One billion of people lives less than one dollar a day, millions of people are forced to live out of their home, problems of humanitarian aid are very pressing theme. This diploma thesis aims to create a didactit unit for students of medical school, which would deepen their knowledges and influence their attitudes to humanitarian aid. At first at theoretic part the space is focused on complete overview in humanitarian aid, starting on history, current strategy of humanitarian aid, individual participants of aid, over the rules and risk, up to ethic and legal anchoring of aid. In theoretic part is giving a description in brief of three non- governmental non-profitable organization, whose are engaging in humanitarian aid (International Movement of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, Docktors without Borders known as Medecins Sans Frontieres, which is devoted more space in view of the fact that students'orientation and Czech organization People in Trouble). In research part the questionnaire survey is performed in chosen medical school, which inquires the basic knowledges of humanitarian aid and three chosen non-profit organization and monitors students'attitudes to given problems. The didactic unit is created in the basis of analysis of collected data. From the questionnaire survey is clear the...

O que acontece no encontro do médico com a morte do seu paciente diz de algo estruturante da condição humana que transcende a formação acadêmica e mobiliza por este estar na presença de outro ser humano. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa que teve como objetivo principal descrever e conhecer o que existe de estruturante no encontro do médico com a morte do seu paciente. Este estudo utiliza o método fenomenológico de pesquisa, entendido como um convite para o exercício reflexivo visando à construção de novos paradigmas na produção de conhecimento. O autor de base que fundamenta a análise teórica foi Maurice Merleau-Ponty (2006). Foram realizadas quatro entrevistas com médicos oncologistas clínicos, embasadas na pergunta norteadora: O que significa para você cuidar do paciente oncológico, sem possibilidade de cura, que vivencia o seu processo de morrer e posteriormente perdê-lo?. Após a realização das entrevistas, os relatos (ingênuos) foram literalizados, dos quais foram levantadas as unidades de análise e transformadas em categorias analisadas fenomenologicamente, que possibilitaram o diálogo intersubjetivo e objetivo com os pressupostos teóricos sobre o tema em pauta. Categorias estas denominadas de: 1. Relação médico e paciente: o desvelar das emoções e sentimentos; 2. Relação médico e paciente: um distanciamento da morte do paciente; 3. O encontro do médico com a morte: a morte imprevisível; 4. Construção da identidade do sujeito: a dimensão ética do ser médico. A partir da análise das categorias, observou-se que tal encontro ocorre de diversas formas, principalmente pelo distanciamento como os médicos em questão lidam com a morte de seus pacientes, vista como um acidente, com falta de diálogo que, necessariamente, esbarra nas questões éticas e de formação acadêmica. A estrutura do fenômeno reside na ausência de diálogo pela dificuldade de lidar com os próprios sentimentos e emoções emergidas do processo de perda por morte de seus pacientes / What happens in the doctors encounter with the death of his patient says about human condition structuring which transcends academic formation and mobilizes in the presence of another human being.This is a qualitative research which had as its principal aim to describe and know what exists of structuring in the doctors encounter with the death of his patient. This study uses the phenomenological method of research, understood as an invitation to the reflexive exercise which aims the construction of new paradigms in the knowledge production.The fundamental author who substantiates the theorical analysis is Maurice Merleau-Ponty (2006). Four interviews with clinical oncologist doctors were made, based on the guiding question: What means to you to take care of the cancer patient, without the possibility of healing, who experiences his dying process and eventually lose him?After the interviews were made, the narratives (literal) were literalized, from which the analysis units were raised and transformed into phenomenologically analyzed categories, which enabled the intersubjective and objective dialog with the theoretical presuppositions about the subject under discussion.These categories are named: 1. Relation between doctor and patient: the unveiling of emotions and feelings; 2. Relation between doctor and patient: a detachment from the patients death; 3. The doctors encounter with death: the unpredictable death; 4. Construction of the subjects identity: the ethical dimension of being a doctor. From the analysis of the categories it was possible to observe that such encounter occurs in several ways, mainly by the detachment which the doctors from this study deal with the death of their patients, seen as an accident, with lack of dialog that necessarily touches the ethical and academic formation questions. The structure of the phenomenon dwells in the lack of dialog due to the difficulty to deal with ones own feelings and emotions emerged from the process of losing ones patients by death

Médecins Sans Frontières is one of the most respected humanitarian organisations in the world, they focus mainly on providing medical care in places of emergency and war. These places are also interesting for journalists who can take advantage of the protection on the missions while also acquiring unique stories. Working in conflicted areas under a protection of an organisation is called embedded journalism. This concept has been until now studied in connection with army when journalists travel with soldiers. Therefore, their view of war can be distorted. However, a journalist who travels with Médecins Sans Frontières may also have a distorted view of world. Twelve journalists from around the world, who visited the missions and documented the work of doctors, gave interviews for this diploma thesis. In the interviews, they described their experiences, the advantages and disadvantages of being embedded, and how the organisation may have influenced their work. Several Médecins Sans Frontières workers have also shared their experience. The interviews were put in context by a content analysis that focused on the articles and photographs made on missions by these journalists.

El problema tratado en la investigación, se encuentra planteado en la pregunta ¿de qué forma se puede disminuir el incumplimento de la declaración fiscal de los médicos generadores de cuarta categoría; para evitar la evasión, mejorar el control e incrementar el recaudo? / The problem addressed in the investigation is posed in the question: how can the non-compilance of the tax declaration of the Generators of the Fourth Category be reduced? To avoid evasion, improve control and increase collection? / Trabajo de investigación

Global health organizations attend to populations around the world applying an evidence-based model of care that often does not correspond with local realities on the ground. My thesis provides an in-depth anthropological study of how this occurs within practices in and around World Spine Care's (WSC) clinics in Shoshong and Mahalapye, Botswana. More specifically I explore how knowledge is negotiated and improvised on the ground, paying particular attention to the ways WSC volunteers are (un)able to work with local health workers as they desire. I show the flows and counter-flows implicated in the difficult task of reconciling skills with standards. The study is based on a total of 15 months of participation with WSC's organization through attending meetings, activities and shadowing practitioners both in Ottawa and in Botswana. Expanding the scope of their creative improvisational skills beyond the closed settings of WSC clinics is proposed as a way to move forward.

LLM / Department of Public Law

The aim of this Master thesis is to identify the specifics of non-governmental organization Doctors Without Borders (Médecins Sans Frontières) as an actor of international relations, mainly through the presentation and activities of the organization during the implementation of its programs in the early 1990s, when the process of internationalization was consolidated. The thesis also covers the issue of respecting the commitment to shared values for which Doctors Without Borders claim responsibility, and which also represents the principles of their activities. Based on the theoretical framework of actorness, it is possible to compare three missions of Doctors Without Borders implemented during the internal state conflicts in Somalia, Rwanda and Bosnia and Herzegovina. The analysis shows that during this period, Doctors Without Borders is characterized by a strong national identity of particular sections, in that we can see the strong national features of the French, Belgian and Dutch sections, which often behaved contradictorily and incoherently. The commitment to respect the shared values is fulfilled with one exception, namely the obligation to respect the neutral status.

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This thesis is concerned with the Czech doctor's campaign "Thanks, we are leaving" on the background of the health care system in the Czech Republic. The campaign started in 2010 by the Czech doctors trying to focus on the working conditions, salary conditions, educational system and some failures of the health care system with the aim to improve it. The campaign resulted in February 2011 in a compromise between doctors and Ministry of Health. This thesis focuses especially on media and on the interest group LOK (Medical union trade club) which set the agenda. The perception of the campaign is ambiguous both for the public and for the doctors themselves. The individual milestones of campaign are explained by the theory of punctuated equilibrium from the authors Bryan D. Jones and Frank R. Baumgartner. Using many helpful methods such as content analysis of media messages, semi- structured interviews with particular actors, analysis of secondary sources, stakeholder analysis or analysis of selected events in health policy I explained the core events and actors who participated in this campaign. The theoretical concepts used in this thesis are: public policy in its multidisciplinary meaning, health policy and health care system, punctuated equilibrium theory, theories concerned with interest groups...

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