The long-term study for the environmental-hydrologic observatory in Pool 16 of the Mississippi RIver includes installing modern sensors to continuously record the nutrient loads at the entrance, the exit and in other pertinent locations of Pool 16. Multiple monitoring locations allows more accurate modeling of nutrients and the sensors can be strategically placed to record nutrient load patterns due to floods, seasonal patterns due to agricultural trends and/or weather, the function of nutrient processing within the pool, or other major occurrences (Carver, 2008). The fact that no other organization has the current ability to record continuous, real-time nutrient data within the Mississippi River provides reason that the Pool 16 observatory may have a significant part in redefining nutrient transport in the Upper Mississippi River Basin and the understanding of the Gulf hypoxia (Carver, 2008). Six high-tech sensors have been deployed in Pool 16 from 2008-2010 recording real-time data such as nitrate, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, temperature and pH. The sensors have collected real-time data at the following locations (Figure 1.3): * Lock and Dam 15 * mouth of the Rock River * along the river bank at the town of Buffalo, IA * in the backwaters of Andalusia Island * along the river bank at LACMRERS * Lock and Dam 16. The collected data now needs to be analyzed not only to understand the data patterns, but to determine whether the data is reliable and makes sense. The main data series that this study focuses on is nitrate concentrations. Nitrate data is analyzed based on the natural patterns observed, how nitrate concentrations are affected by occurrences, and how nitrate patterns are directly related to other measured data such as dissolved oxygen and temperature. The sensors also need to be researched to determine if they are the best piece of technology for our needs and whether the sensors are able to record reliable data. Therefore, the objectives of this study are as follows: * Deploy several sensors in a short amount of time in Pool 16 to determine the efficiency of longer term deployments. * Investigate diurnal phenomena in highly time resolved nitrate concentration data from Pool 16. * Investigate seasonal patterns in nitrate concentration data collected from sensors. * Compare diurnal phenomena and seasonal patterns in nitrate concentrations for the Raccoon River and the Mississippi River. * Evaluate sensor performance and data reliability.

This study examined population density and habitat use of a species of greater galago, genus Otolemur, around Mt. Kasigau, Kenya. Mt. Kasigau has a unique regional microclimate, a cloud forest, which provides many different flora and fauna a home. To examine population density, two different methods were used. The first method was using line transects and analyzing results using Distance 6.0. These surveys were conducted during both dry and wet season and results were compared after the study. The second method was to trap individuals and use mark-recapture to determine population density. When caught in a trap, individuals were also weighed and measurements were taken. Accurate weight was taken for 17 individuals; ear height, tail length, and hind foot length were recorded for 21 individuals. Mark-recapture data were analyzed using Krebs/WIN 3.0. Population density estimates using both methods were compared and provided similar results; Distance 6.0 estimated 0.62 individuals per hectare and Krebs/WIN 3.0 estimated 0.51 individuals per hectare. Morphological measurements were not consistent with published data of known species of Otolemur garnettii, which is the most common greater galago in East Africa. It is possible the Mt. Kasigau population is reproductively isolated and DNA analysis should be conducted in the future. Habitat usage of greater and lesser galagos and diurnal primates was examined to determine which tree species are commonly used by these individuals.

The concentrations of atmospheric carbonyls were studied by the LpDNPH-Cartridge and the microcomputer air sampling device at Nanzi and Siaogang sites in Kaohsiung city. Source apportionment was determined by the factor analysis. The results showed that the highest concentrations of carbonyls was acetaldehyde (27.83 £gg/m3) at Nanzi, followed by formaldehyde (5.03 £gg/m3). At Siaogang, the highest concentrations of carbonyls was acetaldehyde (28.91 £gg/m3), followed by formaldehyde (6.92 £gg/m3). The concentrations of total carbonyls was higher at Siaogang (57.86 £gg/m3) than those at Nanzi (49.74 £gg/m3) . The concentrations of total carbonyls at Nanzi were 65.42 £gg/m3 in summer and 25.06 £gg/m3 in winter, and were 85.09 £gg/m3 in summer and 37.12 £gg/m3 in winter at Siaogang, due to the fact that summer has stronger photochemical activities than in winter. Additionally, peak rush hours of the traffics, either in the morning or at night, would result in increased concentration of Carbonyls was higher. The concentrations of atmospheric carbonyls were studied by the LpDNPH-Cartridge and the microcomputer air sampling device at Nanzi and Siaogang sites in Kaohsiung city. Source apportionment was determined by the factor analysis. The results showed that the highest concentrations of carbonyls was acetaldehyde (27.83 £gg/m3) at Nanzi, followed by formaldehyde (5.03 £gg/m3). At Siaogang, the highest concentrations of carbonyls was acetaldehyde (28.91 £gg/m3), followed by formaldehyde (6.92 £gg/m3). The concentrations of total carbonyls was higher at Siaogang (57.86 £gg/m3) than those at Nanzi (49.74 £gg/m3) . The concentrations of total carbonyls at Nanzi were 65.42 £gg/m3 in summer and 25.06 £gg/m3 in winter, and were 85.09 £gg/m3 in summer and 37.12 £gg/m3 in winter at Siaogang, due to the fact that summer has stronger photochemical activities than in winter. Additionally, peak rush hours of the traffics, either in the morning or at night, would result in increased concentration of Carbonyls was higher. Source apportionment analysis using factor analysis shows that the principle sources at Nanzi were traffic exhausts (motor, diesel, and gasoline vehicle) and stationary sources (industry, restaurant and chemical processes). The main sources at Siaogang were traffic exhausts (motor and gasoline vehicle), stationary sources (industry and restaurant) and secondary photo-chemical reactions.

The concentrations of atmospheric carbonyls were studied by the LpDNPH-Cartridge and the microcomputer air sampling device at Nan-Chie ¡BHsiung-Kong¡BRen-Wu and Lin-Yuan sites. Factor analysis was also used to determine the source apportionment in the Kaoshiung area. The results showed that the highest concentrations of carbonyls was acetaldehyde (27.83, 28.91, 11.46 and 10.06 £gg/m3) at four sites, followed by formaldehyde (5.03, 6.92, 7.88 and 6.59 £gg/m3), respectively. The highest concentration of total carbonyls at Nan-Chie and Hsiung-Kong was 65.42 £gg/m3 and 85.09 £gg/m3 in summer, the lowest concentration was 25.06 £gg/m3 and 37.12 £gg/m3 in winter, relatively, the highest concentration of total carbonyls at Ren-Wu and Lin-Yuan was 49.94 £gg/m3 and 55.24 £gg/m3 in winter, the lowest concentration was 24.48 £gg/m3 and 11.78 £gg/m3 in autumn. Additionally, peak rush hours of the traffics, either in the morning or at night, would result in increased concentration of Carbonyls. The results of factor analysis showed that the principle sources at Nan-Chie were traffic exhausts (diesel and gasoline vehicle) and stationary sources (metal assembly, waste treatment, pulp and restaurant). The principle sources at Hsiung-Kong were traffic exhausts (diesel, and gasoline vehicle), stationary sources (leather, chemical process and restaurant). The main sources at Ren-Wu were traffic exhausts (gasoline vehicle) and stationary sources (metal assembly, chemical process and restaurant). The main sources at Lin-Yuan were traffic exhausts (diesel vehicle) and stationary sources (metal assembly, leather, steel production and restaurant).

published_or_final_version / Physics / Master / Master of Philosophy

Humans make a wide variety of decisions every day - from which route to take to the store to which job offer to accept. It has recently been proposed that two different systems, one affective and intuitive (System 1), the other logical and deliberative (System 2) interact to guide decision making. Neuroimaging research has supported this hypothesis, but other physiological indices of emotion regulation have been largely unexplored in the context of decision making. Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia (RSA) is an index of cardiac vagal control, and has been shown to mediate emotion regulation, and vary under stress. Both impaired sleep and the phase of the sleep/wake circadian schedule also influence the expression and regulation of emotion. Sleep deprivation has been shown to lead to poor decision-making, but the relationship between sleep/wake circadian rhythms and decision making has been largely unexplored. Physiological indicators of emotion regulation (such as RSA) are likely to interact with sleep/wake circadian rhythms to influence the strategies used in decision making. The present study found that while time of day did not have an independent influence on decision making or risk taking, these functions appear to fluctuate with body temperature, a physiological index of circadian phase, with optimal performance occurring at higher body temperatures. Furthermore, while RSA appears to be unrelated to decision making and risk taking, circadian phase may influence physiological responses to stress (as measured by RSA) at different times of the day. In particular, morning-types may be more reactive to stress in the evening than during the day. Further research is needed to validate and clarify these findings.

With rising salinity levels in many freshwaters across the globe caused by for example sealevel rise and de-icing salts, it becomes important to understand what effect it has on freshwater ecosystems, since the lakes and rivers themselves are important parts in the global carbon cycle. In this study I have looked at what effects increased salinity levels have on different lakes metabolism, specifically oxygen concentration and primary production. The experiment was conducted using mesocosms in three different lakes in Sweden, separated both geographically and by nutrient status (eutrophic, oligotrophic, and dystrophic as well as oligotrophic). The response to increased salinity differed between the lakes; the increased salinity had a strong negative effect on the oligotrophic lake. In general, increased salinity caused a decline in oxygen content, both the maximum value and the amount of diurnal variation, as well as primary production. Therefore, the conclusion is that a rise in salinity will affect lake metabolism in a detrimental way, with a stronger effect on more sensitive lakes. / Med stigande saltnivåer i många sötvatten världen över, orsakade av exempelvis ökande havsnivåer och applicering av vägsalt, blir det viktigt att förstå vilken påverkan detta har på ekosystem i sötvatten då de utgör en viktig del I den globala kolcykeln. I den här studien har jag tittat på vilken effekt förhöjda salthalter har på olika sjöars metabolism, specifikt syrehalt och primärproduktion. Experimentet utfördes med hjälp av mesokosmer i tre olika svenska sjöar, skilda både geografiskt och trofiskt (eutrof, oligotrof samt dystrof och oligotrof). Sjöarnas respons till den ökade salthalten varierade; saltet hade en starkt negativ effekt på den oligotrofa sjön. På en generell nivå så sjönk syrehalten, både maximum värden och dygnsvariationen, samt primärproduktionen vid högre salthalter. Slutsatsen blir därför att ökade saltnivåer kommer att påverka sjöars metabolism negativt, med en starkare effekt på mer känsliga sjöar.

This work is aimed at investigating diurnal cycle variability of the planetary boundary layer characteristics over the Arabian Peninsula and the Red Sea region. To fulfill this goal the downscaling simulations are performed using Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. We analyze planetary boundary layer height, latent and sensible heat fluxes, and surface air temperature. The model results are compared with observations in different areas, for different seasons, and for different model resolutions. The model results are analyzed in order to better quantify the diurnal cycle variability over the Arabian Peninsula and the Red Sea. The specific features of this region are investigated and discussed.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医科学) / 甲第21027号 / 医科博第88号 / 新制||医科||6(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医科学専攻 / (主査)教授 杉田 昌彦, 教授 濵﨑 洋子, 教授 河本 宏 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

<p> Individuals often display preferences for the morning or evening; this preference is referred to as a chronotype and is supported by distinct diurnal physiological and behavioural fluctuations. Whereas prior work suggests an increase in individuals executive control throughout the day, the current study assesses the diurnal time course of executive control and the tendency to mind wander as a function of chronotype. Results suggest that executive control processes are modulated by time of day, with chronotype match conditions associated with increased executive control, akin to the 'Synchrony Effect' of chronotypes (Hasher et al., 2002). Results suggest that variations in the level of semantic processing in a task influences time of day effects on non-automatic (executive control) functioning. </p> / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)