Marine stratocumulus clouds cover extensive areas of the subtropical oceans and greatly influence Earth?s radiation by strongly reflecting the incoming solar radiation. The most climatologically pronounced stratus regime is located in the South-East Pacific. Drizzle is one of the several physical processes that affects the lifecycle and evolution of marine stratus by depleting the cloud liquid water and by stabilizing the marine boundary layer through evaporative cooling. In this study we use ship-borne radar observations from two innovative research cloud radars ? a Millimeter Cloud Radar (MMCR) (lambda=8 mm) and Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) radar (lambda=3 mm) to study the fallout of drizzle in the sub-cloud layer. Radar inter-comparison is used to perform calibration and quality control of the FMCW radar. The FMCW observations suffer no saturation and provide profiles of radar Doppler moments from the ship level to the cloud base. A lognormal drizzle drop size distribution is assumed and the parameters (N0, r0 and sigma x) are retrieved using the observed radar reflectivity and mean Doppler velocity profiles. The retrieved parameters are used to extract bulk parameters of the drizzle size distribution such as liquid water content, total number of droplets and rainfall rates at various heights within the sub-cloud layer (typically from 50-500 m). It is demonstrated that a simple evaporation model can be used to constrain the inversion from radar observables to drizzle size distribution parameters. The model output showed that the drizzle DSD is truncated at lower end due to the rapid evaporation of smaller drops and the logarithmic width of drizzle DSD is lower than the typically prescribed value of 0.35.

Determining the factors affecting drizzle formation in marine boundary layer (MBL) clouds remains a challenge for both observation and modeling communities. To investigate the roles of vertical wind shear and buoyancy (static instability) in drizzle formation, ground-based observations from the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program at the Azores are analyzed for two types of conditions. The type I clouds should last for at least 5h and more than 90% time must be nondrizzling and then followed by at least 2h of drizzling periods, while the type II clouds are characterized by mesoscale convection cellular structures with drizzle occur every 2 to 4h. By analyzing the boundary layer wind profiles (direction and speed), it was found that either directional or speed shear is required to promote drizzle production in the type I clouds. Observations and a recent model study both suggest that vertical wind shear helps the production of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE), stimulates turbulence within cloud layer, and enhances drizzle formation near the cloud top. The type II clouds do not require strong wind shear to produce drizzle. The small values of lower tropospheric stability (LTS) and negative Richardson number (R-i) in the type II cases suggest that boundary layer instability plays an important role in TKE production and cloud-drizzle processes. By analyzing the relationships between LTS and wind shear for all cases and all time periods, a stronger connection was found between LTS and wind directional shear than that between LTS and wind speed shear.

"With the rapid development of the Internet, cloud gaming has increasingly gained attention. Cloud gaming is a new type of cloud service that allows a game to run on the cloud servers, and players interact with the game remotely on their own light-weight clients. There are many potential benefits for both players and game developers to deploy a game on a cloud server, such as reducing the need for clients to update the game, easing development of cross-device games and helping prevent software piracy. In this work, I developed a cloud game engine, Drizzle, with a time warp algorithm for latency compensation, and implemented a new transmission method that reduces the network bandwidth. Using Drizzle, I also developed a simple cloud game to evaluate the functionality and performance. Experiments with this game in a controlled laboratory environment provide objective measurements of game performance and subjective measurements of user performance. Analysis of the results shows Drizzle with time warp did not reduce noticeable latency but helped players get higher game scores compared to Drizzle without time warp. Moreover, Drizzle reduced network bitrates compared to some conventional cloud transmission methods."

A presente dissertação tem como objetivo, analisar e inserir-se no dialogismo entre importantes transformações literárias, sociais e urbanísticas que modificaram a paisagem urbana da cidade de São Paulo e que marcaram as primeiras décadas do século XX. Sob o olhar lírico de Mário de Andrade, desde a publicação de Pauliceia desvairada até sua morte e a pós-publicação de Lira paulistana, que influencia o nascimento da poesia moderna na cidade de São Paulo. A garoa aparece como protagonista desse diálogo entre a Geografia e a Literatura, revelada nas imagens poéticas da cidade pelo poeta. Essa característica tão peculiar da cidade mereceu a criação de textos e poesias por parte de vários poetas que chamavam a cidade de São Paulo, terra da garoa. Mário de Andrade, o poeta modernista, arlequinal e lírico, engajado nas vanguardas europeias por meio da literatura e, junto a outros importantes nomes de veios artísticos, inaugura a revolução na arte do Brasil com a Semana de Arte Moderna em fevereiro de 1922, na cidade de São Paulo. Na ocasião, o poeta faz a leitura do poema Inspiração, de Pauliceia desvairada. Está fundado o Desvairismo, em suas palavras. Esta pesquisa debruça-se nos estudos da representação da cidade de São Paulo no viés poético e geográfico, quando correlaciona a vida e morte do poeta ao processo de urbanização da cidade de São Paulo, no findar do século XIX até o segundo quartel do século XX. Esse contexto é revelado por intermédio dos poemas que perpetuam o amor visceral entre a cidade e Mário, o qual a elege como tema principal. As cortinas se abrem e, segundo o olhar imagético do poeta, a leitura sobre o arranjo espacial da cidade é concluída. / The purpose of this dissertation is to analyze and insert in the dialogism between important literary, social and urban transformations that modified the urban landscape of the city of São Paulo and that marked the first decades of the twentieth century. Under the lyrical gaze of Mário de Andrade, from the publication of Pauliceia desvairada to his death and the post-publication of Lira paulistana, which influences the birth of modern poetry in the city of São Paulo. The drizzle (garoa) appears as the protagonist of this dialogue between Geography and Literature, revealed in poetic images of the city by the poet.This peculiar characteristic of the city deserved the creation of texts and poetry by several poets who called the city of \"São Paulo, land of the drizzle (garoa)\". Mário de Andrade, the modernist, harlequin and lyricist poet, engaged in the European avant-garde through literature and, together with other important names of artistic veils, inaugurates the revolution in Brazilian art with the Modern Art Week in February 1922 in the city from Sao Paulo. At the time, the poet reads the poem \"Inspiration\" by Pauliceia desvairada. \"Desvairismo is founded\", in his words.This research studies the representation of the city of São Paulo in the poetic and geographical bias, when it correlates the life and death of the poet to the process of urbanization of the city of São Paulo, at the end of the 19th century until the second quarter of the 20th century.This context is revealed through the poems that perpetuate the visceral love between the city and Mario, which elects it as the main theme. The curtains open and, according to the poet\'s imagery, the reading of the space arrangement of the city is completed.

A presente dissertação tem como objetivo, analisar e inserir-se no dialogismo entre importantes transformações literárias, sociais e urbanísticas que modificaram a paisagem urbana da cidade de São Paulo e que marcaram as primeiras décadas do século XX. Sob o olhar lírico de Mário de Andrade, desde a publicação de Pauliceia desvairada até sua morte e a pós-publicação de Lira paulistana, que influencia o nascimento da poesia moderna na cidade de São Paulo. A garoa aparece como protagonista desse diálogo entre a Geografia e a Literatura, revelada nas imagens poéticas da cidade pelo poeta. Essa característica tão peculiar da cidade mereceu a criação de textos e poesias por parte de vários poetas que chamavam a cidade de São Paulo, terra da garoa. Mário de Andrade, o poeta modernista, arlequinal e lírico, engajado nas vanguardas europeias por meio da literatura e, junto a outros importantes nomes de veios artísticos, inaugura a revolução na arte do Brasil com a Semana de Arte Moderna em fevereiro de 1922, na cidade de São Paulo. Na ocasião, o poeta faz a leitura do poema Inspiração, de Pauliceia desvairada. Está fundado o Desvairismo, em suas palavras. Esta pesquisa debruça-se nos estudos da representação da cidade de São Paulo no viés poético e geográfico, quando correlaciona a vida e morte do poeta ao processo de urbanização da cidade de São Paulo, no findar do século XIX até o segundo quartel do século XX. Esse contexto é revelado por intermédio dos poemas que perpetuam o amor visceral entre a cidade e Mário, o qual a elege como tema principal. As cortinas se abrem e, segundo o olhar imagético do poeta, a leitura sobre o arranjo espacial da cidade é concluída. / The purpose of this dissertation is to analyze and insert in the dialogism between important literary, social and urban transformations that modified the urban landscape of the city of São Paulo and that marked the first decades of the twentieth century. Under the lyrical gaze of Mário de Andrade, from the publication of Pauliceia desvairada to his death and the post-publication of Lira paulistana, which influences the birth of modern poetry in the city of São Paulo. The drizzle (garoa) appears as the protagonist of this dialogue between Geography and Literature, revealed in poetic images of the city by the poet.This peculiar characteristic of the city deserved the creation of texts and poetry by several poets who called the city of \"São Paulo, land of the drizzle (garoa)\". Mário de Andrade, the modernist, harlequin and lyricist poet, engaged in the European avant-garde through literature and, together with other important names of artistic veils, inaugurates the revolution in Brazilian art with the Modern Art Week in February 1922 in the city from Sao Paulo. At the time, the poet reads the poem \"Inspiration\" by Pauliceia desvairada. \"Desvairismo is founded\", in his words.This research studies the representation of the city of São Paulo in the poetic and geographical bias, when it correlates the life and death of the poet to the process of urbanization of the city of São Paulo, at the end of the 19th century until the second quarter of the 20th century.This context is revealed through the poems that perpetuate the visceral love between the city and Mario, which elects it as the main theme. The curtains open and, according to the poet\'s imagery, the reading of the space arrangement of the city is completed.