Most global calcification is carried out by organisms which are also photosynthetic. In this study, the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi (Lohmann) Hay and Mohler and two species of hermatypic coral were used to: examine the effect of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and light on photosynthesis and calcification; and determine the extent to which these two processes interact. A novel method of producing coccolith-less (non-calcifying) cells from calcifying cells of the same strain of E huxley! was developed thus allowing photosynthesis and calcification to be studied separately. The kinetics of photosynthesis in both types of cell, and of calcification in coccolith-bearing cells, were shown to be biphasic with respect to DIC concentration. The hiatus in all three cases was located at 1 mM DIC. This unusual pattern was shown to be the product of two carbon uptake mechanisms: an anion exchanger working at all DIC concentrations and an external carbonic anhydrase active only at low DIC concentrations. In contrast to the commonly-held view, this study demonstrated that calcification did not promote photosynthesis in E. huxleyi. Nevertheless, there was clearly strong biological control of calcification in this alga since DIC uptake was mediated by an anion transporter and a dehydroxylating enzyme. This work also showed that in E huxleyi, DIC addition enhanced photosynthesis at both limiting and saturating photon flux densities and that bicarbonate affected photochemical processes directly. Photosystem II activity was stimulated and non-photochemical quenching was reduced, possibly protecting the photosynthetic apparatus from damage by light. In the two corals; Porites porites and Acropora sp., strong biological control of calcium carbonate precipitation was also evident. Again, calcification did not stimulate photosynthesis. Calcification rates of Acropora sp. were monitored in the dark and although these were lower than in the light, they still increased dramatically with bicarbonate addition. This showed that high concentrations of the bicarbonate ion can compensate for the lack of light. Hence, it seems that in hermatypic corals, light-dependence of calcification may be facultative and not obligate. It is therefore clear from the results of this study that calcification and photosynthesis are not as closely coupled as has been previously thought. In neither E. huxleyi, nor in the hermatypic corals, were photosynthetic and calcification rates saturated at the present ambient DIC concentration of seawater.

No description available.

The northern margin of South China Sea contains several favorable areas for occurrence of gas hydrate. In this study, we collected pore water samples in two piston cores (X-01 and D-01) from Xisha Trough and Dongsha area, respectively, and the concentrations of sulfate and carbon isotopic compositions of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) were measured. The results showed different geochemical characteristics in these two sites. The X-01 core shows relatively constant δ13C-DIC values and sulfate concentrations, which suggest that anaerobic methane oxidation (AMO) processes did not occur in this site. In contrast, very large variation in δ13C-DIC values and sulfate concentrations are revealed in D-01 core, and good linear correlations for sulfate gradients and δ13C-DIC values are observed. The calculated sulfate-methane interface (SMI) depth is 9.6 mbsf. These data indicate that an AMO process occurred in sediments with large methane flux from depth in the Dongsha area, which are comparable to other gas hydrate locations in the world oceans such as the Blake Ridge. We suggest that the Dongsha area is one of the most favorable targets for future gas hydrate exploration.

Kentucky’s Upper Green River Basin has received significant attention due to the area’s high biodiversity and spectacular karst development. While carbonate bedrock is present throughout the watershed, it is more extensive and homogenous along the river between Greensburg and Munfordville than upstream from Greensburg where the geology is more heterogeneous. This research quantitatively evaluated how lithological differences between the two catchment areas impact hydrochemistry and inorganic carbon cycling. This first required correcting catchment boundaries on previous US Geological Survey Hydrologic Unit Maps to account for areas where the boundaries cross sinkhole plains. Basin boundaries using existing Kentucky Division of Water dye trace data differed from the earlier versions by as much as three kilometers. The river at the downstream site is more strongly influenced by carbonate mineral dissolution, reflected in higher specific conductance (SpC) and pH. The SpC at Munfordville ranges from 0.9 to 4.8 times that at Greensburg, averaging 2.0 times higher. Although rainfall is impacted by sulfuric acid from coal burning, river pH is buffered at both sites. The pH is higher at Munfordville 91% of the time, by an average of 0.28 units. Diurnal, photosynthetic pH variations are damped out downstream suggesting interactions between geologic and biological influences on river chemistry. River temperature differences between the two sites are at least 4oC higher at Greensburg under warm season conditions, but there is a clear trend of temperature differences diminishing as the river cools through the fall and winter. This results from a relatively stable temperature at Munfordville, impacted by large spring inputs of groundwater within the karst region downstream. Although weak statistical relationships between SpC and HCO3 - create uncertainties in high resolution carbon flux calculations, measurement of these fluxes is more highly impacted by discharge variations than concentration variations, which resulted in average daily atmospheric flux estimates within 34% between the two basins using weekly concentration data (3.3x108 vs. 2.2x108 gkm-2 d-1, where km2 is the outcrop area of carbonate rocks), and within only 12% using 15-minute concentration data from regressions (2.6x108 vs. 2.3x108 gkm-2 d-1) for Greensburg and Munfordville, respectively.

It has been estimated that approximately half of all anthropogenic fossil fuel carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions have been absorbed by the oceans. Air-sea gas exchange of CO2 and the buffering capacity of seawater allows the oceans to store significant amounts of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC; ~38,000 GtC). The Arctic Ocean is currently warming at double the rate of the rest of the planet, yet the effect of climate change on the Arctic marine carbon cycle remains unconstrained. Recent work suggests that Arctic marine environments are a carbon sink for the majority of the year, and plays a key role in storing anthropogenic carbon below the mixed layer. Baffin Bay is a semi-enclosed, Arctic basin that supplies cold surface water to the Labrador Sea; a critical region for North Atlantic deep-water formation. While the physical oceanography of surface Baffin Bay is well characterized, less is known about deep water formation mechanisms and its ventilation age. The few residence times for Baffin Bay Deep Water (BBDW) range widely from 20-1450 years. Improved residence time estimates are essential for understanding the role Baffin Bay plays in the Arctic carbon cycle and how this region will respond to climate change. Radiocarbon (D14C) and stable carbon (δ13C) measurements of DIC are powerful tools for parameterizing water mass sources, aging and residence times. However, very few DIC Δ14C and d13C data have been reported in the Arctic Ocean, comprising only a handful of stations in the Eurasian Basin, Canadian Basin, and Beaufort Sea. With this goal in mind, we conducted a study in which DIC samples were collected aboard the CCGS Amundsen in 2019 for δ13C and Δ14C analysis. DIC δ13C and D14C values ranged from 0.68‰ to +1.90‰ and -90.0‰ to +29.8‰, respectively. Surface DIC δ13C values were +0.69‰ to +1.90‰, while deep (>100m) d13C values ranged -0.01 to -0.68‰. Significant linear correlations were found for δ13C and potential density, suggesting DIC δ13C is an effective water mass and carbon source tracer in Baffin Bay. Surface DIC Δ14C values ranged -5.4‰ to +22.9‰, while deep DIC (>1400m) DIC Δ14C averaged -82.2 8.5‰ (n = 9). Much larger surface to deep gradients in DIC Δ14C are observed in Baffin Bay vs. that of the North Atlantic Ocean, suggesting significant aging of BBDW. Next, we used the potential alkalinity method (Palk) and the ΔC* method to quantify the amount of “bomb” 14C and anthropogenic C (DICanth) to model “natural” DIC Δ14C profiles. Both Palk and ΔC* proxies had high errors in cold, low salinity surface water. In particular, surface (<400m) Δ14Cbomb was overestimated at all stations. However, both proxies did not indicate Δ14Cbomb or DICanth contributions below 1000m. Two 14C residence times were estimated based on two proposed mechanisms of BBDW formation. A residence time of 690 +/- 35 years was estimated assuming surface brine rejection in Nares Strait is the main source of BBDW. Another plausible source of BBDW is the entrainment of dense north Atlantic Water over Davis Strait mixed with brine enriched surface water. A comparison of DICanth and Δ14Cbomb corrected deep DIC Δ14C values from the North Atlantic (GO SHIP A16N) to BBDW, resulted in a residence time of 360 +/- 35 years. These residence times (360-690 years) provide new constraints on the ventilation age of deep Baffin Bay and suggest this basin has the potential to store carbon for centuries.

Investigations were conducted at a salt/premix storage facility lying on top of a glacial drumlin near the coastline in eastern Massachusetts, to characterize salt contaminated groundwater. Groundwater hydrogeochemical variations at different depths were determined based on ten years of monthly or quarterly water quality data from 54 monitoring wells. Groundwater was grouped in three water categories – shallow, middle and deep. Hydrogeochemical characterization indicates that the dominant water types are Na-Cl, Na-Ca-Cl and Ca-HCO3 from the shallow to deep water group. Rock weathering is the dominant hydrogeochemical process for deep water group, whereas salt water percolation and cation exchange control chemical compositions of the shallow and middle water groups. Groundwater is classified as post-cation exchange, under-cation exchange and non-cation exchange groups. Gaseous CO2 and total dissolved inorganic carbon (TDIC) transport in unsaturated and saturated zones of the glacial drumlin was also investigated. A measurement system with non-dispersive infrared gas sensors was used to monitor the recovery of CO2 concentration in the headspace of purged monitoring wells. The transient, radial diffusion of CO2 from surrounding soil to the monitoring well is analogous to an existing slug test theory when the headspace is fully mixed. A nested Fibonacci search was performed to calibrate equilibrium soil CO2 concentration and soil gas porosity near the water table. The results demonstrate that water table wells with partially submerged screens can facilitate the equilibrium between the gaseous and dissolved phase of CO2. In the saturated zone, a new model was developed to describe the vertical transport of TDIC in the groundwater. The vertical transport was considered to be a balance of uniform vertical advection and vertical dispersion, subject to a first order source term with two boundary conditions at depth and at the water table. Fifteen years of monthly or quarterly data from 28 monitoring wells in the southern part of the site were used to calibrate a vertical dispersivity α of 5.9 cm and a first order source constant λ of 8.2 x10-9 s-1. These values suggest minimal degassing of groundwater CO2 across the water table and till deposition during Late Wisconsinan deglaciation of the region.

No description available.

To establish the structural and lithological controls on gas hydrate distribution and to assess the potential energy resource and environmental hazards in the Indian Ocean, non-pressurized and pressurized cores were recovered from the Krishna-Godavari (K-G) and Mahanadi Basins offshore east India, and from an Andaman Sea site. The pore fluids were analyzed for: salinity, Cl-, sulfate, sulfide, carbonate alkalinity, Ca2+, Mg2+, Sr2+, K+, Na+, Ba2+, and Li+ concentrations, δ13C-DIC, δ18O, D/H, and 87Sr/86Sr ratios; together with infra-red imaging they provided important constraints on the presence and distribution of gas hydrates, thus on the subsurface hydrology. Evidence for methane hydrate was obtained at each of the sites. Only in the K-G Basin, between the sulfate-methane transition zone (SMT) depth and ~80 mbsf, higher than seawater chloride concentrations are observed; below this zone to the depth of the base of the gas hydrate zone (BGHSZ), chloride concentrations and salinity are lower than seawater value. In the Andaman Sea and Mahanadi Basin, only lower than seawater chloride concentrations are observed, and the shallowest gas hydrates occur at 100-200 m below the sulfate-methane transition zone (SMT) and extend to the depth of the BGHSZ. In the K-G Basin, the highest methane hydrate concentrations are associated with fracture zones in clay-rich sediments and/or in some coarser grained horizons. In the Andaman Sea, however, they are primarily associated with volcanic ash horizons. Assuming dilution by water released from dissociated methane hydrate, chloride and salinity anomalies suggest pore volume occupancies on the order of <1% to a maximum of ~61% at two sites (10, 21) in the K-G Basin and <1% to a maximum of ~76% at the Andaman Sea site. Overall, the percent pore volume occupancies based on pressure core methane concentrations and the chloride concentrations in conventional cores are similar. Variations in sulfate gradients were observed with the steepest gradient having the SMT at 8 mbsf in the K-G Basin and the deepest SMT at ~25 mbsf at the Andaman Sea site. The extreme negative δ13C values of the dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), ranging from -38‰ to -47‰ at the SMT at some of the sites, indicate that anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) is an important reaction responsible for sulfate reduction at these sites. At several sites in the K-G Basin, however, the δ13C-DIC values indicate that organic matter oxidation is the dominant reaction.

Many of the world’s lakes are located at high latitudes in the northern hemisphere where seasonal ice cover is common. The ice restricts lake-atmosphere gas exchange, causing an under-ice accumulation of CO2. However, there are few spatial under-ice CO2 studies of river influence on lakes. Here, I examine the river plume of a river-influenced bay and compare it to a control bay without river influence in lake Örträsk, a humic of 7 km2 lake in boreal Sweden. There was no relationship between CO2 or DIC and distance from the Vargån river outlet in Vargån bay, even though the CO2 and DIC concentration of the river was found lower in Vargån river (median CO2: 53,2 µM; DIC: 178 µM) than in Vargån bay (median CO2: 84,7 µM; DIC: 301 µM). The median values of the control bay were CO2: 92,7 µM and DIC: 345 µM. There was a negative relationship in CO2 concentration with distance in the control bay, but not in DIC. The control bay had a higher concentration of CO2 at 0-60 m distance than Vargån bay, but there was no difference at 70-180 m. The DIC concentration was higher in the control bay than in Vargån bay. I have reported lower CO2 and DIC concentrations in the river than in the lake, which is not in accordance with literature and is probably due to an earlier ice-melt in the river than in the lake. The negative CO2 relationship in the control bay is likely due to sediment respiration.

[EN] This research work constitutes a first approximation to the study of the viability of carbonic fertirrigation in citrus fruits as a CO2 drain potential. To that effect, carbonic fertirrigation experiments were carried out with citrus fruits of the Nadarcott variety from the year 2010 to the year 2015. The study required the monitoring of parameters related to the leaf surface, the phenological state of the trees, the ground, the leaves and the fruits of the tested trees. The analysis of the results obtained showed there were no significant differences in the size and quality of the fruits irrigated with CO2. Differences were neither observed in the trees' vegetative development nor in the advance or delay of the blooming and formation of fruits. The analysis of the grounds revealed that the content in organic matter of the grounds irrigated with CO2 was higher than in the grounds used as reference in at least two tenths of a percentage. Similarly, it was noted that the content in iron in the leaves of the trees irrigated with CO2 was significantly higher than in the trees used as reference. The statistical analysis carried out confirmed these conclusions, noting a 24% increase over the average value in the case of the organic matter in the ground and of a 16% in the case of the iron content in the leaves. Both factors indicate that carbonic fertirrigation does have relevant agronomic repercussions, especially on the organic fraction of the ground and on the iron soluble fraction. Various authors confirm the mobilisation of the iron produced by the decrease in the pH of the irrigation water - this study confirms this fact and strengthens the usage of carbon dioxide as a potential substitute of strong acids normally used for this purpose. The increase in the content of the ground's organic matter is an especially interesting result, as it was not expected, even though some authors have related the decrease of soil respiration to different cultural practices that improve the ground's texture. The interaction between the CO2 of the irrigation water and the content in organic matter in the ground and, therefore, soil respiration must be studied in further detail in a future, with experiences specially aimed at valuing the repercussions of this practice on both parameters. / [ES] Este trabajo de investigación constituye una primera aproximación al estudio de viabilidad de la fertirrigación carbónica en cítricos como potencial sumidero de CO2. A tal efecto, se llevaron a cabos experimentos de fertirrigación carbónica con cítricos de la variedad Nadarcott desde el año 2010 hasta el año 2015. El estudio requirió la monitorización de parámetros relacionados con la superficie foliar, los estados fenológicos de los árboles, el suelo, las hojas y los frutos de los árboles ensayados. El análisis de los resultados obtenidos mostró que no había diferencias significativas en el tamaño y calidad de los frutos regados con CO2. Tampoco se observaron diferencias en el desarrollo vegetativo de los árboles ni en el avance o retraso de la floración y formación de los frutos. Los análisis de los suelos revelaron que el contenido en materia orgánica de los suelos regados con CO2 era más alto que los suelos tomados como referencia en al menos dos décimas porcentuales. De la misma manera, se observó que el contenido en hierro en las hojas de los árboles regados con CO2 era significativamente más alto que en los árboles tomados como referencia. Los análisis estadísticos realizados confirmaron estas conclusiones, observándose un incremento del 24% sobre el valor promedio en el caso de la materia orgánica del suelo y del 16% en el caso del contenido en hierro de las hojas. Ambos factores indican que la fertirrigación carbónica sí que tiene repercusiones agronómicas relevantes, especialmente sobre la fracción orgánica del suelo y sobre la fracción soluble de hierro. Diversos autores confirman la movilización del hierro producido por la disminución del pH del agua de riego; este estudio confirma este hecho y refuerza la utilización del dióxido de carbono como potencial sustituto de los ácidos fuertes normalmente utilizados para este cometido. El aumento en el contenido de materia orgánica del suelo es un resultado especialmente interesante, pues no era esperado pese a que algunos autores han relacionado la disminución de la respiración edáfica con diferentes prácticas culturales que mejoran la textura del suelo. La interacción entre el CO2 del agua de riego y el contenido en materia orgánica del suelo y, por tanto, la respiración edáfica deben de ser estudiados con más detalle, en un futuro con experiencias especialmente dirigidas a valorar las repercusiones de esta práctica sobre ambos parámetros. / [CA] Aquest treball d'investigació constitueix una primera aproximació a l'estudi de la viabilitat de la fertirrigació carbònica en cítrics com a potencial embornal de carboni. Amb aquesta finalitat es dugueren a terme experiments de fertirrigació carbònica amb cítrics de la varietat Nadorcott des de l'any 2010 fins l'any 2015. L'estudi va requerir la monitoratge de paràmetres relacionats amb la superfície foliar, els estat fenològics del arbres, el sòl, les fulles i el fruits dels arbres assatjats. L'anàlisi dels resultats obtinguts mostrà que no hi havia diferències significatives en el tamany i qualitat del fruits regats amb CO2. Tampoc es varen observar diferències en el desenvolupament vegetatiu dels arbres ni en l'avanç o retard de la floració i formació dels fruits. Les anàlisis dels sòls revelaren que el contingut de matèria orgànica dels sòls regats amb CO2 era més alt que els sòls considerats com a referència en, almenys, dues dècimes percentuals. De la mateixa manera, s'observà que el contingut de ferro en les fulles dels arbres regats amb CO2 era significativament més alt que en els arbres referència. Les anàlisis estadístiques realitzades confirmaren aquestes conclusions, observant-se un increment del 24% sobre el valor mitjà en el cas de la matèria orgànica del sòl i del 16% en el cas del contingut en ferro de les fulles. Tots dos factors indiquen que la fertirrigació carbònica sí que té repercusions agronòmiques rellevants, especialment, sobre la fracció orgànica del sòl i la fracció soluble de ferro. Diferents autors confirmen la mobilització del ferro produit per la disminució del pH de l'agua de reg; aquest estudi confirma aquest fet i reforça l'ús del diòxid de carboni com a potencial subsutitut dels àcids forts normalment gastats per a aquesta tasca. L'augment en el contingut de matèria orgànica del sòl és un resultat especialment interessant, ja que no era esperat, malgrat que alguns autors han relacionat la disminució de la respiració edàfica amb diferents pràctiques culturals que milloren la textura del sòl. La interacció entre el CO2 de l'aigua de reg i el contingut en matèria orgànica del sòl i, per tant, la respiració edàfica han de ser estudiats amb més detall en un futur amb experiències especialment dirigides a valorar les repercussions d'aquesta pràctica sobre tots dos paràmetres. / Tarazona Díez, JV. (2015). ANÁLISIS DEL POTENCIAL DE LA FERTIRRIGACIÓN CARBÓNICA EN CÍTRICOS [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/59405