La microscopie confocale classique permet d'obtenir des images à haute réso- lution de cellules en culture ou dans un tissu biologique excisé. Cette technologie peut être adaptée aux applications in vivo grâce à l'utilisation de fibres optiques et d'optiques miniaturisées. A terme, la microscopie confocale fibrée devrait permettre aux médecins et biologistes de réaliser des biopsies optiques; c'est à dire un exa- men histologique, en temps réel, des tissus biologiques à l'intérieur d'un organisme vivant et directement au contact de la zone d'intérêt. Le but premier de cette thèse est de dépasser les limites matérielles de ces in- struments d'imagerie en développant des outils de recalage d'images spécifiques et innovants. En particulier, le propos de ce manuscrit est cadré par l'objectif de pro- poser, au travers d'outils de création de mosaïques d'images, des biopsies optiques à grand champ aux médecins. Cette application est considérée, dans cette thèse, comme un système, ou un circuit, qui prendrait en entrée un flot de données brutes et délivrerait en sortie des mosaïques d'images à grand champ. Nous détaillons les éléments critiques de ce système, en particulier la reconstruction d'images en temps réel, le recalage linéaire d'images et le recalage non linéaire, avant de présenter la structure du système complet. Les données brutes produites par la microscopie confocale fibrée sont difficiles à interpréter parce qu'elle sont modulées par la structure en nid d'abeille du réseau de fibres optiques et parce qu'elle sont entachées d'artefacts géométriques. Dans ce contexte, nous montrons qu'une reconstruction en temps réel des images peut être utilisée en pré-traitement afin de produire des séquences vidéos directement interprétables. Comme la microscopie confocale fibrée est une imagerie qui se fait au contact des tissus, le mouvement relatif du tissu par rapport à la sonde optique implique qu'il est parfois difficile d'obtenir de manière robuste certaines mesures quantitatives d'intérêt. Nous avons donc attaqué le problème du recalage linéaire, efficace et robuste de paires d'images. Nous montrons que des outils ré- cents provenant du domaine du contrôle robotique par la vision peuvent surpasser les solutions standards utilisées en analyse d'images biomédicales. L'adéquation de ces outils au problème du recalage linéaire d'images nous a amenés à revisiter le problème du recalage non-linéaire. En interprétant le recalage non-linéaire comme un problème d'optimisation sur un groupe de Lie, nous développons un algorithme rapide de recalage difféomorphe non-paramétrique d'images. En plus d'être dif- féomorphe, notre algorithme produit des résultats qui sont similaires à ceux de l'algorithme des démons de Thirion mais qui sont plus lisses et plus proche de la vérité. Finalement, nous obtenons une boîte à outils de reconstruction et de recalage d'images que nous utilisons pour proposer un algorithme robuste de création de mosaïques d'images qui permette de calculer un alignement globalement cohérent à partir de résultats locaux, de compenser les distorsions liées au mouvement et de retrouver les déformations non-rigides. Par ailleurs, notre algorithme de mosaïques d'images a récemment été incorporé dans un essai clinique multicentrique. Cet essai illustre l'intérêt clinique de nos outils dans le cadre spécifique de la surveillance de l'oesophage de Barrett.

La présence de distorsions cognitives chez les délinquants sexuels est considérée comme étant intimement liée à l’étiologie et au maintient des comportements sexuels déviants. Selon Ward et Keenan (1999), les distorsions cognitives émergent des théories implicites. Les théories implicites peuvent être définies comme étant un réseau de croyances interreliées que les délinquants ont à propos d’eux et du monde qui les entoure. Polaschek et Ward (2002) ainsi que Polaschek et Gannon (2004) ont postulé qu’il existe 5 théories implicites chez les violeurs : Les femmes sont des objets sexuels; L’excitation sexuelle de l’homme est incontrôlable; Le droit de faire ce que nous voulons; Le monde est dangereux; et Les femmes sont dangereuses. La présente recherche avait pour but d’examiner si les théories implicites chez les violeurs étaient pleinement représentées par les travaux de Polaschek et collègues. Les distorsions cognitives de 21 agresseurs sexuels de femmes adultes ont été analysées à partir de l’analyse de leurs discours. Les analyses indiquent que quatre des cinq théories implicites sont présentes dans notre échantillon. De plus, la théorie implicite Les femmes sont des objets sexuels serait mieux conceptualisée en tant que Les femmes sont des objets. Finalement, et en complément aux résultats des études de Polaschek, notre échantillon présente des cognitions qui normalisent la criminalité, la délinquance, la violence et la sexualité pour atteindre leurs buts; nous conduisant à la création d’une nouvelle théorie implicite : Normalisation du crime. Nos résultats indiquent qu’il y aurait peut-être d’autre / The presence of cognitive distortions among sex offenders are considered to be highly influential in the etiology and maintenance of deviant sexual behavior. According to Ward and Keenan (1999), cognitive distortions emerge from implicit theories. Implicit theories can be defined as a network of interrelated beliefs that sex offenders hold about them, the others and the world. Polaschek and Ward (2002) and Polaschek and Gannon (2004) postulates that there is five implicit theories amongst rapists: Women are Sexual objects; Male Sex Drive is Uncontrollable; Entitlement; Dangerous World; and Women are Dangerous. The current research examined whether the cognitive distortions of rapists are fully represent by the implicit theories proposed by Polaschek and colleagues. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 21 convicted rapists and their cognitive distortions were analyzed using the grounded theory method. Our analysis indicates the presence of four of the five Polaschek’s implicit theories among our sample. In addition, the implicit theory Women are Sex object would better be conceptualise as Women are Object. Finally, and in contrast to Polaschek’s research, our sample of rapists demonstrated cognitions that normalize the use of criminality, delinquency, violence and sexuality to achieve their goals. These findings lead us to the creation of a new implicit theory : Normalisation of Crime. Our findings indicate that there may be implicit theories among rapists that have not yet been fully explored.

Submitted by Noeme Timbo (noeme.timbo@metodista.br) on 2017-01-25T12:53:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 RicardoDuraes.pdf: 2397528 bytes, checksum: 3131144d042e53cdfcb5df2acb1abbc2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-25T12:53:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RicardoDuraes.pdf: 2397528 bytes, checksum: 3131144d042e53cdfcb5df2acb1abbc2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-16 / Automatic thoughts, emotions, behaviors and physiological responses have relationships with each other and are directly linked to the attribution of the causes, beliefs, values, attitudes and expectations in the relationship of couples and are associated with marital satisfaction and psychological distress. The aim of this study was to identify cognitive distortions couples and intervene from cognitive-behavioral therapy and increase levels of marital satisfaction. The sample consisted of 16 heteroafetivos couples, Brazilian, 18 years, literate and at least one year of marriage. Thus, the average age of the sample was 30.4 (SD=4,13) years and the majority (37.5%) reported having completed high school. The following instruments were used: Marital Satisfaction Scale (ESC); Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS); Relationship Belief Inventory (RBI); Marital Social Skills Inventory (IHSC); Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire (ATQ); Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (EAD); Back Depression Inventory - (BDI) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) applied before and after cognitive behavioral intervention, and a Questionnaire Sociodemographic. In the procedure, the couples came by 12 therapy sessions for 50-minutes weekly with cognitive-behavioral approach. Only the second session was individual. However, the first and the other sessions were combined. The results discloused as the most frenquentes cognitive distortions have the Mind Reading 34.4% (n = 11) and Hipergeneralization 31.3% (n = 10). In terms of final considerations it was observed that the cognitive behavioral intervention showed its effective, and then, corroborating improvement in marital satisfaction of most couples. Thus, the correlations of paired samples showed statistical significance (p=0,00) in the improvement of the levels of marital satisfaction, depression, anxiety, marital social skills and automatic thought compared to before and after the intervention. / Os pensamentos automáticos, as emoções, os comportamentos e as respostas fisiológicas têm relações entre si e estão diretamente ligados às atribuição das causas, crenças, valores, atitudes e expectativas na relação dos casais e estão associados à satisfação conjugal e sofrimento psíquico. O objetivo desse estudo foi identificar distorções cognitivas em casais e intervir a partir da terapia cognitivo-comportamental e aumentar os níveis de satisfação conjugal. A amostra foi composta por 16 casais heteroafetivos, brasileiros, maiores de 18 anos, alfabetizados e com no mínimo um ano de união. Assim, a idade média da amostra foi de 30,4 (DP=4,13) anos e a maioria (37,5%) relatou ter ensino médio completo. Foram utilizados os seguintes instrumentos: Escala de Satisfação Conjugal (ESC); Escala de Ajustamento Diádico (DAS); Inventário de Crença Sobre Relacionamento (RBI); Inventário de Habilidades Sociais Conjugais (IHSC); Questionário de Pensamentos Automáticos (ATQ); Escala de Atitudes Disfuncionais (EAD); Inventário Back de Depressão – (BDI) e Inventário Beck de Ansiedade (BAI) aplicados antes e depois da intervenção cognitivo comportamental, além de um Questionário Sociodemográfico. Quanto ao procedimento, os casais passaram por 12 sessões de terapia de 50 minutos com base cognitivo-comportamental. Somente a segunda sessão foi individual. No entanto, a primeira e as demais sessões foram conjuntas. Os resultados mostraram que as distorções cognitivas mais frenquentes foram a Leitura de pensamento 34,4% (n=11) e de hipergeneralização 31,3% (n=10). Foi possível observar que a intervenção cognitivo comportamental se mostou eficaz, corroborando melhora nas satisfação conjugal da maioria dos casais. As correlações de amostras emparelhadas apresentaram significância estatística (p=0,00) na melhora dos níveis de satisfação conjugal, depressão, ansiedade, habilidades sociais conjugais e pensamentos automáticos comparado com o antes e depois da intervenção.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The occurrence of distortions of structures is common during welding. Such distortions are more severe in the case of large structures, such as shipbuilding. Since distortions can increase manufacturing costs and time during shipbuilding, a thorough study of causes and consequences of distortions is necessary. Therefore, this work aims to study the distortion phenomenon during welding processes and contribute to ship construction by using numerical and experimental techniques. This work can be split into two steps, in which factors that cause distortions were explored by using numerical approach. The first step was the investigation of distortion occurrence in simple structures, namely common joints employed in welding. The influence of joint type on thermal efficiency, restrictions (boundary conditions) on T joint, heat input and rotational-distortion geometry was also investigated. Afterwards, experimental runs for model calibration were carried out by using inverse method of Differential Evolution (DE) for estimating the parameter of Gaussian-heat distribution. Temperature fields were measured by thermocouples and infrared camera with previous emissivity calibration during weldments. The second step was the simulation of complex structures similar to panels made by thin plate and T joints (reinforcement) commonly found in naval construction. These complex structures are. The initial conditions for the simulation of complex structures were the forces calculated by simulation on the simple structures (basically T joints). This technique is called equivalent forces . The simulations were validated by experimental runs, in which a panel was welded and displacement measured by three-dimensional coordinate table. The results show a very good agreement between the simulations and experimental results for both temperature and displacements values. / Durante o processo de soldagem é comum o aparecimento de distorções das estruturas que estão sendo fabricadas. Tais distorções são ainda mais severas em grandes estruturas como, por exemplo, na fabricação de navios. Uma vez que tais distorções podem aumentar o custo e o tempo da fabricação de tais embarcações, torna-se relevante um estudo mais detalhado das causas e consequências destas distorções em soldagem. Desta forma, este trabalho busca estudar o fenômeno das distorções no processo de soldagem e consequentemente, contribuir para construção naval, utilizando-se técnicas numérica e experimentais. O trabalho foi dividido em duas etapas, onde foram explorados fatores que causam distorções e abordagens numéricas para seu cálculo. A primeira etapa foi investigação da ocorrência de distorções em estruturas simples na forma de juntas comuns à soldagem. Verificou-se a influência do tipo de junta no rendimento térmico de soldagem, a influência das restrições ou fixações das chapas na junta em T e a influência do calor e da geometria na distorção rotacional. Em seguida, foram realizados ensaios experimentais para calibração do modelo através do método inverso para estimação do parâmetro de distribuição gaussiana da fonte de calor utilizando-se a técnica de Evolução Diferencial (ED). Foram também medidos os campos de temperatura com auxílio de termopares e com câmera infravermelha, utilizando-se de calibração prévia da emissividade do material durante a soldagem. A segunda etapa foi a simulação de estruturas complexas que são mais frequentemente encontradas na construção naval. Estas estruturas complexas são similares a painéis contendo chapa fina e juntas em T como reforço estrutural. As condições iniciais para a simulação das estruturas complexas foram as forças calculadas pela simulação de estruturas simples (basicamente juntas em T ). Esta abordagem é chamada de forças equivalentes . As simulações foram validades por ensaios experimentais, onde um painel foi soldado e as deformações medidas por uma mesa de coordenadas tridimensional. Os resultados demonstram concordância entre simulação e medição experimental tanto para os campos de temperatura, quanto para as deformações. / Doutor em Engenharia Mecânica

Les cultivars de bananiers sont dérivés d'hybridations entre sous-espèces de Musa acuminata (génome A) et pour certains avec l'espèce M. balbisiana (génome B). Ces hybrides présentent une fertilité réduite, des méioses perturbées et de fortes distorsions de ségrégation. Ces caractéristiques attribuées à des réarrangements chromosomiques entre espèces et sous-espèces compliquent les analyses génétiques et les programmes d'amélioration variétale. Au cours de cette thèse, nous avons mis en place et testé de nouvelles approches, basées sur la récente disponibilité d'une séquence de référence du bananier et des technologies de séquençage haut-débit, pour caractériser ces différences de structures chromosomiques et comprendre leur impact sur les ségrégations chromosomiques. Ces approches ont nécessité l'amélioration de la séquence de référence du bananier. Pour cela, des outils ont été développés. Ils sont applicables à d'autres génomes et modulables en fonction des données disponibles. Le nombre de scaffolds a été divisé par 5 et 90% de la séquence est maintenant ancré aux chromosomes. Les scaffolds correspondant au génome mitochondrial ont été identifiés et le génome chloroplastique a été assemblé et annoté. Des données de re-séquençage de l'accession ‘Pahang' et de génotypage dense de sa descendance ont été utilisées pour explorer l'origine des distorsions de ségrégation impliquant les chromosomes 1 et 4. L'ensemble des données (profils de distorsion et de recombinaison, appariements à la méiose, re-séquençage), nous orientent vers l'hypothèse d'une translocation réciproque en orientation inversée, entre régions distales des chromosomes 1 et 4. Le test de nos outils de recherche de variations structurales pour comparer les génomes A et B du bananier, dont les différences de structure sont connues, montre que nos outils détectent directement les signatures de certaines variations structurales mais que pour d'autres il ne détecte que des signatures partielles. Ces dernières peuvent néanmoins être informatives en complément d'autres types d'informations provenant de cartographie génétique et d'analyses cytogénétiques. / Banana cultivars are derived from hybridization between Musa acuminata subspecies (A genome) and, for some of them, with the species M. balbisiana (B genome). These hybrids have reduced fertility, disturbed meiosis and strong segregation distortions. These characteristics attributed to chromosomal rearrangements between species and subspecies complicate genetic analyses and breeding programs. In this thesis, we have developed and tested new approaches based on the recent availability of a banana reference genome sequence and high-throughput sequencing technologies, to characterize these differences in chromosomal structures and understand their impact on chromosomal segregation. These approaches needed improvement of the banana reference genome sequence. New bioinformatics tools were developed for this purpose. They are applicable to other genomes and are flexible according to available data. The scaffolds number was divided by 5 and 90% of the assembly is now anchored to the chromosomes. Scaffolds corresponding to the mitochondrial genome were identified and the chloroplast genome was assembled and annotated. Re-sequencing data from the 'Pahang' accession and dense genotyping of its progeny were used to explore the origin of segregation distortion involving chromosomes 1 and 4. Distortion and recombination profiles, chromosomal pairing at meiosis and re-sequencing data direct us to the hypothesis of a reciprocal translocation in inverted orientation between distal portions of chromosomes 1 and 4. We tested our structural variation research tools to compare the A and B genomes of banana, for which structural differences are known. The results showed that our tools detected complete signatures of some structural changes but for others, they only detected partial signatures. The latter can still be informative in addition to other informations derived from genetic mapping and cytogenetic studies.

>Magister Scientiae - MSc / We begin by finding a system of differential equations for the background and linearly perturbed variables in the standard, ɅCDM model, using the Einstein Field Equations, and then solving these numerically. Later, we extend this to dynamical dark energy models parameterised by an equation of state, w, and a rest frame speed of sound, cs. We pay special attention to the large-scale behaviour of Δm, the gauge invariant, commoving matter density, since the approximation Δm ≃ δm, where δm is the longitudinal gauge matter density, is more commonly used, but breaks down at large scales. We show how the background is affected by w only, so measurements of perturbations are required to constrain cs. We examine how the accelerated expansion of the universe, caused by dark energy, slows down the growth rate of matter. We then show the matter power spectrum is not in itself useful for constraining dark energy models, but how redshift-space distortions can be used to extract the growth rate from the galaxy power spectrum, and hence how redshift-space power spectra can be used to constrain different dark energy models. We find that on small scales, the growth rate is more dependent on w, while on large scales, it depends more on cs.

Interactions between the transport market and other distorted markets, such as the labor market, can have a large impact on the overall welfare effect of a road pricing policy or a congestion charge. Many road pricing studies therefore try to incorporate effects from other distorted markets in the analysis. A difficulty when assessing the welfare effect of a future transport policy is also that many factors and parameters needed for the analysis is uncertain. This thesis contains three papers all studying different methodological approaches to analyzing the welfare effects of transport policies. The first two papers analyze the welfare effect of congestion pricing in distorted economies. The main contribution of the first paper is to analyze how the welfare effect of a congestion charge in a distorted economy depends on what assumptions we make regarding the tax system in the initial no-toll situation. A critical assumption in many cost-benefit analyses of congestion charges is that the whole population has a single value of time. The second paper studies the effect of a congestion charge in a population of commuters with a continuously distributed value of time. The main contribution of the paper, compared to previous literature, is that it studies the welfare effect and distributional impact of a congestion charge in a population with endogenous labor supply and heterogeneous value of time where mode-choice self-selection plays an important role. The third paper studies the climate benefit of an investment in high speed rail by calculating the magnitude of annual traffic emission reduction required to compensate for the annualized embedded emissions from the construction of the line. To account for uncertainties in underlying assumptions, a Monte Carlo simulation framework is used in the analysis. The paper finds that to be able to balance the annualized emissions from the construction, traffic volumes of more than 10 million annual one-way trips are usually required, and most of the traffic diverted from other transport modes must come from aviation. / QC 20110812

Les technologies de relief tridimensionnel (3D) ont récemment reçu un nouvel attrait. Lesraisons potentielles sont que ces technologies peuvent fournir une expérience visuelle plusriche et plus immersive. En effet, un observateur peut extraire les disparités binoculairesprésentées entre les vues gauche et droite, pour retrouver plus efficacement la profondeur dela scène visuelle observée, et ainsi, trouver une nouvelle dimension dans le contenu.Cependant, tandis que la valeur de la profondeur est plutôt bien appréciée, un certain nombrede problèmes qui impactent la qualité de l’expérience dans les représentations 3D ont étéidentifiés. L’objective de cette thèse est d’étudier les principaux facteurs qui affectent laqualité de l’expérience en stéréoscopie dans le but de fournir des méthodes qui pourraientaméliorer l’utilisation des systèmes stéréoscopiques. Trois aspects majeurs de la qualité del’expérience sont adressés : (1) les sources et causes de la fatigue visuelle, (2) les distorsionsperceptives et (3) l’amélioration de la qualité de l’expérience en 3D au travers de l’adaptationdu contenu visuel. Pour étudier la fatigue visuelle, les mouvements de vergence étaientmesurés à la fois avec un écran 3D et avec un système à double écran qui permettaient laprésentation de stimuli avec les informations de disparité et de flou présentés en congruencecomme en incongruence. L’effet de la stéréoscopie sur les mouvements de vergence a étéétudié dans le but de tester si la mesure oculaire pouvait être utilisée comme indicateur defatigue visuelle. Le sujet suivant étudiait la consistance de la perception des formes 3Dstéréoscopiques en fonction de distances virtuelles induites par la disparité et par le signald’accommodation. Le rôle de la taille de la pupille et de la profondeur de champ enstéréoscopie étaient étudiés par la manipulation de la taille de la pupille avec deux conditionsd’illumination contrôlée. Finalement, l’amélioration de la perception de la forme 3D estquestionnée au travers de l’adaptation du contenu visuel en fonction de la mesure de seuilsperceptifs individuels pour des stimuli se déplaçant en profondeur. / Stereoscopic 3-Dimensional (S3D) technology has recently received growing attraction,potentially because it provides a more informative and more immersive visual experience.Indeed, the viewer may extract the binocular disparities displayed between the left and theright views, more efficiently retrieve the depth of the observed visual scene, and thus, givevisual content another dimension. However, while the additional value of depth is ratherappreciated, a number of problems have been raised that impact the Quality of Experience(QoE) in S3D representations. The objective of this thesis is to investigate the main factorsaffecting QoE in stereopsis in order to provide guidelines towards the improvement andfurther use of stereoscopic systems. Three main aspects of QoE in S3D are addressed: (1) thesources and causes of visual fatigue, (2) the perceptual distortions arising in S3D and, (3) theimprovement of S3D QoE through content adaptation. To study visual fatigue in S3D,vergence eye movements were measured both in S3D display and in dual-screen display thatenables the presentation of matched disparity and defocus stimuli. The effect of stereopsis onvergence movements was studied so as to test whether vergence tracking can be used asindicator of visual fatigue. The next topic investigated the consistency in stereoscopic 3Dshape perception as a function of vergence distance and accommodation distance. The role ofthe pupil size and the depth of focus in S3D were evaluated by manipulating the pupilaperture with two controlled lighting conditions. Finally, the improvement of 3D shapeperception is addressed through content adaptation according to individual perceptionthresholds measurement for motion-in-depth stimuli.

No description available.

Additive manufacturing is a novel manufacturing technique, which has developed rapidly in recent years. The additive manufacturing process produces complex geometries, light weighted components and reduces the material waste. During the building process, a laser energy source is commonly used to melt the metal powder. Due to the presence of thermal gradients, residual stresses resides in the final product. These residual stresses, when released, result in a distortion of the product. To predict the appearing residual stresses and distortions, simulation tools can be used and prevent costly trials of failed printed products. This thesis investigates whether a good prediction of residual stresses and distortions can be performed in additively manufactured components using MSC Simufact. The inherent strain method was used to predict the residual stresses and distortions of a cantilever beam respectively a pipe. The printed components were then compared with the simulations. The residual stresses were examined using a X-ray di↵ractometer and the distortions were analyzed by a laser scanner.Results showed that the predicted distortions of the pipe correlated well with the simulations. However, the residual stresses were dicult to compare with the simulations. The conclusion that Simufact Additive can predict distortions can thus be drawn.