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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
41

Testing Direct Simulation Monte Carlo Methods Against the Fluid Equations in the Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer

Somers, William R. 21 August 2008 (has links) (PDF)
A Direct Simulation Monte Carlo fluid dynamics code named FENIX has been employed to study gas flow-through properties of the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS). Simulation data have been tested against the Navier-Stokes and heat equations in order to see if FENIX functions properly. The Navier-Stokes and heat equations have been constructed from simulation data and are compared term by term. This comparison shows that FENIX is able to correctly reproduce fluid dynamics throughout the ICP-MS simulation, with an exception immediately behind the ICP-MS sampler cone, where the continuum criterion for the Navier-Stokes equation is not met. Testing the data produced by Fenix also shows that this DSMC method correctly produces momentum and thermal boundary layer phenomenon as well. FENIX output data produce statistical fluctuations of about 2%. Limitations occur from fitting data near surfaces, incurring a relative error of about 5%, and fitting data to take second derivatives where fluid velocity gradients are steep, introducing a relative error of about 10%.
42

Dynamique microscopique et propriétés macroscopiques de systèmes réactifs structurés : fronts d'onde chimiques exothermiques et prise du plâtre

Dumazer, Guillaume 30 June 2010 (has links) (PDF)
Cette thèse traite, dans une première partie, de la propagation unidimensionnelle de fronts de réactions exothermiques, à différentes échelles de description. Dans une approche macroscopique, la quantité de chaleur dégagée par la réaction vient coupler l'équation de convection-réaction-diffusion et les équations de l'hydrodynamique. Ce travail montre l'existence d'un domaine interdit de vitesses de propagation pour un front d'onde chimique stationnaire. Il met en évidence une transition entre une propagation principalement déterminée par les processus de réaction-diffusion, pour de faibles chaleurs de réaction, et une propagation principalement déterminée par les équations de l'hydrodynamique et l'équation d'état du fluide, pour une quantité de chaleur plus importante. Cette bifurcation est illustrée dans les cas d'un gaz parfait et d'un fl uide de van der Waals. La simulation microscopique de la dynamique des particules par la méthode 'Direct Simulation Monte Carlo' (DSMC) permet de retrouver ces résultats pour un gaz dilué. Dans une seconde partie, cette thèse développe un modèle de précipitation d'aiguilles de gypse à partir de grains d'hémihydrate de sulfate de calcium ainsi qu'un algorithme de simulation de la prise du plâtre à une échelle submicrométrique. Les résultats de simulation sont comparés à ceux issus d'une approche déterministe et d'une approche stochastique par une équation maîtresse. En dégageant un ensemble de paramètres ajustables et interprétables physiquement, le modèle permet de proposer une explication de l'effet d'un traitement industriel con dentiel améliorant la cinétique de formation et la morphologie du matériau final.
43

Προσομοίωση ιξώδους συσσωμάτωσης και διασποράς σε κοκκώδη υλικά

Μιχάλης, Βασίλειος 22 November 2011 (has links)
Ο στόχος της παρούσας εργασίας είναι η περαιτέρω κατανόηση και ποσοτική σύνδεση φαινομένων μεταφοράς που λαμβάνουν χώρα σε πορώδη μέσα με τα αντίστοιχα φαινόμενα στην κλίμακα λίγων πόρων. Η επέκταση των αποτελεσμάτων από την κλίμακα πόρου στην κλίμακα του πορώδους μέσου δεν είναι προφανής και για το λόγο αυτό η τοπολογία και μορφολογία της πορώδους δομής αντιμετωπίζονται εδώ με δίκτυα πόρων, με έμφαση στα φαινόμενα που λαμβάνουν χώρα στις διασταυρώσεις, αλλά και με ψηφιακές αναπαραστάσεις της δομής με βάση μικροφωτογραφίες δείγματος του υλικού. Συγκεκριμένα, στην εργασία αυτή εξετάζεται η διασπορά μορίων διαλυμένης ουσίας σε δίκτυα πόρων, παρουσιάζεται μία καινούργια τεχνική ανακατασκευής ανομοιογενών πορωδών υλικών και αναπτύσσεται μια μέθοδος προσομοίωσης της ροής αερίων δια μέσου ανακατασκευασμένων πορωδών υλικών στη μεταβατική περιοχή ροής όπου η μέση ελεύθερη διαδρομή των μορίων ενός αερίου είναι συγκρίσιμη με το μέγεθος των πόρων οπότε και παύει να ισχύει η συνήθης παραδοχή του συνεχούς. Η επίδραση της ανάμειξης μέσα σε πόρους ή στις διασταυρώσεις πόρων/ρωγμών στη διασπορά μορίων διαλυμένης ουσίας σε πορώδη μέσα ερευνήθηκε μέσα από την ανάπτυξη και χρήση διαφορετικών τεχνικών προσομοίωσης με έμφαση στις λεπτομέρειες της ροής και της μεταφοράς μάζας στην περιοχή της διασταύρωσης. Βρέθηκε ότι μία νέα μέθοδος τυχαίου περιπάτου αναπαράγει με καλή ακρίβεια το συντελεστή διασποράς σε χαμηλές και μεσαίες τιμές του Peclet, χάρη στο γεγονός ότι λαμβάνει υπ’ όψη την ανάντι της ροής κίνηση των σωματιδίων και τους διαφορετικούς χρόνους παραμονής μέσα σε κάθε κλάδο. Παράλληλα αναπτύχθηκε μία καινοτόμος μέθοδος ανακατασκευής πορωδών μέσων. Η τεχνική στηρίζεται στο διφασικό πρότυπο δικτύου Boltzmann, το οποίο περιγράφει την εξέλιξη συστημάτων υγρού-αερίου υπό την επίδραση της διεπιφανειακής τάσης. Ο μηχανισμός αυτός οδηγεί στη δημιουργία συσχετισμένων δομών, όπου τόσο η μορφολογία του πορώδους μέσου όσο και ο βαθμός συσχέτισής του καθορίζονται από τις λειτουργικές παραμέτρους του προτύπου. Η τεχνική εφαρμόστηκε επιτυχώς σε πραγματικό δείγμα εδάφους με αφετηρία την πληροφορία που δίνεται από μία μικροφωτογραφία μίας στατιστικά χαρακτηριστικής τομής του. Τέλος, μελετήθηκε η ροή αερίων σε πορώδη μέσα, σε πεπερασμένους αριθμούς Knudsen, όπου η μέση διάμετρος των πόρων είναι της ίδιας τάξης με τη μέση ελευθέρα διαδρομή των μορίων του αερίου. Η μελέτη έγινε με τη μεσοσκοπική μέθοδο DSMC. Ο έλεγχος της αξιοπιστίας της μεθόδου και της παρούσας υλοποίησής της έγινε μέσω της μελέτης της ισοθερμοκρασιακής ροής αερίου μεταξύ παραλλήλων πλακών. Παράλληλα υπολογίστηκε το δυναμικό ιξώδες αερίου σε συνθήκες υψηλής αραίωσης και παρουσιάστηκε η εξάρτησή του από τον αριθμό Knudsen. Βρέθηκε ότι τα αποτελέσματα προσεγγίζονται ικανοποιητικά από μία αναλυτική έκφραση τύπου Bosanquet που συσχετίζει το αποτελεσματικό ιξώδες με την τιμή του στο όριο του συνεχούς και με τον αριθμό Knudsen. Επιπρόσθετα μελετήθηκε για πρώτη φορά με τη μέθοδο DMSC η ροή αερίων σε υπολογιστικά ανακατασκευασμένες πορώδεις δομές. Επιβεβαιώθηκε το φαινόμενο του Klinkenberg και η γραμμική εξάρτηση του συντελεστή διαπερατότητας από την αντίστροφη πίεση. Τέλος χρησιμοποιήθηκε μια διαφορετική προσέγγιση στο πρόβλημα υπολογισμού της ροής στη μεταβατική περιοχή μέσω ανάπτυξης προτύπου δικτύου Boltzmann, κατάλληλα τροποποιημένου για ροές σε συνθήκες αραίωσης. Το πρότυπο δοκιμάστηκε τόσο στην περίπτωση ροής μεταξύ παραλλήλων πλακών όσο και σε ροή σε πορώδη μέσα όπου η συμφωνία με τη μέθοδο DSMC βρέθηκε πολύ ικανοποιητική. / The aim of the present study is the further understanding and quantification of transport phenomena in porous media and their connection with the phenomena in the scale of a few pores. The extension of the results from the pore-scale to the scale of the porous medium is not obvious and for this reason the representation of the porous medium is treated both with pore-networks and digital reconstruction. Specifically, in this study it is examined the dispersion of molecules of a solute in porous networks, a new reconstruction technique is presented for heterogeneous granular materials and also a methodology is developed for the study of gas flow in reconstructed porous media in the transient regime, where the mean free path of the gas molecules is comparable with the characteristic length of the pores and thus the continuum description is no longer valid. The effect of the mixing in the pores or the junctions of the pores on the dispersion of molecules of a solute in porous media is examined through various simulation techniques with emphasis on the details of the flow and mass transport in the area of the junction. It was found that a new random-walk technique is reproducing with good accuracy the dispersion coefficient for low and average values of the Peclet number, due to the fact that it takes into account the backwards, with respect to the main direction of the flow, movement of the molecules and the different residence time in each branch. Furthermore, a new reconstruction technique was developed for porous media. The technique is based on 2-phase lattice Boltzmann model, which describes the evolution of a gas-liquid system under the influence of the surface tension. This mechanism leads to the creation of correlated structures, where the morphology of the porous medium and the correlation factor are determined by the operating parameters of the model. The technique was applied successfully for the reconstruction of a real soil sample, starting from the information that is solely given from a microphotograph of a statistically adequate section of the material. Finally, the gas flow through porous media was examined at moderate Knudsen numbers, where the mean diameter of the pores is of the same order of magnitude with the mean free path of the gas molecules. The study was done mainly with the mesoscopic DSMC technique. The credibility of the technique was examined through the study of the isothermal gas flow through parallel plates. Additionally, the dynamic viscosity of a gas under rarefaction conditions was calculated and its dependence on the Knudsen number was shown. It was found that the results are approximated satisfactorily with an analytical Bosanquet-type equation that relates the effective viscosity with its value at the continuum limit and with the Knudsen number. Furthermore, it was studied for the first time with the DSMC method the gas flow through reconstructed porous media. The Klinkenberg effect was confirmed and the linear dependence of the permeability coefficient on the inverse pressure was shown. Finally an alternative approach was used for the calculation of gas flow though porous media in the transient regime through the development of a lattice Boltzmann model suitably modified for rarefied gas flows. The model was tested for the case of flow through parallel plates as well as for the case of flow through porous media and the agreement with the DSMC method was very satisfactory.
44

kfowee_disseration_upload.pdf

Katherine L F Gasaway (14226848) 07 December 2022 (has links)
<p>As the small satellite market has grown from a niche of the space economy to a full commercial force,  microthrusters remain an area of significant growth in the space industry as new technologies mature. The \textit{Film-Evaporation Microelectricalmechanical Tunable Array} (FEMTA) is one such device. FEMTA is \textit{microelectricalmechanical system} (MEMS) device that harnesses the microcapillary action of water and vacuum boiling to generate thrust. The water propellant is not chemically altered at all by the process; it is simply evaporated. This technology has been tested in relevant laboratory environments, and a suborbital flight opportunity in 2023 as a payload on a Blue Origin New Shepard rocket  will grant FEMTA a demonstration in a space environment. The flight will provide 150 seconds of weightlessness at the zenith of the suborbital flight path before the booster returns to land. During weightlessness, the experiment will be exposed to the ambient environment allowing for a full capability test of the thruster. The experiment is meant to demonstrate the propellant management system for FEMTA in 0G and measure the thrust produced by a FEMTA thruster.</p> <p><br></p> <p>The propellant management system portion of the experiment consists of an oversized version of the subsystem intended for use in the thruster. The propellant management system uses a hydrofluoroether to inflate a diaphragm to ensure constant wetting of the propellant tank exit and nozzle inlet. The experiment will take tank pressure data and flow sensor data to understand the system's behavior. The system is duplicated for redundancy and to double the possible data. This system requires further testing before being prepared for launch, vibrational testing, thermal testing, and vacuum testing. </p> <p><br></p> <p>The 0G thrust experiment and plume analysis portion of the experiment consists of numerical modeling and a novel thrust measurement approach. \textit{Direct Simulation Monte Carlo} (DSMC) is being applied to understand the pressure, density, and temperature distributions of the plume of water vapor produced by the FEMTA thruster. The FEMTA nozzle environment is challenging to simulate with computational fluid dynamics  or DSMC due to chaotic transient effects and because both the continuum and molecular regimes must be considered. The current analysis consisted of a two-dimensional model and investigated the effect of meniscus location and contact angle on thrust generated.</p> <p><br></p> <p>It is not possible to use traditional thrust measurement devices (sensitive torsional thrust stands or microsensors intended for use on small satellites) for microthrusters on a rocket booster. Two  novel approaches for performing thrust measurement in the range of 100 microNewtons have been investigated. The first approach ionizes the FEMTA thruster plume and analyzes the plasma by optical emission spectroscopy. The theory states that the relative intensity of a given wavelength observed correlates to the density of the species in the plasma. The density of water would be directly correlated to the thrust generated by FEMTA during the experiment, as more water is evaporated as thrust is increased. This method is no longer being considered for the suborbital experiment but did yield promising results. </p> <p><br></p> <p>The second approach employs a d'Arsonval meter, a photo-interrupt, and an Arduino controller. The d'Arsonval meter consists of a stationary permanent magnet with a moving coil and a pointer. Increasing the voltage in the coil causes a torque on the system due to the magnetic field induced by the permanent magnet. This torque causes a deflection of the pointer that is proportional to the voltage applied. The flag of the sensor will be placed in the path of the gas jet from the thruster. The force caused by the jet pressure will move the flag. An Arduino controller will vary the voltage to hold the flag in place. As the mass flow rate increases, the reaction force required to hold the flag in place will increase. This sensor can be calibrated using an analog cold gas system that passes various gases (air nitrogen, argon, etc.) through an orifice nozzle at mass flow rates that are set by a mass flow rate controller. DSMC analysis has been performed to understand the flow field and flow properties and how they directly relate to the force experienced by the flag sensor. </p> <p>An undergraduate course has supported parts of the work described in this dissertation. This course has applied the Vertically Integrated Projects approach to project-based learning. This method and its results were analyzed and lessons learned as well as a blueprint for future application of this method to other small satellite projects are discussed.</p>
45

Modeling evaporation in the rarefied gas regime by using macroscopic transport equations

Beckmann, Alexander Felix 19 April 2018 (has links)
Due to failure of the continuum hypothesis for higher Knudsen numbers, rarefied gases and microflows of gases are particularly difficult to model. Macroscopic transport equations compete with particle methods, such as the direct simulation Monte Carlo method (DSMC) to find accurate solutions in the rarefied gas regime. Due to growing interest in micro flow applications, such as micro fuel cells, it is important to model and understand evaporation in this flow regime. To gain a better understanding of evaporation physics, a non-steady simulation for slow evaporation in a microscopic system, based on the Navier-Stokes-Fourier equations, is conducted. The one-dimensional problem consists of a liquid and vapor layer (both pure water) with respective heights of 0.1mm and a corresponding Knudsen number of Kn=0.01, where vapor is pumped out. The simulation allows for calculation of the evaporation rate within both the transient process and in steady state. The main contribution of this work is the derivation of new evaporation boundary conditions for the R13 equations, which are macroscopic transport equations with proven applicability in the transition regime. The approach for deriving the boundary conditions is based on an entropy balance, which is integrated around the liquid-vapor interface. The new equations utilize Onsager relations, linear relations between thermodynamic fluxes and forces, with constant coefficients that need to be determined. For this, the boundary conditions are fitted to DSMC data and compared to other R13 boundary conditions from kinetic theory and Navier-Stokes-Fourier solutions for two steady-state, one-dimensional problems. Overall, the suggested fittings of the new phenomenological boundary conditions show better agreement to DSMC than the alternative kinetic theory evaporation boundary conditions for R13. Furthermore, the new evaporation boundary conditions for R13 are implemented in a code for the numerical solution of complex, two-dimensional geometries and compared to Navier-Stokes-Fourier (NSF) solutions. Different flow patterns between R13 and NSF for higher Knudsen numbers are observed which suggest continuation of this work. / Graduate

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