No description available.

Thesis (doctoral)--Ludwig-Universität zu Giessen.

No description available.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Pennsylvania, 1994. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 238-242) and index.

Recovery from the Great Depression began in March 1933, simultaneous to Franklin Roosevelt's inauguration. However, the pace of that recovery between that date and the Second World War was extremely uneven with some dramatic starts and stops. Between March and July 1933, manufacturing production rose 78%, production of durable goods was up 199%, total industrial production rose 57%, and the Dow Jones Industrial Average rose 71%.Then the economy contracted sharply again beginning in August 1933-the July 1933 level of industrial production was not reached again until August 1935. This paper addresses two questions. What factors were responsible for bringing about the sharp recovery in the spring of 1933 and what factors brought this short-lived economic surge to an end? (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

People with substance dependence show maladaptive approach responses toward stimuli related to their drug of addiction. Reducing the motivational salience of these appealing but maladaptive stimuli could decrease these inappropriate approach responses. Tasks that involve response inhibition influence the affective valence of stimuli, such that previously inhibited items are disliked compared to never-inhibited items. It is not clear, however, whether this effect can be harnessed to develop interventions to decrease the maladaptive motivational salience of addiction-related stimuli. To lay the groundwork for such an intervention, I first determined that people in treatment for substance dependence showed affective devaluation of previously-inhibited stimuli (Experiment 1). Because adolescence is associated with high risk of illegal substance use, I then examined the magnitude of the inhibitory devaluation effect in a group of adolescents from an adverse background (Experiment 2). Devaluation of inhibited stimuli increased significantly with age, suggesting that the effect occurs more strongly as the brain matures. Drug-related stimuli are extremely motivationally salient to people with substance dependence. Experiments 3-6 examined the affective consequences of inhibition for different types of motivationally salient stimuli: geometric images associated with monetary gains or losses, or sexually-appealing images. Finally, I determined that inhibition affects not only a stimulus’ affective valence, but also its motivational value. Heterosexual male participants who inhibited images of attractive females were later less likely to press a key in order to see more images of that type than participants who did not inhibit these images (Experiment 7). Taken together, this evidence suggests that computer-based tasks involving inhibition may be useful for decreasing the affective and motivational salience of drug-related stimuli in substance-dependent individuals.

This thesis examines China's exchange rate and its relationship with China's foreign trade in the reform period from the late 1970s to the present. China's foreign exchange management system has undergone major changes in the past two decades. The exchange rate regime has evolved from a fixed (but adjustable) rate, to a dual exchange rate system in the 1980s and early 1990s, and to a managed floating rate in the mid 1990s. The official exchange rate was devalued substantially from 1980 to 1994. Since1995, the official exchange rate has been de facto pegged to the US dollar. Although the nominal exchange rate is subject to central bank intervention in the foreign exchange market, the government claims that China’s currency, the Renminbi, achieved current account convertibility at the end of 1996. / The parallel exchange rates were an internal settlement rate adopted in the 1981-1984 period and a swap market rate in the 1987-199:3 period. The internal settlement rate was based on the cost of foreign exchange earnings and it was constant over the period. The swap market rate was semi-market-determined in foreign exchange swap markets in which foreign exchange retention quotas were traded. Since the official exchange rate and the interest rate were rigorously controlled by China's authorities, it is not surprising that purchasing power parity and interest rate parity do not hold for this period. However, it is found that the swap market premium over the official exchange rate is closely related to the inflation differential between China and the United States. / Trade liberalisation accompanied by currency devaluation has been one of key elements of the successful experience of the Chinese economy. This thesis calculates a new and improved series for the real effective exchange rate in order to estimate the effects of exchange rate changes on foreign trade. By estimating real export and import equations, it is found that changes in the real exchange rate did affect the volumes of foreign trade, and that a real devaluation would promote exports and restrain imports, thus improving the trade balance. / China has a strongly dualistic trade regime, and because of this characteristic the total trade account is disaggregated into processing and other trade. Processing trade is the trade of export processing when imported intermediate inputs are processed in China and then the finished goods are exported. A model of fragmentation with multistage production is set up to analyse the relationship between exchange rate changes and the volume of processing trade. The model shows that a devaluation of the domestic currency would likely increase China's processed exports and domestic employment. The empirical evidence is consistent with the findings from the theoretical model. / The thesis then goes on to examine China's exchange rate mechanism. Official documents and statements clearly indicate that export promotional was a major objective of the authorities in adjusting the exchange rate and that price stability was also a key factor in determining the level of the official exchange rate, particularly after the late 1980s. The results from estimating policy reaction functions suggest that the authorities did adjust the exchange rate in response to changes in trade performance and prices (or the rate of inflation). A worsening trade account would prompt the authorities to devalue the currency while rising inflation would slow the pace of devaluation. / The findings from this thesis imply that the current policy of a nominal exchange rate pegging to the US dollar and related restrictions on foreign exchange and imports will not assist further liberalisation of foreign trade, which is necessary to sustain China’s economic growth. With the accession to the World Trade Organisation in the near future, an exchange rate policy consistent with the reduction of trade restrictions is an urgent need for the Chinese economy.

Thesis (doctoral)--Göteborgs universitet, 1988. / Added t.p., with thesis statement and English abstract inserted. Includes bibliographical references (p. 220-247).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 1999. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 230-246). Available also in a digital version from Dissertation Abstracts.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 230-246).