O crescimento rápido e descontrolado da urbanização, principalmente nos países em desenvolvimento, vem provocando impactos significativos tanto no meio ambiente quanto para a própria população. A existência de áreas altamente impermeabilizadas traz como consequência o aumento do volume escoado superficialmente, causando aumento nas vazões máximas de até seis vezes a vazão de pré-urbanização. Surge, então, a necessidade de alternativas que solucionem ou reduzem os problemas relacionados ao aumento do volume escoado, não somente que os transfira para outro local. Neste sentido, pode-se aplicar as Melhores Práticas de Gestão (Best Management Practices – BMPs), medidas que servem no gerenciamento das águas pluviais em áreas urbanas, destacando-se os reservatórios de detenção. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo desenvolver um método para avaliar a minimização do impacto hidrológico de uma bacia urbanizada para que ela se comporte de maneira hidrologicamente semelhante às condições de pré-urbanização, analisando os custos de implantação de bacias de detenção para evitar alagamentos à jusante. Para isso, fez-se uso de simulação hidrológica com modelo IPHS1 para determinação dos hidrogramas de saída dos afluentes da bacia estudada. O dimensionamento dos reservatórios foi realizado com a aplicação do método da curvaenvelope e a escolha dos melhores locais para implantação deu-se a partir da análise dos hidrogramas. Com isso, ajustaram-se funções do tipo Qp=f(V). Estas funções foram utilizadas no modelo de otimização não-linear, considerando-se diferentes restrições de custo. A área de estudo corresponde à bacia hidrográfica Mãe D’água, de 3,39 km², localizada na Vila Santa Isabel no município de Viamão/RS. Os resultados mostraram que a aplicação de uma técnica de otimização associada a um modelo hidrológico mostrou-se útil na avaliação dos custos de projetos de controle do escoamento pluvial (bacias de detenção) urbano para a bacia estudada, podendo servir como material de consulta para o Poder Público e Privado. Além disso, mesmo sem disponibilidade de dados hidrológicos observados e informações mais detalhadas acerca do processo de urbanização da área de estudo, é possível, através da aplicação da metodologia apresentada, desenvolver cenários para análise do aumento da zona urbana e quantificação do impacto hidrológico, para que assim o problema identificado seja minimizado. / The rapid and uncontrolled urbanization, especially in developing countries, has led to significant impacts on both the environment and people themselves. The existence of highly impermeable areas brings as consequence the increase in surface runoff volume, causing an increase in peak flows up to six times the pre-urbanization flow. This requires thus, the need of alternatives to solve or reduce the problems related to the increased volume disposed, and not only transferring it to another location. In this context, the Best Management Practices (BMPs) can be implemented, which are measures for managing storm water in urban areas as, for example, the detention reservoirs. Thus, this work aims to develop a method to evaluate the hydrological impact minimization of an urbanized basin, so that it can behave hydrologically similar to pre-urbanization conditions, analyzing deployment costs of detention basins to prevent flooding downstream. Hence, a hydrologic simulation model with IPHS1 has been used to determine the studied basin tributaries output hydrographs. The reservoirs sizing was evaluated with the application of the Envelope-Curve Method and the choice of the best localizations for their implantation was done by analyzing the hydrographs. Therefore, functions as Qp=f (V) were fitted. These functions were used in the nonlinear optimization model considering different costs constraints. The study area represents the Mãe D’água watershed, with 3,39 km², located at Vila Santa Isabel in Viamão/RS. The results showed that the application of an optimization technique associated with a hydrological model has proven to be useful in storm water runoff control projects costs evaluation (detention basins) for the urban study area and may serve as reference material for Government and Private institutions. Moreover, even without the availability of observed hydrological data and detailed information about the process of urbanization in the study area, it is possible, through the application of the presented methodology, to develop scenarios for analyzing the urban zone expansion and quantification of hydrological impact, in order to minimize the identified problem.

This thesis deals with the refugees in detention centres in the Czech Republic. Its aim is to describe and suggest educational and training aims for them. Theoretical part outlines the situation of migration in the Czech Republic, detention centres for refugees and their typical psychological problems. It accounts the educational aims from the point of view of common theory of education and leisure time education. The practical part describes the life of refugees in the detention centre in Kostelec nad Orlicí, their activities in leisure time and relations between the employees and clients of the centre. The refugees are seen as social workers´ and educators´ clients. The interviews with the employees of the detention centre are qualitatively analysed, attention is paid both to their activities and to their private aims at work and so the educational aims for the pedagogical workers dealing with refugees are formulated.

Nas últimas décadas, a questão do terrorismo encontra-se em crescente debate, especialmente no âmbito jurídico. O tema apresenta aspectos tortuosos, a começar pela dificuldade em conceituar e tipificar o fenômeno. Partindo da premissa de que o terrorismo é um crime grave, com amplitude internacional, pretende-se nesse estudo abordá-lo sob um enfoque processual. A tarefa não seria possível sem antes buscar conceitos para o terrorismo, classificá-lo como um crime internacional e identificar a posição do terrorista, como criminoso, tanto em contexto de conflito armado quanto em situações de paz. A esse aspecto, enfatiza-se a necessidade de aplicação das normas protetivas de Direitos Humanos e de Direito Humanitário, afastando a denominação de combatente inimigo e, com isso, o limbo jurídico a que estaria reservado o terrorista. Essas questões preliminares contextualizam o debate central de nosso trabalho: a prisão cautelar de terroristas, à luz da eficiência e garantismo. Para a abordagem do tema, especial atenção é dada às mudanças ocorridas nas legislações e jurisprudências dos Estados Unidos, Reino Unido e Espanha, Estados fortemente afetados por atos terroristas, especialmente após os atentados de 11 de setembro de 2001. A apresentação é feita com base nos julgamentos de casos paradigmáticos, envolvendo prisões cautelares de terroristas, com enfoque nas violações de direitos e garantias do devido processo legal, também à consideração da jurisprudência de cortes internacionais de direitos humanos. A prisão cautelar é aqui entendida como a prisão anterior ao julgamento, cujo caráter instrumental visa a garantir a eficácia dos procedimentos penais. Em seguida, os direitos e as garantias do devido processo legal aplicáveis à prisão cautelar, principalmente nos casos de terrorismo, são analisados de forma mais detida, com o intuito de demonstrar a necessidade de se compatibilizar a busca de eficiência na persecução penal do terrorismo com as garantias do processo penal. Quanto a isso, ressalta-se a importância da presunção de inocência, do direito de defesa e da proibição da tortura. Ao fim do trabalho, a análise se volta a uma abordagem nacional do tema, averiguando o tratamento das prisões cautelares de terrorismo no Brasil. / In the past few decades, the question of terrorism has been the object of increasing debate, especially within the legal scope. This topic presents some complex aspects, beginning with the problem of conceptualizing and defining this phenomenon. Beginning with the premise that terrorism is a serious crime, with an internationals scope, in this study we intend to approach it from a procedural focus. This would not be possible without first seeking definitions for terrorism, classifying it as an international crime and identifying the position of the terrorist, as a criminal, both within the context of armed conflict and in situations of peace. In this regard, we emphasize the need to apply the protective rules of Human Rights and Humanitarian Law, avoiding the use of the term enemy combatant, and thus, the legal limbo that would be reserved for terrorists. These preliminary questions place the central debate of our work in context: the provisional detention of terrorists, from a standpoint of efficiency and guaranteeism. In the discussion, special attention is paid to the changes that took place in the legislation and judicial precedent of the United States, the United Kingdom and Spain, States strongly affected by terrorist acts, especially after the attacks of September 11, 2001. The presentation is based on the judgments of paradigmatic cases, involving provisional detentions of terrorists, with a focus on the violations of due process rights and guarantees, as well as on the jurisprudence of international human rights courts. Here, provisional detention is understood as imprisonment before the judgment, whose instrumental nature is to guarantee the effectiveness of criminal proceedings. Next, the rights and guarantees of due process applicable to provisional detention, principally in cases of terrorism, are analyzed more carefully, in order to show the need to make criminal prosecution of terrorism compatible with the guarantees of criminal procedure law. In this regard, emphasis is placed on the importance of the assumption of innocence, the right to defense and the prohibition of torture. At the end of the work, the analysis returns to the national approach to this topic, verifying the treatment of provisional detentions for terrorism in Brazil.

O crescimento rápido e descontrolado da urbanização, principalmente nos países em desenvolvimento, vem provocando impactos significativos tanto no meio ambiente quanto para a própria população. A existência de áreas altamente impermeabilizadas traz como consequência o aumento do volume escoado superficialmente, causando aumento nas vazões máximas de até seis vezes a vazão de pré-urbanização. Surge, então, a necessidade de alternativas que solucionem ou reduzem os problemas relacionados ao aumento do volume escoado, não somente que os transfira para outro local. Neste sentido, pode-se aplicar as Melhores Práticas de Gestão (Best Management Practices – BMPs), medidas que servem no gerenciamento das águas pluviais em áreas urbanas, destacando-se os reservatórios de detenção. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo desenvolver um método para avaliar a minimização do impacto hidrológico de uma bacia urbanizada para que ela se comporte de maneira hidrologicamente semelhante às condições de pré-urbanização, analisando os custos de implantação de bacias de detenção para evitar alagamentos à jusante. Para isso, fez-se uso de simulação hidrológica com modelo IPHS1 para determinação dos hidrogramas de saída dos afluentes da bacia estudada. O dimensionamento dos reservatórios foi realizado com a aplicação do método da curvaenvelope e a escolha dos melhores locais para implantação deu-se a partir da análise dos hidrogramas. Com isso, ajustaram-se funções do tipo Qp=f(V). Estas funções foram utilizadas no modelo de otimização não-linear, considerando-se diferentes restrições de custo. A área de estudo corresponde à bacia hidrográfica Mãe D’água, de 3,39 km², localizada na Vila Santa Isabel no município de Viamão/RS. Os resultados mostraram que a aplicação de uma técnica de otimização associada a um modelo hidrológico mostrou-se útil na avaliação dos custos de projetos de controle do escoamento pluvial (bacias de detenção) urbano para a bacia estudada, podendo servir como material de consulta para o Poder Público e Privado. Além disso, mesmo sem disponibilidade de dados hidrológicos observados e informações mais detalhadas acerca do processo de urbanização da área de estudo, é possível, através da aplicação da metodologia apresentada, desenvolver cenários para análise do aumento da zona urbana e quantificação do impacto hidrológico, para que assim o problema identificado seja minimizado. / The rapid and uncontrolled urbanization, especially in developing countries, has led to significant impacts on both the environment and people themselves. The existence of highly impermeable areas brings as consequence the increase in surface runoff volume, causing an increase in peak flows up to six times the pre-urbanization flow. This requires thus, the need of alternatives to solve or reduce the problems related to the increased volume disposed, and not only transferring it to another location. In this context, the Best Management Practices (BMPs) can be implemented, which are measures for managing storm water in urban areas as, for example, the detention reservoirs. Thus, this work aims to develop a method to evaluate the hydrological impact minimization of an urbanized basin, so that it can behave hydrologically similar to pre-urbanization conditions, analyzing deployment costs of detention basins to prevent flooding downstream. Hence, a hydrologic simulation model with IPHS1 has been used to determine the studied basin tributaries output hydrographs. The reservoirs sizing was evaluated with the application of the Envelope-Curve Method and the choice of the best localizations for their implantation was done by analyzing the hydrographs. Therefore, functions as Qp=f (V) were fitted. These functions were used in the nonlinear optimization model considering different costs constraints. The study area represents the Mãe D’água watershed, with 3,39 km², located at Vila Santa Isabel in Viamão/RS. The results showed that the application of an optimization technique associated with a hydrological model has proven to be useful in storm water runoff control projects costs evaluation (detention basins) for the urban study area and may serve as reference material for Government and Private institutions. Moreover, even without the availability of observed hydrological data and detailed information about the process of urbanization in the study area, it is possible, through the application of the presented methodology, to develop scenarios for analyzing the urban zone expansion and quantification of hydrological impact, in order to minimize the identified problem.

Les bassins de retenue des eaux pluviales constituent des éléments importants de gestion des rejets urbains de temps de pluie (RUTP). De nombreuses études montrent que, lorsqu’ils sont bien conçus, ils permettent de lutter contre les inondations et de décanter efficacement la pollution métallique et les hydrocarbures fortement fixés aux matières en suspension (MES). Le travail se propose d’étudier les performances de ce type de système afin d’en mesurer et d’en modéliser leur efficacité en termes d’abattement de micropolluants à une échelle évènementielle. Pour cela, il a été développé un suivi expérimental d’un bassin en service sec et étanche de grande taille localisé à l’exutoire d’un bassin versant drainé par un réseau d’assainissement séparatif pluvial faisant partie de l’Observatoire de Terrain en Hydrologie Urbaine (OTHU). Ainsi un total de 100 micropolluants (MP) a–t-il été suivi : 22 éléments traces métalliques (ETM), 16 hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (HAP), 2 alkylphénols (AP), 5 alkylphénols éthoxylates (APEO), Bisphénol A, 9 polybromodiphényléthers (PBDE) et 45 pesticides. Dans les eaux, ils ont été analysés en phase dissoute et particulaire en entrée et en sortie. 67 % des MP recherchés ont été détectés au moins une fois en entrée ou en sortie. Les concentrations moyennes évènementielles à l’exutoire du bassin versant alimentant l’ouvrage sont comparables aux données de la littérature quand elles existent et montrent une grande variabilité. L’efficacité massique évènementielle (EME) de piégeage des MP a été évaluée selon différentes méthodes, prenant en compte les incertitudes totales. L’efficacité est avérée pour la majorité des ETM et HAP, sur un nombre limité de campagnes pour les PBDE et les APEO, très limité pour le 4-Tert-Octylphénol et le 4-Nonyphénol (1 sur 5). Les performances de l’ouvrage ont été mises en avant pour 7 pesticides (sur 15 détectés) mais des efficacités négatives témoignent d’un relargage possible des polluants. L’étude des sédiments accumulés dans le bassin depuis 6 ans montre qu’ils sont assez chargés tant en métaux, HAPs qu’en 4-Nonylphénol, BDE209 et Diuron. Enfin, nous avons expérimenté 3 niveaux de modèles afin d’identifier des pistes pertinentes pour la suite des travaux dans ce domaine. / Detention basins are at stake in urban stormwater discharges (USWD) management strategies. If well designed, they are not only used to mitigate stormwater flood impacts but also to trap metals and hydrocarbon compounds strongly bounded to total suspended solids (TSS). An experimental monitoring, in the framework the Field Observatory on Urban Hydrology (OTHU), was developed on a large dry detention basin located at the outlet of a catchment drained by a separate stormwater system. This basin presents a rather classical and current configuration.A sum of 100 substances was studied: 22 metals (ETM), 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), 2 alkylphenols (AP), 5 ethoxylate alkylphenols (APEO), Bisphénol A, 9 polybromodiphenylethers (PBDE) and 45 pesticides. They were analyzed in both dissolved and particulate phases in water at the inlet and outlet of the device. 67% of MP studied was detected at least once at the inlet or outlet. Event mean concentrations were in the same range as literature data when available and showed an important variability.Event mass efficiency (EME) in trapping MP was assessed by different methods taking account for global uncertainties. Acceptable efficiency was found for most of ETM and PAH and in a lesser extent for PBDE and APEO on a limited number of campaign. The detention basin had only a positive impact on alkylphenols (4-Tert-Octylphenol and 4-Nonylphenol) for one campaign out 5. Negative values for 7 pesticides (among 15 detected) indicated possible pollutant release. Accumulated sediments study showed high MP concentrations in particular for metals, PAH, 4-Nonylphenol, BDE209 and Diuron. Lastly, different levels of models were tested to try to identify relevant ones for further work.

Home detention as an alternative sanction in the Czech Republic and in England and Wales This thesis mainly aims on describing certain type of punishment generally called home detention and it's different forms that it takes within the jurisdiction of England and Wales and the Czech Republic. The main purpose of this thesis is to provide overview of those variants of home detention alongside with description of requirements that need to be fulfilled so that the home detention may be imposed. This thesis also provide description of processes of execution of home detention and description of processes that are triggered when conditions of home detention are breached in both England and Wales and the Czech Republic. Comparison of Czech and English forms of home detention shall highlight deficiencies existing mainly in Czech legislation. This thesis is divided into four main chapters that deal with various issues relating to the main topic of this thesis. Meaning of the term of punishment is explained in the first chapter of this thesis, focusing mainly on purpose and function of punishment. Punishment is also explained from the historical point of view, providing overview of evolution of punishment throughout the years and explaining the rise of alternative sanctions. Special attention is given to...

Denna uppsats skall genom granskningar av domstolsprotokoll, och dess beslutsgrundande motiveringar, undersöka hur tvångsingripande åtgärder vid missbruk enligt LVM-lagstiftningen tillämpas. Intentionen är försöka finna de underliggande och uppbyggda formuleringar som rättfärdigar den svenska staten, att via socialtjänst och förvaltningsrätter frihetsberöva och tvångsvårda medborgare mot den enskildes vilja. Är det inte den fria medborgarens rättighet att leva sitt liv som den önskar även om det anses som ett destruktivt leverne? Empirin är av mig uppbyggd utifrån de diskurser som blottläggs vid undersökningen. Syftet med sammanställningen av de olika diskurserna och begreppen som förekommer i dessa domstolsbeslut är att ge insyn i en verksamhet som med stor säkerhet går allmänheten förbi. Detta kan förklaras med att detta rör en sådan i periferin existerande grupp av människor. Jag vill vidare påvisa ett kritiskt tänkande kring fenomenet och slutligen ge förslag till en förändring av företeelsen. / This investigation will examine, through audits of court protocols, and its motivational reasons, how enforcement measures are applied in the event of abuse under the LVM legislation. To try to find the underlying and also the case-formulated formulations that justify the Swedish state, through its municipalities' social services and administrative rights, to the detention of the individual's detention and coercion for citizens. Is not it the free citizen's right to live his life as it wishes even if it is  considered a destructive delivery? The empirin is built on the basis of the discourses exposed to the investigation. The intention of compiling the different discourses and concepts contained in these court decisions is to provide insight into an activity that surely passes the public when it comes to such a peripheral group of people as well as to demonstrate critical thinking about the phenomenon and finally suggest a change of the phenomenon

Le droit pénal français est marqué par une volonté de prévenir la récidive. Ce souhait se concrétise par l’introduction de mesures de sûreté dont la rétention de sûreté. Toutefois, la rétention de sûreté n’est pas une mesure de sûreté comme les autres, ce qui a conduit à de nombreux débats qui, en réalité, reprennent d’anciennes et récurrentes controverses. Cette mesure part en effet du postulat que les criminels sexuels et/ou violents présentent une maladie, maladie qui laisse présumer un risque de récidive. En les traitants comme des malades, le législateur considère ainsi qu’ils sont curables. En conséquence, il convient de mettre en œuvre des soins, seule solution pour prévenir une récidive. Cependant, cette même maladie conduit souvent le patient à refuser les soins pourtant nécessaires au regard de cette maladie. Dans ces circonstances, le soin est contraint, mais non imposé, par la menace, puis la mise en œuvre effective, d’une mesure privative de liberté qu’est la rétention de sûreté, ce qui constitue une menace pour les libertés individuelles. Le mécanisme même de la rétention de sûreté fait ainsi apparaître de nombreux problèmes criminologiques, psychologiques, constitutionnels, conventionnels que le droit français ne peut ignorer. Il est nécessaire de les prendre en compte pour éviter que la rétention de sûreté ne devienne une mesure purement éliminatrice au détriment de son principal objectif, qui reflète le fondement même du droit pénal français, à savoir prévenir la récidive tout en permettant à terme la réinsertion des criminels dans la société. / The French criminal law is characterised by a willingness to prevent recidivism. To give concrete expression to this will, security measures are implemented among which the secure detention. However, the secure detention is not an ordinary measure and gives rises to many debates which, in fact, take up old and recurrent controversies. This measure is based on the assumption that sexual and/or violent criminals show a disease which may suggest a risk of a second offence. As a result, by considering them as sick persons, the legislator asserts that they can be treated. Accordingly, medical care is advised as the only solution to prevent a second offence. However, this disease itself often induces the patient to refuse cares even if it is required for this disease. Under these circumstances, care is constrained by law but not imposed by threat. Yet, if the attempt fails, a measure which deprives of liberties will be effective, such as the secure detention, what threatens individual freedoms. The secure detention process raises many criminological, psychological, constitutional and conventional problems than the French law can’t ignore. It’s necessary to take them into account to prevent the secure detention turning into a phase-out measure to the detriment of its mains objective, which reflects the cause itself of the criminal French law, i. e. to prevent the second offence while helping criminals in the long run to become reintegrated in society.

The United States of America has in its custody several hundred Taliban and Al Qaeda combatants who were captured after the September 11, 2001 attack and during the war in Afghanistan. These prisoners are incarcerated at the Guantanamo naval base in Cuba. The treatment given to these detainees has elicited widespread criticism, as well as unprecedented intellectual and legal debates regarding prisoners of war. In order to fully understand the position of the Guantanamo Bay detainees, one has to be aware of the origins of the prisoner-of-war phenomenon. From biblical times, through the countless conflicts that were waged across the globe through the ages, the concept of “prisoner of war” gradually evolved. Growing concern for the plight of prisoners of war was paralleled by the development of the laws of war, which sought to regulate the conduct of combatants during an armed conflict. The laws of war that have bearing on modern day States are those documented in the Geneva Conventions. The Geneva Conventions regulate armed conflicts and set out the requirements for prisoners of war, as well as their trial rights. The United States, in declaring the Guantanamo Bay detainees “unlawful combatants” or “illegal enemy combatants”, terms which are undefined in International Law, have sought to evade the prescripts of the Geneva Conventions. In direct contravention of the Geneva Conventions, the Guantanamo Bay detainees are denied the right to humane treatment, a fair trial and due process of the law. Prior to Hamdan vs Rumsfeld, the United States’ position was challenged with very little success. The Supreme Court, in Hamdan vs Rumsfeld, directed the president to accord the detainees the protections of the Third Geneva Convention. The relief brought by this decision was very short lived. In September 2006 the United States Congress passed the Military Commissions Act of 2006. This Bill gives the president of the United States unfettered power in dealing with anyone suspected of being a threat to the State, as well as the authorisation to interpret and apply the Geneva Conventions according to his sole discretion.

This national study, focusing on job satisfaction within juvenile facility directors, was conducted by the means of a survey. The study is longitudinal in nature; the survey was conducted in 1995 and 2000. Other past studies have focused on line level employees, guards, and the juveniles, but few have concentrated on juvenile facility directors. Literature on directors is currently lacking, this continuous study will give a better ongoing perspective of their attitudes and beliefs. Findings from this particular study will help to address current concerns inside of the system, starting at the apex. The survey's goal is to correlate factors that have a direct impact on their job satisfaction. Results indicate that staff issues have a dramatic impact on a director's job satisfaction.