The provision of consular services is an obligation of every government to its citizens who are living abroad. In providing such services, efforts must be made to ensure that they are accessible to all citizens, wherever they may be. Under the current economic climate, maintaining an extensive network of embassies and consulates around the world is an expensive venture. It is against this background that governments must be innovative in providing services by ensuring that private and third sector organizations are involved, in order to complement their work of ensuring that consular services reach their citizens at affordable costs - wherever they are. Besides rendering consular services to South African (SA) citizens, consular offices can be a vital investment vehicle of the government abroad, by ensuring that much-needed investment is obtained. Furthermore, the consular services can serve as the first line of defence of a country, by ensuring that people who can cause harm to the country do not enter it. Despite the daunting challenges facing the post-apartheid government in SA, a number of changes have been undertaken to ensure that consular services are modernized. However, those changes have been inadequate and have fallen short of meeting the expectations of most South African citizens who are living abroad. This study makes a vital contribution on the concept of using partnership and outsourcing as tools for increased access to consular services in one of the critical missions of SA abroad - the United Kingdom, by showing that the traditional way of rendering consular services from a diplomatic mission is inadequate to reach potential customers scattered in parts of the host country. The study concludes with significant recommendations that, inter alia, include even using post offices and the internet to ensure that consular services reach all parts of the United Kingdom, where South Africans live. Given that consular services have inherent security implications, the study also notes that among factors that must be taken into account before outsourcing consular services, or even setting up a partnership, the chosen service providers must, amongst other things, be able to maintain and protect the confidentiality of their customers. / Thesis (M. Development and Management)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

The provision of consular services is an obligation of every government to its citizens who are living abroad. In providing such services, efforts must be made to ensure that they are accessible to all citizens, wherever they may be. Under the current economic climate, maintaining an extensive network of embassies and consulates around the world is an expensive venture. It is against this background that governments must be innovative in providing services by ensuring that private and third sector organizations are involved, in order to complement their work of ensuring that consular services reach their citizens at affordable costs - wherever they are. Besides rendering consular services to South African (SA) citizens, consular offices can be a vital investment vehicle of the government abroad, by ensuring that much-needed investment is obtained. Furthermore, the consular services can serve as the first line of defence of a country, by ensuring that people who can cause harm to the country do not enter it. Despite the daunting challenges facing the post-apartheid government in SA, a number of changes have been undertaken to ensure that consular services are modernized. However, those changes have been inadequate and have fallen short of meeting the expectations of most South African citizens who are living abroad. This study makes a vital contribution on the concept of using partnership and outsourcing as tools for increased access to consular services in one of the critical missions of SA abroad - the United Kingdom, by showing that the traditional way of rendering consular services from a diplomatic mission is inadequate to reach potential customers scattered in parts of the host country. The study concludes with significant recommendations that, inter alia, include even using post offices and the internet to ensure that consular services reach all parts of the United Kingdom, where South Africans live. Given that consular services have inherent security implications, the study also notes that among factors that must be taken into account before outsourcing consular services, or even setting up a partnership, the chosen service providers must, amongst other things, be able to maintain and protect the confidentiality of their customers. / Thesis (M. Development and Management)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013

Předmětem této práce jsou funkce diplomatických a je členěna do pěti kapitol, ve kterých Druhá kapitola je zaměřena kodifikaci po 2. světové válce. především Vídeňskou úmluvou o diplomatických 1961, Vídeňskou úmluvou o konzulárních stycích z Úmluvou o zvláštních misích z Návrhy těchto úmluv připraveny a jejíž Třetí kapitola věnuje diplomatické popisováno zřízení diplomatické mise a její struktura. Největší částí této práce představuje podrobné , které jsou členěny dle Vídeňské i věcným místními, časovými, osobními i mimoprávními omezeními je zde řešena otázka výkonu Čtvrtá kapitola je zaměřena na konzulární úřad zřízení a strukturu. Nicméně hlavní důraz je , které jsou členěny dle Vídeňské úmluvy o konzulárních stycích části týkající se je uváděna judikatura diplomatických úkonů konzulárními úředníky. věnuje obecně požadavkům úředníky, protože jejich prostřednictvím jsou tyto funkce vykonávány. Z důvodu e také uváděna

The thesis describes privileges and immunities provided to offices of diplomatic missions in order to facilitate carrying out international relations. The key legal document regulating diplomatic privileges and immunities is the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations which commemorated 50 years of its existence this year - since it was signed on 18 April 1961 after the Vienna Conference. The aim of the thesis is to describe the contents of the individual privileges and immunities and to consider to which extent the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations represents a suitable legal instrument even for the needs of the today's practice of diplomatic relations. First the thesis deals with general issues related to ensuring diplomatic privileges and immunities, theories which justify their necessity and selected provisions of the Vienna Convention. This is followed by an analysis of the individual privileges and immunities of a diplomatic mission - the right to display a flag, the inviolability of mission premises, the inviolability of mission archives and documents, tax privileges and the freedom of communication.

(in English): This diploma thesis deals with events related to student protests in 1968 in Mexico during which occurred a violent suppression of demonstrations against a rigid political system controlled by the PRI for several decades. This diploma thesis describes the course of the demonstrations from June to October 1968, using declassified diplomatic notes and intelligence prepared by relevant bureaus of the United States of America operating in Mexico as a source. The well-known and mapped events of student protests in Mexico in 1968 which escalated with the bloodshed in the square in Tlateloclo, Mexico, D.F., where soldiers and policemen interfered with protestors, are examined in the perspective of American diplomats and intelligence officers.

This diploma thesis deals with intelligence gathering and its international law aspects. The main research question of this diploma thesis is as follows: is the intelligence gathering legal from the point of view of international law? In light of recent scandals and accusations of secret services of illegal espionage, it is very important to find an answer to this question. There are almost no relevant Czech academic sources about this issue and foreign sources are rather contradictory. Included in the main research question are number of additional issues, such as: are there differences in legality between intelligence gathering during peacetime or wartime? What are the international law sources regarding espionage? Is the work of secret services affected by international law? Is international law relevant to espionage? As part of the introduction the diploma thesis outlines various intelligence gathering methods and defines relevant terms. The diploma thesis also addresses the issue of compatibility of espionage with the international law principle of non-intervention and state sovereignty. Next, three current approaches to the question of legality of espionage are presented to the reader and one new approach is introduced. Furthermore, the international implications of the unlawful behavior of...

The Fourth Republic fell sort of expectations of French nation. The institutional system based on predominance of political parties could guarantee neither inner stability nor the return of France to the world political power. Weaknesses of French governments and their inability to cope with the serious political and economic issues resulted in collapse of the Fourth Republic in spring 1958. Some months later a new political system was established. It enabled to give France back its grandeur and independence. The first decade of the Fifth Republic, closely connected with the personality of President Charles de Gaulle, was greatly affected by the Algerian War of Independence in consequence of which all social and political spheres of the country were impacted. The Evian Agreements of March 1962 established an independent Algeria and enabled Charles de Gaulle to carry out his own political conception, including greater openness to the Soviet Union and its satellites. Czechoslovak-French diplomatic and cultural relations in the years 1948-1968 correspond to large extent extent to the evolution of international policy with its alternation of easing and tightening of the geopolitical tension and they also reflect the changes in domectic political situation in both countries. Since 1948 the Czechoslovak...