acting at the heart of the gesture of care. It shows that the source of this power resides in desire, a desire understood in a fundamental and intrinsic sense. It eventually proposes to place desire at the center of care. The vitalism and the normative and anti-dogmatic power of philosophers such as Spinoza, Nietzsche, Canguilhem and Deleuze are a source of inspiration throughout this work, as well as an empirical study conducted with humanitarian actors.

Uma das principais vias de transformação no desenvolvimento humano ocorre através da busca pela intersubjetividade. O objetivo deste trabalho foi compreender alguns processos de construção de conhecimento acerca do outro e de si através de um estudo de relações intersubjetivas grupais. Para tanto, trabalhamos com a perspectiva construtivista semiótico-cultural, focalizando especialmente as ações simbólicas dos sujeitos ao buscarem momentos de protagonismo e de reconhecimento uns pelos outros. Procuramos estabelecer uma relação entre essa busca dos sujeitos e a noção levinasiana de desejo, entendido como um movimento da subjetividade ao buscar abrigar o que a excede na direção da alteridade. No processo de investigação, tomamos para exame uma situação empírica envolvendo interações de natureza lúdica, quais sejam, sessões de Role-Playing Game (RPG), que possuem uma dinâmica particular na construção de objetivos e desejos dos jogadores. A dinâmica das relações eu - outro nos jogos de RPG foi analisada a partir da assimetria de posições subjetivas, dialogicamente definidas. Realizamos um mapeamento dessas posições e vimos que nos jogos de representação de papéis há fruição de um mundo imaginário reduzido e presentificado no pensamento. Finalmente, chegamos à proposição de que o significado essencial das construções pessoais está no âmbito de outrem, presente ou ausente, real ou imaginário, em relação ao qual o eu procura constituir um plano de compartilhamento. / One of the main sources of transformation in human development is through the subjects quest for intersubjectivity. The objective of this work was to understand some aspects of the processes of knowledge construction concerning the self and the other. It was developed through a study focusing intersubjective group relationships. In order to achieve that, we worked with semiotic-cultural constructivist perspective, focusing specially, on the symbolic actions of subjects searching for moments of protagonism and of recognition of one by the others. We tried to establish a link between this search of the subjects and the levinasian notion of desire, though as a subjective movement trying to shelter what exceeds itself on the alterity direction. On the investigation process, we examined an empirical situation involving ludic interactions of Role-Playing Game (RPG) sessions. This game has a particular dynamic towards building objectives and desires by its players. The I-other dynamic relations in Role-Playing Games was analyzed observing the asymmetry of subjective positions, dialogically defined. We did a mapping of these positions and saw that in the role-playing games there is the fruition of an imaginary world reduced and made present in the thought. Finally, we arrived to the assertion that the essential meaning of personal constructions is related to otherness, either present or absent, real or imaginary, in relation to which the self tries to constitute a shared setting.

A formação de professores no Brasil caracteriza-se principalmente por sua constância enquanto promessa. Da lembrança de um aprendizado pleno para poucos passou-se à promessa da expansão do número de vagas. O reconhecimento atual da suposta desqualificação professoral é um caminho para o aprimoramento instrumental de uma nova formação, com vistas a superar uma também suposta falta de qualidade. Nesse sentido, as ciências são convidadas a se imiscuir na política, resultando na prevalência da técnica no estabelecimento dos parâmetros legais de formação, acabando por respaldar a imposição de determinada ideologia aos sujeitos. O que se costuma denominar por ensino a distância, que no Brasil é sinônimo de formação de professores, constitui-se como o protótipo mais bem elaborado dessa associação político-científica. O presente trabalho parte do registro do inconsciente para uma interpretação que facilite a compreensão deste fenômeno como sintoma. / The common thread of teachers education in Brazil, along decades, is its constant state of promise. The memory of learning opportunities for only a few led to the promise of spreading education by increasing teachers training. The current recognition of the supposed lack of professional qualifications promises to capacitate a new formation, in order to overcome the also supposed lack of quality. In this sense, science is invited to meddle with politics, resulting in the prevailing of technique in the establishment of the legal parameters for teachers formation. The outcome is the endorsement, by means of discourse, of the inscription of a certain ideology in the subjects. The so-called distance learning, which in Brazil is synonym with teachers formation, is the most elaborated prototype of this political-scientific association. Having the concept of unconscious as a starting point, this paper aims to give an interpretation that facilitates better understanding of this phenomenon as a symptom

Esta dissertação toma como objeto as marcas, em textos escritos, que, ao indiciar a existência do desejo inconsciente do seu autor, tendem a fazer com que, por meio de sua leitura, algo da transmissão inconsciente possa ocorrer. A hipótese de trabalho é aquela segundo a qual a relação que cada autor tem com a escrita e com sua maneira de escrever se faz presente nos textos redigidos por ele. É esta relação singular que pode facilitar ou dificultar o engajamento da nova geração com uma determinada área. Pretendemos, no decorrer deste trabalho, responder as seguintes perguntas: 1) Caso haja, quais são as correlações existentes entre algumas marcas deixadas por um autor em um texto e a maior ou menor possibilidade de propiciar a transmissão de um saber? e; 2) Como a transmissão de um saber pode, para aquele que lê, vir a, no momento em que ele se propõe a escrever, gerar um espaço para invenção? Para tanto cotejamos textos que tratam de uma mesma temática (o crime), que foram redigidos por três psicanalistas de gerações diferentes. Foi possível perceber que deixar um legado para o mundo por meio da escrita é colocar algo de si ao escrever, é permitir que seus traços apareçam no texto, é questionar constantemente os discursos que nos cercam e principalmente o nosso próprio discurso, nossas próprias verdades e teorias. Transmitir um saber através da escrita é além de um ato de criação, um ato de generosidade e de responsabilidade. / This work has taken as its object of study the traces in written texts that denote the existence of an authors unconscious desire, and tend to show something of the unconscious transmission. Our hypothesis was that the relationship that each author has with writing and with his way of writing is present in their texts. This unique relationship can facilitate or make it harder when it concerns the engagement of the new generation with a certain area. We intended to answer the following questions: 1) If so, what are the correlations between some traces left by an author in a text and the greater or lesser possibility of providing the transmission of knowledge?;and 2) How can the transmission of knowledge create a space for invention, for the one who reads when they set out to write? For the study we have chosen texts dealing with the same theme (the crime), which were written by psychoanalysts of three generations. It could be observed that to leave a legacy to the world through writing is to pose something of ourselves, allowing the traces to appear in the text, constantly questioning the discourses that surround us and especially our own discourse, our own truths and theories. Transmit a knowledge through writing is beyond a creative act, an act of generosity and responsibility.

Entender as nuances que permeiam a formação do desejo na publicidade de moda é o objetivo primordial desta pesquisa. Para tanto, a proposta busca, por meio de uma levantamento bibliográfico, integrar dois importantes campos do conhecimento, comunicação e psicanálise. Dado o nível de abrangência de cada campo mencionado, uma delimitação dos mesmos em Enunciação Publicitária e Psicanálise Lacaniana foi necessária. Ambas as teorias se configuram como suportes promissores para uma pesquisa envolvendo a produção de sentido na publicidade. Este fenômeno, caracterizado como produção de sentido, carrega consigo as ventosas responsáveis pela colagem do desejo ao significante, estudado em Psicanálise Lacaniana como conceito central. Mas, por outro lado, a psicanálise mostra que o significante, sozinho, não oferece os subsídios necessários à boa compreensão das relações de consumo atreladas à comunicação publicitária. É necessário pensar o significante de forma integrada, como parte do processo de subjetivação, como é o caso do funcionamento das leis da linguagem no inconsciente, intituladas por Lacan como metáfora e da metonímia. Este é um domínio da psicanálise que, associada à Enunciação Publicitária, seara da comunicação, mostra um forte potencial para explicar a formação do desejo na publicidade de moda. Formação de desejo dada na produção de sentidos presentes em mensagens publicitárias, na qualidade de enunciações que favorecem representações da subjetividade do consumidor em enunciados da publicidade. A união de ambas as teorias é operacionalizada por uma metodologia de análise que, sustentada em seis vertentes teóricas e quatro indicadores de pertinência entre publicidade e psicanálise, une e mescla duas outras metodologias, a da Enunciação Publicitária e a da Psicanálise Lacaniana. A primeira se refere ao estudo da produção de sentido, permeada por embreagens e debreagens de dêiticos presentes nos discursos publicitários e estudadas como leis da Enunciação Publicitária. A segunda metodologia, referente à Psicanálise Lacaniana, também investiga produção de sentidos e de significações ligadas ao processo de subjetivação em nível psíquico, no que se refere, por exemplo, à construção de identidades. O resultado do estudo levou à constatação de que o consumo, permeado pelas representações da publicidade, tornou-se parte do processo de subjetivação. Neste contexto, influenciado por promessas de gozo operadas via discurso, via linguagem, identidades são estruturadas e desestruturadas, desejos são feitos e desfeitos. O resultado leva a concluir também que o consumo contemporâneo tornou-se parte indissociável do universo simbólico, no qual são formados sujeitos cada vez mais alienados em relação à verdade sobre si mesmos, pois, a promessa de gozo, enquanto uma via fálica para a obturação da falta, aponta sempre em direção a referenciais externos, ligados a objetos pertencentes ao domínio do grande Outro, da cultura e sobretudo da ideologia. / Understanding the nuances that permeate the creation of desire in fashion advertising is the primary objective of this research. To do so, the proposition searches through a literature review, to integrate two important fields of knowledge, communication and psychoanalysis. Given the scope of each field mentioned, a division of the same utterance in advertising and Lacanian psychoanalysis was necessary. Both theories are configured as promising supports for a research involving the production of meaning in advertising. This phenomenon, characterized as the production of meaning, carries the stickers responsible for bonding the desire to the signifier, studied in Lacanian Psychoanalysis as a central concept. But on the other hand, psychoanalysis shows that alone, the signifier does not provide the necessary subsidies for a proper understanding of the consumption relations, bound to the publicitary communication. It is necessary to think of it in an integrated manner, as part of the subjective process, as the functioning of the rules of language in the unconscious mind, called, by Lacan, as metaphor and metonymy. This is the domain of psychanalysis that associated with the publicitary utterance, may well explain the formation of desire in fashion advertising. The formation of desire which is given mainly by the production of present feelings in advertising messages, in the quality of the utterances, that consider the representation of subjectivity of the consumer in advertising statements. The combination of both theories is performed by a methodology of analysis, that supported by six theoretical branches and four indicators of relevance between publicity and psychoanalysis, unifies two other methodologies, the enunciation of advertising and Lacanian Psychoanalysis. The first refers to the study of the production of meaning, and permeated by shifts of deictics, present in the speeches and advertisings studied as laws of the publicitary statements. The second methodology, referring to Lacanian Psychoanalysis, is also investigating the production of meanings and absense of meaning linked to the process of subjectivation in a psychic level, as regards, for example, to the construction of identities. The study results led to the realization that consumption, permeated by the representations of advertising, also became a subjective process. In this context, identities are structured and unstructured, wishes are made and unmade, influenced by promises of joy, operated via speech, via language. The result also leads to the conclusion that the contemporary consumption became an integral part of the symbolic universe in which formed subjects are increasingly alienated from the truth about themselves, because the promise of enjoyment as an avenue for the filling of phallic lack, always points towards external references, linked to objects belonging to the domains of the big other, of culture and above all of ideology.

De que modo a psicanálise pode incidir sobre o debate acerca do que impulsiona o pensamento às novidades epistêmicas? De um lado, vemos estudos de psicologia do desenvolvimento que adotam a psicanálise como teoria da afetividade capaz de integrar-se aos pressupostos psicológicos juntamente com a epistemologia genética. A partir dessa montagem teórica, tomam o enunciado da criança como meio de verificação empírica dos aspectos cognitivos e afetivos do desenvolvimento do sujeito psicológico. Apresentam-se inicialmente, nesta tese, os pressupostos que embasam tais pesquisas, o modo como integram a psicanálise a esses pressupostos e como, a partir dessa montagem teórica, sustentam o objetivo de fazer do pensamento da criança a verificação empírica de um processo evolutivo. De outro lado, considera-se o retorno lacaniano à experiência freudiana como fornecendo as bases conceituais para considerar o enunciado da criança como efeito da dialética intersubjetiva da demanda e do desejo. A psicanálise aí se apresenta como recolhendo o que os estudos antes apresentados deixam de lado: a diferença, a discordância ou o desvio que a formulação infantil preserva face à expectativa teórica. Problematizando a naturalização da criança como sujeito em desenvolvimento, surge a brecha para a noção de causa estrutural articulando a diferença e o impulso à emergência de novidades. / How could Psychoanalysis get into the debate over what pushes thought towards knowledges novelties? In one hand, there are studies within the field of Psychology of Development which adopt Psychoanalysis as an affectivity theory capable of integrating itself to Psychology assumptions as well as to the genetic epistemology. From this theoretical construction, they grasp children narratives as a means of empirical verification of the cognitive and emotional aspects of the Psychological subject development. We here present the assumptions of such researches, the way they integrate Psychoanalysis to those assumptions and how from this theoretical construction they sustain their intention to build the child\'s taught as the empirical verification of a evolutionary process. In the other hand, we consider the Lacanian return to the Freudian experience as an alternative source to consider child\'s narratives as effects of the intersubjective dialectics between demand and desire. Psychoanalysis presents itself as recovering what other studies put aside: the difference, the disagreement or the detour that infant formulations preserve in front of theoretical expectations. Putting in doubt the naturalization of the child as a subject in development, the notion of structural cause appears as a possibility to articulate the difference and the creation of epistemic novelties.

Cette thèse explore la transgression et la mise en lumière des mécanismes de la pulsion scopique dans l’œuvre plastique et littéraire d’Ana Clavel ainsi que d’autres auteurs latino-américains contemporains : Mario Bellatin, César Aira et Jorge Alberto Gudiño, avec qui nous allons établir une similitude esthétique d’écriture. Le domaine pulsionnel, tel qu’il est étudié à travers la littérature, s’inscrit dans une tradition psychanalytique qui vise à élucider la question du désir. Au cœur de ce travail autour des enjeux du « regard » qui s’emparent des corps artificiels des poupées et de l’écriture du désir, nous examinons la transformation des esthétiques du corps : Ana Clavel, dans son corpus, présente trois dimensions distinctes : le corps pulsionnel, le corps artificiel et le corps genré. Par le biais de la lecture de ces textes, nous découvrons que les corps s’enferment dans une réalité intelligible qui nous renvoie à une conventionnalité asphyxiante. C’est dans cette perspective que nous allons repenser une philosophie des corps du désir qui contribue à déstabiliser notre pensée des dichotomies corporelles à travers la mise en œuvre de mécanismes comme la transgression et la métaphore. Notre démarche cherche à éclaircir l’énigme de la pulsion scopique psychanalytique et ses applications dans une perspective esthétique qui rapproche la littérature de la psychanalyse : comment l’écriture du désir et la création littéraire se réinventent-elles à travers les enjeux de certains mouvements d’avant-garde ? De quelle manière le lecteur d’aujourd’hui perçoit-il ces mécanismes et dans quelle mesure son propre regard peut-il se transformer ? La pulsion est une force irrépressible qui rassemble des dualités présentées comme antagonistes qui pourraient s’harmoniser dans une lecture transgressive. Les idées de Ricœur et de sa métaphore « voir comme » peuvent se percevoir en lien avec celles de Lacan et sa catégorie de la pulsion scopique, tout en se rapprochant des réflexions de Barthes pour ce qui est du domaine de la jouissance. Selon notre analyse, le mécanisme du regard, pris en tant qu’artifice esthético-sémantique, permet une expression poétique du désir en repensant les espaces et la notion de frontière : l’imaginaire, organisé comme un langage, et la réalité textuelle, qui, d’après Lacan, échapperait à la représentation d’une autre réalité parallèle et s’associerait à l’impossibilité de la jouissance. Nos interprétations nous amènent à formuler le déploiement d’une évolution vers l’idée d’une « neutralité » des corps, qui concrétise une altérité transformant des réalités jusqu’à présent pensées en tant qu’opposées, comme peuvent l’être le biologique du corps et une corporalité qui concilie des catégories langagières tels que la pudeur et l’impudeur à travers la métaphore avec la pulsion scopique. Au cours de ce travail, les travaux d’Elisabeth Badinter, Pierre Bourdieu et Françoise Héritier font écho à une possible évolution des catégories sociales et génériques dans les domaines de l’art et de la littérature. Grâce aux héritages de l’avant-garde, nous avons les moyens, en tant que lecteurs, de décrypter, au-delà du langage formalisé, une nouvelle réalité où, pour le moment, l’énigme de la pulsion scopique propose, à travers l’écriture, de concilier les opposés. L’art et la littérature demeurent de véritables moteurs de réflexion qui remettent en cause l’inertie dans laquelle nous maintient le binarisme, et nous amènent à envisager l’hypothèse d’une neutralité source de créativité, et contenant en son sein l’essence d’une révolution artistique qui repense l’altérité. / This thesis explores the transgression and sheds light on the mechanisms of scopic drive in the plastic and literary work by Ana Clavel, as well as by other Latin American contemporary authors: Mario Bellatin, César Aira and Jorge Alberto Gudiño, with whom we are going to establish an aesthetical similarity of their writing styles. The pulsional domain, such as it is studied through the literature, lies into a psycho-analytical tradition that targets the clarification of the concept of desire. At the heart of this work, built around the stakes of the « gaze » which takes hold of the dolls’ artificial bodies and the desire’s writings, we are analyzing the evolution of the body’s aesthetics. Ana Clavel, in her corpus, introduces three different dimensions of it: the pulsional body, the artificial body and the gendered body. Through the reading of these texts, we figure out that the bodies imprison themselves into an intelligible reality that leads us to an asphyxiating conventionality. In this perspective, we are going to redesign a philosophy of desire’s bodies which contributes to destabilize our way of thinking about dichotomies (corporal, generic and linguistic) through the implementation of mechanisms such as transgression and metaphor. Our approach tries to shed light on the psychoanalytical scopic drive’s enigma and its applications in an aesthetical perspective that brings the literature closer to the psychoanalysis: how do the desire’s writings and the literary creation reinvent themselves through the issues of certain avant-garde movements? At which extent does the contemporary reader perceive these mechanisms, and at which extent can their own gaze be transformed? Drive is an unstoppable force that brings together dualities, introduced as antagonistic, which can be harmonized in a transgressive reading. Ricœur’s ideas and his metaphor can be perceived as connected to Lacan’s and his scopic drive’s category, while approaching to Barthes’ reflections about the domain of enjoyment. According to our analysis, the mechanism of gaze (seen as an aesthetic-semantic artifice) allows a poetical expression of the desire that rethinks the spaces and the notion of boundary: the imaginary, organized as a language, and the textual reality that, according to Lacan, escapes the representation of another parallel reality and matches the impossibility of pleasure. Our interpretations lead us to draw the deployment of an evolution towards the idea of a “neutrality” of the bodies, which concretizes an otherness which transforms realities until then thought as opposite, such as the body’s biology and a corporality that reconciles linguistic categories like the reticence and the shamelessness through the metaphor with the scopic drive. During this thesis, the works of Elisabeth Badinter, Pierre Bourdieu and Françoise Héritier echo a possible evolution of social and generic categories in the domains of art and literature. Thanks to the heritages of avant-garde we are provided with the means to decrypt, as readers and beyond the formalized language, a new reality where the enigma of scopic drive proposes to reconcile the opposites. Art and literature host some real engines of reflection, that reconsider the inertia where the binarism holds us and lead us to contemplate the hypothesis of a neutrality which is source of creativity, containing on its own the essence of an artistic revolution that redesign the alterity.

[pt] Esta tese é um desdobramento e aprofundamento da investigação sobre a voz como objeto da pulsão, tema do meu livro A voz na psicanálise- Um sopro de vida. O presente trabalho constata que a psicanálise, a literatura e a arte trágica são instrumentos de interpretação das mesmas questões fundamentais da condição humana e busca depreender que os conceitos de voz, tragédia, polifonia, carnavalização e transfiguração podem ser articulados, principalmente a partir das obras de Freud, Nietzsche e Bakhtin. O resultado constitui uma reflexão sobre o desejo e a criação literária na Modernidade a partir do dialogismo de vários autores. Enquanto produção artística polifônica Amar, verbo intransitivo, obra de Mário de Andrade, foi o instrumento de leitura das contraditórias inscrições do desejo na subjetividade moderna. / [en] This dissertation is an unfolding and deepening of the investigation on the voice as an object of drive, theme of my book The Voice in Psychoanalysis: A Breath of Life. The present paper proposes that psychoanalysis, literature and the tragic art are instruments of interpretation of the human condition, and tries to infer that the concepts of voice, tragedy, polyphony, carnivalisation, and transfiguration can be articulated, especially from the writings of Freud, Nietzsche, and Bákhtin. The outcome represents a reflection on desire and the literary creation of modern times from the art of dialogism of several authors. As a literary polyphonic production, Love, Intransitive Verb, by Mario de Andrade, was the instrument of reading of the contradictory inscriptions of desire in modern subjectivity.