O acetaldeído é um comprovado agente mutagênico e carcinogênico, pode ser produzido endogenamente pela oxidação do álcool ingerido em bebidas alcoólicas e alimentos ou exogenamente, inalado como poluente, advindo da oxidação de combustíveis fósseis e etanol. O efeito do acetaldeído foi avaliado em modelos celulares e animais com o propósito de avaliarmos o aumento do estresse oxidativo, por lipoperoxidação, fragmentação do DNA, e a formação de adutos DNA, tais como 8-oxo-7,8-dihidro-2-desoxiguanosina, além de, 1,N2-eteno-2-desoxiguanosina e 1,N2-propano-2-desoxiguanosina que foram analisados por HPLC acoplado a espectrometria de massa com a utilização de metodologia ultra-sensível e reprodutiva. O tratamento de fibroblastos pulmonares humanos normais (IMR-90) com diversas concentrações de acetaldeído (58 µM a 711 µM) resultou em aumentos de morte celular, lipoperoxidação, fragmentação do DNA, cálcio intracelular e adutos de DNA. O efeito protetor do licopeno (20 µM) foi comprovado minimizando todos os efeitos deletérios promovidos pelo acetaldeído. O tratamento dos ratos Wistar por 8 e 30 dias com 150 mg/kg e 60 mg/kg via intra-peritoneal ou gavage, evidenciaram os efeitos tóxicos provocados pelo acetaldeído, como aumento significativo de lipoperoxidação, adutos e fragmentação de DNA no fígado e cérebro destes animais. A detecção dos adutos de DNA se mostrou uma ferramenta importante para a detecção dos efeitos provocados por exposição ao aldeído. No tratamento de animais por inalação com variadas concentrações de acetaldeído, que expôs os animais a quantidades do aldeído similares às encontradas em atmosferas poluídas, foi observado aumento de lipoperoxidação, sendo este dose dependente no fígado e pulmão. Já no cérebro, os níveis de MDA foram significativamente maiores em 10 ppb e 30 ppb em relação a 0 ppb e controle, e diminuíram significativamente em 90 ppb. Em relação aos níveis de fragmentação do DNA, observamos no pulmão aumento foi dose dependente em relação à concentração de aldeído. A quantificação de 1,N2-εdGuo e 1,N2-propanodGuo mostrou aumentos de ambos os adutos no pulmão de todos animais expostos ao acetaldeído . No fígado, também, foram detectados aumentos nos níveis de 1,N2-propanodGuo. A formação de 8-oxo-7,8-dihidro-2-desoxiguanosina, 1,N2-eteno-2-desoxiguanosina e 1,N2-propano-2-desoxiguanosina na urina de moradores da cidade de São Paulo, também foi investigada, com o desenvolvimento de metodologia ultra-sensível e reprodutiva por HPLC e espectrometria de massa, que indicou a presença dos três adutos nas urinas analisadas. A detecção do 1,N2-propanodGuo na urina é inédita. Nossos resultados comprovam que o acetaldeído é um forte agente citotóxico e genotóxico, mesmo em concentrações muito baixas, podendo contribuir para o esclarecimento dos mecanismos de desenvolvimento de doenças atribuídas ao aldeído, como o câncer. Além disso, o desenvolvimento de metodologias ultra-sensíveis para detecção e quantificação de adutos na urina e DNA isolado contribui para o emprego destes adutos, em especial o 1,N2-propano- 2-desoxiguanosina, como possível biomarcador de exposição ao acetaldeído presente em atmosferas poluídas e em patologias associadas ao estresse redox e abuso de bebidas alcoólicas. / Acetaldehyde is a known mutagen and carcinogen that can be produced endogenously by ethanol oxidation or directly inhaled as an air pollutant produced by fuel oxidation. The toxicity of acetaldehyde was evaluated in vitro and in vivo models, by means of oxidative stress parameters such as lipid peroxidation (measured as malonaldialdehyde -MDA), DNA fragmentation and DNA adducts such as 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2-desoxiguanosine, 1,N2-eteno-2-desoxiguanosine and 1,N2-propano-2-desoxiguanosine, this adducts were analyzed by an ultra-sensible and reproducible HPLC coupled to mass spectrometry assay. Treatment of human normal fibroblast (IMR-90) with a wide range of concentrations (58 µM to 711 µM) resulted in an increase in citotoxicity, lipid peroxidation, DNA fragmentation, intracellular calcium release and DNA adducts. Furthermore, lycopene (20 µM) presented a protective effect against the cellular deleterious properties of acetaldehyde. Treatment of Wistar rats for 8 and 30 days with 150 mg/kg and 60 mg/kg intra-peritonially or by gavage resulted in increased toxicity, measured by lipid peroxidation and DNA damage in liver and brain. The detection of DNA adducts was shown an important tool for the identification of deleterious effects induced by exposure to the aldehyde. Animals treated by inhalation, of amounts commonly found in polluted air samples, presented increased levels of lipid peroxidation in a dose dependent manner in liver and lungs. Nevertheless, in the brain of those animals the higher concentration was devoid of toxic effect measured as MDA levels. Lung tissue presented increased levels of DNA fragmentation. Furthermore, increased levels of 1,N2-εdGuo and 1,N2-propanodGuo was also observed in lungs of all animals. In DNA from livers, 1,N2-propanodGuo presented increased levels. Formation of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2-desoxiguanosine, 1,N2-eteno-2-desoxiguanosine and 1,N2-propano-2-desoxiguanosine in urine samples of people living in the city of São Paulo were also investigated using a newly developed and ultra-sensible methodology base in HPLC coupled to mass spectrometry. This methodology enabled us to detect, for the first time, the presence of 1,N2-propanodGuo in urine samples. In summary, our results demonstrate the acetaldehyde is a strong cytotoxic and genotoxic agent even at low concentrations, being able to contribute to the development of pathology such as cancer. Furthermore, the development of a very ultra-sensitive methodology for the detection of these adducts, mainly ,N2-propano- 2-desoxiguanosine, enables its use as a possible biomarker of acetaldehyde exposure in polluted air samples and in pathologies associated with redox unbalance and ethanol consumption.

O acetaldeído é um comprovado agente mutagênico e carcinogênico, pode ser produzido endogenamente pela oxidação do álcool ingerido em bebidas alcoólicas e alimentos ou exogenamente, inalado como poluente, advindo da oxidação de combustíveis fósseis e etanol. O efeito do acetaldeído foi avaliado em modelos celulares e animais com o propósito de avaliarmos o aumento do estresse oxidativo, por lipoperoxidação, fragmentação do DNA, e a formação de adutos DNA, tais como 8-oxo-7,8-dihidro-2-desoxiguanosina, além de, 1,N2-eteno-2-desoxiguanosina e 1,N2-propano-2-desoxiguanosina que foram analisados por HPLC acoplado a espectrometria de massa com a utilização de metodologia ultra-sensível e reprodutiva. O tratamento de fibroblastos pulmonares humanos normais (IMR-90) com diversas concentrações de acetaldeído (58 µM a 711 µM) resultou em aumentos de morte celular, lipoperoxidação, fragmentação do DNA, cálcio intracelular e adutos de DNA. O efeito protetor do licopeno (20 µM) foi comprovado minimizando todos os efeitos deletérios promovidos pelo acetaldeído. O tratamento dos ratos Wistar por 8 e 30 dias com 150 mg/kg e 60 mg/kg via intra-peritoneal ou gavage, evidenciaram os efeitos tóxicos provocados pelo acetaldeído, como aumento significativo de lipoperoxidação, adutos e fragmentação de DNA no fígado e cérebro destes animais. A detecção dos adutos de DNA se mostrou uma ferramenta importante para a detecção dos efeitos provocados por exposição ao aldeído. No tratamento de animais por inalação com variadas concentrações de acetaldeído, que expôs os animais a quantidades do aldeído similares às encontradas em atmosferas poluídas, foi observado aumento de lipoperoxidação, sendo este dose dependente no fígado e pulmão. Já no cérebro, os níveis de MDA foram significativamente maiores em 10 ppb e 30 ppb em relação a 0 ppb e controle, e diminuíram significativamente em 90 ppb. Em relação aos níveis de fragmentação do DNA, observamos no pulmão aumento foi dose dependente em relação à concentração de aldeído. A quantificação de 1,N2-εdGuo e 1,N2-propanodGuo mostrou aumentos de ambos os adutos no pulmão de todos animais expostos ao acetaldeído . No fígado, também, foram detectados aumentos nos níveis de 1,N2-propanodGuo. A formação de 8-oxo-7,8-dihidro-2-desoxiguanosina, 1,N2-eteno-2-desoxiguanosina e 1,N2-propano-2-desoxiguanosina na urina de moradores da cidade de São Paulo, também foi investigada, com o desenvolvimento de metodologia ultra-sensível e reprodutiva por HPLC e espectrometria de massa, que indicou a presença dos três adutos nas urinas analisadas. A detecção do 1,N2-propanodGuo na urina é inédita. Nossos resultados comprovam que o acetaldeído é um forte agente citotóxico e genotóxico, mesmo em concentrações muito baixas, podendo contribuir para o esclarecimento dos mecanismos de desenvolvimento de doenças atribuídas ao aldeído, como o câncer. Além disso, o desenvolvimento de metodologias ultra-sensíveis para detecção e quantificação de adutos na urina e DNA isolado contribui para o emprego destes adutos, em especial o 1,N2-propano- 2-desoxiguanosina, como possível biomarcador de exposição ao acetaldeído presente em atmosferas poluídas e em patologias associadas ao estresse redox e abuso de bebidas alcoólicas. / Acetaldehyde is a known mutagen and carcinogen that can be produced endogenously by ethanol oxidation or directly inhaled as an air pollutant produced by fuel oxidation. The toxicity of acetaldehyde was evaluated in vitro and in vivo models, by means of oxidative stress parameters such as lipid peroxidation (measured as malonaldialdehyde -MDA), DNA fragmentation and DNA adducts such as 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2-desoxiguanosine, 1,N2-eteno-2-desoxiguanosine and 1,N2-propano-2-desoxiguanosine, this adducts were analyzed by an ultra-sensible and reproducible HPLC coupled to mass spectrometry assay. Treatment of human normal fibroblast (IMR-90) with a wide range of concentrations (58 µM to 711 µM) resulted in an increase in citotoxicity, lipid peroxidation, DNA fragmentation, intracellular calcium release and DNA adducts. Furthermore, lycopene (20 µM) presented a protective effect against the cellular deleterious properties of acetaldehyde. Treatment of Wistar rats for 8 and 30 days with 150 mg/kg and 60 mg/kg intra-peritonially or by gavage resulted in increased toxicity, measured by lipid peroxidation and DNA damage in liver and brain. The detection of DNA adducts was shown an important tool for the identification of deleterious effects induced by exposure to the aldehyde. Animals treated by inhalation, of amounts commonly found in polluted air samples, presented increased levels of lipid peroxidation in a dose dependent manner in liver and lungs. Nevertheless, in the brain of those animals the higher concentration was devoid of toxic effect measured as MDA levels. Lung tissue presented increased levels of DNA fragmentation. Furthermore, increased levels of 1,N2-εdGuo and 1,N2-propanodGuo was also observed in lungs of all animals. In DNA from livers, 1,N2-propanodGuo presented increased levels. Formation of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2-desoxiguanosine, 1,N2-eteno-2-desoxiguanosine and 1,N2-propano-2-desoxiguanosine in urine samples of people living in the city of São Paulo were also investigated using a newly developed and ultra-sensible methodology base in HPLC coupled to mass spectrometry. This methodology enabled us to detect, for the first time, the presence of 1,N2-propanodGuo in urine samples. In summary, our results demonstrate the acetaldehyde is a strong cytotoxic and genotoxic agent even at low concentrations, being able to contribute to the development of pathology such as cancer. Furthermore, the development of a very ultra-sensitive methodology for the detection of these adducts, mainly ,N2-propano- 2-desoxiguanosine, enables its use as a possible biomarker of acetaldehyde exposure in polluted air samples and in pathologies associated with redox unbalance and ethanol consumption.

In recent decades, insect sex pheromones are playing an increasingly important role in the detection, monitoring and control of pests, becoming part of Integrated Management strategies and helping to reduce the amount and use of conventional pesticides. The implementation of control techniques based on pheromones makes it necessary to obtain these substances through organic synthesis. Oleander Scale, Aspidiotus nerii Bouché, 1833, is a cosmopolitan and polyphagous pest that attacks more than 100 plant families. In Spain, it is a coccoid pest of medium-importance for citrus crops, after California red scale (Aonidiella aurantii Maskell), Chaff scale (Parlatoria pergandii Comstock) and Purple scale (Lepidosaphes beckii Newman). Conventional chemical control against Oleander scale is sometimes ineffective due to the biology of the pest and the increasing restrictions on the number of available pesticides; thus, a possible treatment of this pest based on its sex pheromone would be highly valuable. The sex pheromone of A. nerii was identified by Einhorn et al. in 1998 as (1R,2S)-cis-2-isopropenyl-1-(4¿-methyl-4¿-penten-1¿-yl)cyclobutaneethanol acetate. Its synthesis has been approached by various authors but the synthetic routes described until now have a high number of synthetic stages and a low overall yield, which makes it not suitable for a multigram scale synthesis. It can be highlighted the synthesis of Einhorn et al., in 1998, involving 17 steps and an overall yield of 0.40% or the total synthesis developed in the same year by Guerrero et al., with 15 steps and an overall yield of 5.6%. For these reasons, this thesis addresses the development of a synthetic route that improves the existing ones to obtain the sex pheromone of A. nerii at a multigram scale. The synthetic route developed in this work is based on low cost commercial substrates such as 3-hydroxypropanenitrile, which can be transformed into the pheromone of interest using only 10 steps and with an overall yield of 10.3%. The proposed route employs simple purification procedures and several reactions including a Blaise reaction and a [2 + 2] photocycloaddition as key reactions. In addition, some of the synthetic intermediates obtained in this proposed route have high interest to improve the synthesis of the aggregation pheromones of Diaprepes abbreviatus Linnaeus and Trypodendron lineatum Olivier, which represent important pests in different countries. The possibility of obtaining a sufficient amount of A. nerii sex pheromone has allowed the realization of field trials, which are expected to contribute significantly to the development of alternative techniques for the control of this pest in crops of interest in Spain and other countries. / El uso de las feromonas sexuales de insectos para la detección, seguimiento y control de plagas ha ido creciendo de manera constante en los últimos años, convirtiendo a estas sustancias en una de las herramientas más importantes en la lucha contra poblaciones de insectos dentro del Manejo Integrado de Plagas, ayudando así a reducir la cantidad y el uso de plaguicidas convencionales. La aplicación de estas técnicas hace necesaria la obtención de estas sustancias mediante síntesis orgánica. El piojo blanco del limón Aspidiotus nerii Bouché, 1833, también conocido como piojo de la adelfa (Oleander scale), es una plaga cosmopolita y polífaga que ataca a más de 100 familias de plantas. En España constituye una plaga de cóccidos de importancia media en el cultivo de cítricos después del piojo rojo de California (Aonidiella aurantii Maskell), el piojo gris (Parlatoria pergandei Comstock) y serpeta gruesa (Lepidosaphes beckii Newman). Su tratamiento mediante plaguicidas tradicionales es en ocasiones poco efectivo debido a la biología de la plaga y a las crecientes restricciones en cuanto al número de plaguicidas disponibles, por lo que un posible tratamiento de esta plaga basado en su feromona sexual tendría un alto interés. Hasta el momento la síntesis de la feromona sexual de A. nerii, identificada por Einhorn et al. en 1998 como acetato de 2-[(1R,2S)-cis-2-isopropenil-1-(4¿-metil-4¿-pentenil)-ciclobutano]etilo, ha sido llevada a cabo por diversos autores pero las rutas sintéticas descritas para obtener esta feromona, presentan un elevado número de etapas sintéticas y un rendimiento global bajo, no resultando adecuadas para llevarlas a escala multigramo. Se puede destacar la síntesis de Einhorn et al., en 1998, que involucra 17 etapas y un rendimiento global de 0.40% o la síntesis total desarrollada por ese mismo año por Guerrero et al. con 15 etapas y un rendimiento global de 5.6%. Por estas razones, en la presente tesis se aborda el desarrollo de una ruta sintética que mejore las existentes para obtener la feromona sexual del piojo blanco del limón (A. nerii) a escala multigramo. La ruta sintética desarrollada en este trabajo parte de sustratos comerciales de bajo coste como el 3-hidroxipropanonitrilo, el cual puede ser transformado en la feromona de interés empleando únicamente 10 etapas y con un rendimiento global de 10.3%, con procedimientos de purificación sencillos y mediante diversas reacciones que incluyen como reacciones clave una reacción de tipo Blaise y una fotocicloadición de tipo [2+2]. Asimismo, algunos de los intermedios sintéticos obtenidos en esta ruta propuesta son de alto interés para mejorar las síntesis de las feromonas de agregación de Diaprepes abbreviatus Linnaeus y de Trypodendron lineatum Olivier, las cuales representan plagas importantes en diferentes países. La posibilidad de obtener cantidad suficiente de la feromona sexual de A. nerii, ha permitido la realización de ensayos en campo, y se espera generar un aporte significativo en el desarrollo de técnicas alternativas para el control de esta plaga en cultivos de interés en España y en otros países. / L'ús de les feromones sexuals d'insectes per a la detecció, seguiment i control de plagues ha anat creixent de manera constant en els darrers anys, convertint aquestes substàncies en una de les eines més importants en la lluita contra poblacions d'insectes dins el Control Integrat de Plagues, ajudant així a reduir la quantitat i l'ús de plaguicides convencionals. L'aplicació d'aquestes tècniques fa necessària l'obtenció d'aquestes substàncies mitjançant síntesi orgànica. El poll blanc de la llimona Aspidiotus nerii Bouché, 1833, també conegut com poll del baladre (Oleander scale), és una plaga cosmopolita i polífaga que ataca més de 100 famílies de plantes. A Espanya constitueix una plaga de còccids d'importància mitjana en el cultiu de cítrics després del poll roig de Califòrnia (Aonidiella aurantii Maskell), el poll gris (Parlatoria pergandei Comstock) i serpeta gruixuda (Lepidosaphes beckii Newman). El seu tractament mitjançant plaguicides tradicionals en ocasions és poc efectiu a causa de la biologia de la plaga i a les creixents restriccions pel que fa al nombre de plaguicides disponibles, de manera que un possible tractament d'aquesta plaga basat en la seua feromona sexual tindria un alt interès. Fins al moment la síntesi de la feromona sexual d'A. nerii, identificada per Einhorn et al. el 1998 com a acetat de 2-[(1R,2S)-cis-2-isopropenil-1-(4'-metil-4'-pentenil)-ciclobutàn]etil, ha estat portada a terme per diversos autors però les rutes sintètiques descrites per obtenir aquesta feromona, presenten un elevat nombre d'etapes sintètiques i un rendiment global baix, no resultant adequades per al pas a escala multigram. Es pot destacar la síntesi de Einhorn et al., El 1998, que involucra 17 etapes i un rendiment global de 0,40% o la síntesi total desenvolupada per aquest mateix any per Guerrero et al. amb 15 etapes i un rendiment global de 5.6%. Per aquestes raons, en la present tesi s'aborda el desenvolupament d'una ruta sintètica que millore les existents per obtenir la feromona sexual del poll blanc de la llimona (A. nerii) a escala multigram. La ruta sintètica desenvolupada en aquest treball parteix de substrats comercials de baix cost com el 3-hidroxipropanonitril, el qual pot ser transformat en la feromona d'interès emprant únicament 10 etapes i amb un rendiment global de 10.3%, amb procediments de purificació senzills i mitjançant diverses reaccions que inclouen com a reaccions clau una reacció de tipus Blaise i una fotocicloaddició de tipus [2 + 2]. Així mateix, alguns dels intermedis sintètics obtinguts en aquesta ruta proposada són d'alt interès per millorar les síntesis de les feromones d'agregació de Diaprepes abbreviatus Linnaeus i de Trypodendron lineatum Olivier, les quals representen plagues importants en diferents països. La possibilitat d'obtenir quantitat suficient de la feromona sexual d'A. nerii, ha permès la realització d'assajos en camp, i s'espera generar una aportació significativa en el desenvolupament de tècniques alternatives per al control d'aquesta plaga d'importància en cultius d'interès en Espanya i en altres països. / Montaño Castañeda, MC. (2017). DESARROLLO DE UNA RUTA SINTÉTICA PARA LA OBTENCIÓN DE LA FEROMONA SEXUAL DEL PIOJO BLANCO DEL LIMÓN (Aspidiotus nerii) [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/92184 / TESIS

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder. The degeneration of the neurons of the substantia nigra in the midbrain leads to the loss of dopamine from the striatum, which is responsible for the motor symptoms of PD. In the brain, the enzyme, monoamine oxidase B (MAOB), An analysis of the Lineweaver-Burk plots indicated that 7-(3-bromobenzyloxy)-3,4-dihydro-2(1H)- quinolinone inhibits MAO-B with a Ki value of 2.7 nM. An analysis of the structure-activity relationships for MAO-B inhibition shows that substitution on the C7 position of the 3,4-dihydro- 2(1H)-quinolinone moiety leads to significantly more potent inhibition compared to substitution on C6. In this regard, a benzyloxy substituent on C7 is more favourable than phenylethoxy and phenylpropoxy substitution on this position. In spite of this, C6-substituted 3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-quinolinone with potent MAO-B inhibitory activities were also identified. An analyses of selected properties of the 3,4-dihydro-2(1H)- quinolinones showed that the compounds are highly lipophilic with logP values in the range of 3.03- 4.55. LogP values between 1 and 3 are, however, in the ideal range for bioavailability. The compounds synthesised have logP values higher than 3, which may lead to lower bioavailability. Laboratory data further showed that none of the 3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-quinolinones are highly toxic to cultured cells at the concentrations, 1 μM and 10 μM, tested. For example, the most potent MAO-B inhibitor, 7-(3-bromobenzyloxy)-3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-quinolinone, reduced cell viability to 88.11% and 86.10% at concentrations of 1 μM and 10 μM, respectively. These concentrations are well above its IC50 value for the inhibition of MAO-B. At concentrations required for MAO-B inhibition, the more potent 3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-quinolinones are thus unlikely to be cytotoxic. It may thus be concluded that C7-substituted 3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-quinolinones are promising highly potent and selective MAO-B inhibitors, and thus leads for the therapy of Parkinson’s disease. represents a major catabolic pathway of dopamine. Inhibitors of MAO-B conserve the depleted supply of dopamine and are thus used in the therapy of PD. In the present study, a series of 3,4- dihydro-2(1H)-quinolinone derivatives were synthesized and evaluated as inhibitors of recombinant human MAO-A and MAO-B. These quinolinone derivatives are structurally related to a series of coumarin (1-benzopyran-2-one) derivatives, which has been reported to act as MAO-B inhibitors. C6- and C7-substituted 3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-quinolinone derivatives were synthesized by reacting 6- or 7- hydroxy-3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-quinolinone with an appropriately substituted alkyl bromide in the presence of base. To evaluate the MAO inhibitory properties (IC50 values) of the quinolinone derivatives the recombinant human MAO-A and MAO-B enzymes were used. The reversibility of inhibition of a representative 3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-quinolinone derivative was examined by measuring the recovery of enzyme activity after the dilution of the enzyme-inhibitor complexes, while the mode of MAO inhibition was determined by constructing Lineweaver-Burk plots. To determine the lipophilicity of the 3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-quinolinone derivatives, the logP values were measured. The toxicity of the 3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-quinolinone derivatives towards cultured cells (cytotoxicity) was also measured. The results document that the 3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-quinolinone derivatives are highly potent and selective MAO-B inhibitors with most homologues exhibiting IC50 values in the nanomolar range. The most potent MAO-B inhibitor, 7-(3-bromobenzyloxy)-3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-quinolinone, exhibits an IC50 value of 2.9 nM with a 2750-fold selectivity for MAO-B over the MAO-A isoform. As a MAO-B inhibitor, this compound is approximately equipotent to the most potent coumarin derivative (IC50 = 1.14 nM) reported in literature. Since MAO-B activity could be recovered after dilution of enzyme-inhibitor mixtures, it may be concluded that 7-(3-bromobenzyloxy)-3,4-dihydro-2(1H)- quinolinone is a reversible MAO-B inhibitor. The Lineweaver-Burk plots constructed for the inhibition of MAO-B by 7-(3-bromobenzyloxy)-3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-quinolinone were linear and intersected on the y-axis. These data indicated that this compound also is a competitive MAO-B inhibitor. / MSc (Pharmaceutical Chemistry), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder. The degeneration of the neurons of the substantia nigra in the midbrain leads to the loss of dopamine from the striatum, which is responsible for the motor symptoms of PD. In the brain, the enzyme, monoamine oxidase B (MAOB), An analysis of the Lineweaver-Burk plots indicated that 7-(3-bromobenzyloxy)-3,4-dihydro-2(1H)- quinolinone inhibits MAO-B with a Ki value of 2.7 nM. An analysis of the structure-activity relationships for MAO-B inhibition shows that substitution on the C7 position of the 3,4-dihydro- 2(1H)-quinolinone moiety leads to significantly more potent inhibition compared to substitution on C6. In this regard, a benzyloxy substituent on C7 is more favourable than phenylethoxy and phenylpropoxy substitution on this position. In spite of this, C6-substituted 3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-quinolinone with potent MAO-B inhibitory activities were also identified. An analyses of selected properties of the 3,4-dihydro-2(1H)- quinolinones showed that the compounds are highly lipophilic with logP values in the range of 3.03- 4.55. LogP values between 1 and 3 are, however, in the ideal range for bioavailability. The compounds synthesised have logP values higher than 3, which may lead to lower bioavailability. Laboratory data further showed that none of the 3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-quinolinones are highly toxic to cultured cells at the concentrations, 1 μM and 10 μM, tested. For example, the most potent MAO-B inhibitor, 7-(3-bromobenzyloxy)-3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-quinolinone, reduced cell viability to 88.11% and 86.10% at concentrations of 1 μM and 10 μM, respectively. These concentrations are well above its IC50 value for the inhibition of MAO-B. At concentrations required for MAO-B inhibition, the more potent 3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-quinolinones are thus unlikely to be cytotoxic. It may thus be concluded that C7-substituted 3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-quinolinones are promising highly potent and selective MAO-B inhibitors, and thus leads for the therapy of Parkinson’s disease. represents a major catabolic pathway of dopamine. Inhibitors of MAO-B conserve the depleted supply of dopamine and are thus used in the therapy of PD. In the present study, a series of 3,4- dihydro-2(1H)-quinolinone derivatives were synthesized and evaluated as inhibitors of recombinant human MAO-A and MAO-B. These quinolinone derivatives are structurally related to a series of coumarin (1-benzopyran-2-one) derivatives, which has been reported to act as MAO-B inhibitors. C6- and C7-substituted 3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-quinolinone derivatives were synthesized by reacting 6- or 7- hydroxy-3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-quinolinone with an appropriately substituted alkyl bromide in the presence of base. To evaluate the MAO inhibitory properties (IC50 values) of the quinolinone derivatives the recombinant human MAO-A and MAO-B enzymes were used. The reversibility of inhibition of a representative 3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-quinolinone derivative was examined by measuring the recovery of enzyme activity after the dilution of the enzyme-inhibitor complexes, while the mode of MAO inhibition was determined by constructing Lineweaver-Burk plots. To determine the lipophilicity of the 3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-quinolinone derivatives, the logP values were measured. The toxicity of the 3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-quinolinone derivatives towards cultured cells (cytotoxicity) was also measured. The results document that the 3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-quinolinone derivatives are highly potent and selective MAO-B inhibitors with most homologues exhibiting IC50 values in the nanomolar range. The most potent MAO-B inhibitor, 7-(3-bromobenzyloxy)-3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-quinolinone, exhibits an IC50 value of 2.9 nM with a 2750-fold selectivity for MAO-B over the MAO-A isoform. As a MAO-B inhibitor, this compound is approximately equipotent to the most potent coumarin derivative (IC50 = 1.14 nM) reported in literature. Since MAO-B activity could be recovered after dilution of enzyme-inhibitor mixtures, it may be concluded that 7-(3-bromobenzyloxy)-3,4-dihydro-2(1H)- quinolinone is a reversible MAO-B inhibitor. The Lineweaver-Burk plots constructed for the inhibition of MAO-B by 7-(3-bromobenzyloxy)-3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-quinolinone were linear and intersected on the y-axis. These data indicated that this compound also is a competitive MAO-B inhibitor. / MSc (Pharmaceutical Chemistry), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014