The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the use of anti-dumping measures in order to make economic sense of what seems to amount to cheating on an international agreement. There are numerous loopholes in the Anti-dumping Agreement which allow anti-dumping measures to be used as a form of protection by import-competing industries against fair trade. Some of these loopholes are of a purely legal nature, while others are more practical. During an anti-dumping investigation, a dumping margin is calculated in order to establish whether or not an accused exporter is dumping. This calculation is known as the determination of dumping. In this thesis, the various ways in which the dumping margin can be manipulated or ”captured” are investigated. It is shown that there are numerous ways in which the determination of dumping result can be manipulated in order to ensure a positive dumping result. And economists are concerned about this abuse of anti-dumping as it could have a chilling effect on international trade. However, it is shown in this thesis that anti-dumping investigations are concentrated in certain sectors. In other words, anti-dumping measures (and other non-tariff remedies) are being used as a strategy to protect certain industries. Adam Smith, the ”father” of economics, pointed out that certain sensitive or strategic industries may need to be protected, even if such protection is at the cost of economic welfare. So, it seems that the economic issue is not really about dumping, but about whether or not certain strategic industries should be protected. And it is the protection of these strategic industries, for example the iron and steel industry, that needs further research. / Economics / D. Comm. (Economics)

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Jurídicas. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Direito / Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-19T14:34:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0Bitstream added on 2014-09-26T01:42:07Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 182795.pdf: 4295118 bytes, checksum: c0fd08e02e6f883960e12a8b1bf3dc94 (MD5) / O estudo tem como eixo principal a representação do conceito de dumping e de subsídios, como fatos jurídico-econômico distintos, assim como o estudo da legislação antidumping e de medidas compensatórias, como assuntos tutelados no âmbito do comércio internacional, a partir da OMC. Parte-se da análise destas normas, a partir dos estudos dos acordos constitutivos originários (AARU e ASMC). Após investiga-se como referidos assuntos vêm implementados na ordem jurídica nacional brasileira.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Economia, 2011. / Submitted by Alaíde Gonçalves dos Santos (alaide@unb.br) on 2012-06-01T12:44:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_MarceloMenezesSaraiva.pdf: 458881 bytes, checksum: acda05b4b4efbf1478e1d1ea33391965 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Elzi Bittencourt(elzi@bce.unb.br) on 2012-06-02T12:59:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_MarceloMenezesSaraiva.pdf: 458881 bytes, checksum: acda05b4b4efbf1478e1d1ea33391965 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-06-02T12:59:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_MarceloMenezesSaraiva.pdf: 458881 bytes, checksum: acda05b4b4efbf1478e1d1ea33391965 (MD5) / O direito antidumping é o instrumento de defesa comercial mais utilizado por todos os países. O Brasil não é uma exceção. O objetivo deste trabalho é mostrar algumas abordagens disponíveis na literatura econômica para análise do dumping e de suas implicações. Apresenta-se também a regulamentação do direito antidumping no Brasil e no Mundo, levando-se em consideração seus aspectos históricos e institucionais. Adicionalmente, são apresentadas estatísticas do antidumping no Brasil e no Mundo para analisar e dimensionar o problema estudado, com maior foco para o caso brasileiro. Para esta finalidade, utiliza-se para o Brasil o período de 1988 a 2010 e, para os demais países, de 1995 a 2009. De acordo com a literatura consultada, apenas o caso de dumping predatório teria justificativa econômica para a aplicação de medidas antidumping. A literatura também dá conta de que as primeiras leis antidumping foram formuladas com base nas leis antitruste, tendo em vista a grande preocupação com a formação de monopólios, e havia apenas oito usuários da medida até meados da década de 1950. Com o tempo, o assunto ganhou relevo e registrou-se aumento significativo tanto no número de países com leis antidumping quanto no uso da medida. Também no âmbito do sistema multilateral de comércio o assunto foi ganhando importância com o passar dos anos. Um resultado importante obtido a partir das estatísticas é que os casos de antidumping no mundo, de 1995 a 2009, estão fortemente concentrados nos setores siderúrgico e metalúrgico, químico, de borracha e plástico e têxtil. As medidas aplicadas pelo Brasil também estão concentradas naqueles setores. Além disso, as medidas vigentes aplicadas pelo Brasil representam 2,7% das importações brasileiras de 2010. Considerando-se apenas as origens investigadas, o percentual cai para 1,1%. Com relação ao PIB, o percentual é menos expressivo: os produtos objeto de investigação representam cerca de 0,2% e as medidas aplicadas ficam com apenas 0,05%. Outro resultado estatístico importante é que as medidas antidumping vigentes foram capazes de reduzir substancialmente as importações provenientes das origens investigadas. _______________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT / The anti-dumping duty is the trade defense instrument most used by all countries. Brazil is not an exception. The objective of this work is to show some economic approaches available in the literature for the analysis of dumping and its implications. It presents also the regulation of anti-dumping duty in Brazil and worldwide, taking into account its historical and institutional aspects. Additionally, some statistics of antidumping are presented in order to analyze and measure the problem studied. Great focus is given to the Brazilian case. For this purpose, it is used the period from 1988 to 2010 to Brazil, and for other countries, from 1995 to 2009. According to the literature, only the case of predatory dumping would have economic justification for the application of antidumping measures. The literature also reports that the first anti-dumping laws were formulated on the basis of antitrust laws, in view of the great concern with the formation of monopolies, and there were only eight users of the measure until the mid 1950s. Over time, the issue became more important and there was a significant increase in the number of countries with antidumping laws and in the use of the measure. The issue also became important under the multilateral trading in the last decades. An important result obtained from the statistics is that the anti-dumping cases in the world, from 1995 to 2009, were heavily concentrated in some sectors: steel and metallurgical, chemical, rubber and plastics, and textiles. The measures implemented by Brazil are also concentrated in those sectors. Moreover, the existing measures implemented by Brazil represent 2.7% of Brazilian imports in 2010. Considering only the origins investigated, the percentage drops to 1.1%. In terms of Brazilian GDP, the percentage is less significant: the products under investigation represent about 0.2% and the measures implemented are left with only 0.05%. Another important statistical result is that anti-dumping measures were effective and, in fact, able to reduce substantially imports from the origins investigated.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Economia, Administração, Contabilidade e Ciência da Informação, Departamento de Economia, 2012. / Submitted by Elna Araújo (elna@bce.unb.br) on 2013-01-07T18:56:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_DelphinoPiresSouzaJunior.pdf: 383268 bytes, checksum: 128341510a76229bb2af98867273eeed (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marília Freitas(marilia@bce.unb.br) on 2013-01-10T13:56:41Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_DelphinoPiresSouzaJunior.pdf: 383268 bytes, checksum: 128341510a76229bb2af98867273eeed (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-01-10T13:56:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_DelphinoPiresSouzaJunior.pdf: 383268 bytes, checksum: 128341510a76229bb2af98867273eeed (MD5) / Esta dissertação tem como objetivo principal analisar os efeitos sobre as importações brasileiras das ações antidumping iniciadas pela Secretaria de Comércio Exterior no período compreendido entre agosto de 1995 e agosto de 2005. Destacam-se, entre os resultados obtidos nesta análise, as evidências encontradas da existência de desvio de comércio em favor das origens não citadas nas investigações de dumping, desvio que tende a ser em montante inferior ao da redução das importações de origens citadas. Outro resultado aponta a ocorrência do “efeito investigação” na presença de medidas provisórias. Analisando-se os dados segundo a abrangência das origens investigadas, observou-se que quando foi citada somente uma origem, a taxa de crescimento das origens não citadas foi menor do que quando foram citadas várias origens na investigação. Também foi verificado que as investigações conduzidas no período concentraram-se sobre bens intermediários. Além de analisar a evolução das importações brasileiras submetidas a ações de dumping, são resenhados trabalhos de autores que apresentaram evidências estatísticas sustentando a ocorrência de desvio de comércio favorecendo as importações de origens não citadas em investigações de dumping conduzidas nos Estados Unidos e na União Européia. _________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT / The main objective of this dissertation is to evaluate the effects of anti- dumping measures imposed over Brazilian imports, comprehending the investigations initiated by the Secretariat of Foreign Trade between August of 1995 and August of 2005. By the results of this analysis, there is evidence of trade diversion in favor of non-investigated origins of antidumping investigations. Nevertheless, the import increase from non-investigated origins tends to be less important than the reduction in the investigated origins. Another finding of this study is the existence of the so called "investigation effect", as a result of an imposition of provisional measures. Analyzing the data according to the number of investigated origins, it was found that the import increase from other origins in a single origin investigation tend to be lower than that of a multiple origin investigation. During the period of this research, the study revealed also a prevalence of antidumping investigations over the importation of intermediate goods. Besides analyzing the evolution of Brazilian imports subject to dumping measures, this study also contains a bibliography review over international studies supporting, with statistical data, the occurrence of trade diversion in favour of non- investigated origins in antidumping investigations conducted in the United States and in the European Union.

Conjuntamente con esta preocupación, aparece como relevante tratar el fenómeno del dumping social, el cual se vincula directamente con los derechos fundamentales del trabajador dentro de la economía mundial.

Memoria (licenciado en ciencias jurídicas y sociales) / No autorizada por el autor para ser publicada a texto completo / A través de este estudio se pretende hacer un análisis acabado de la normativa antidumping internacional, sobre todo para aquellos que recién se están introduciendo en este tema y necesitan conocer de qué trata la legislación que sanciona la conducta de dumping. Para estos efectos, la investigación se ha centrado en la normativa antidumping contenida en los acuerdos respectivos de la Organización Mundial de Comercio (OMC), pues se considera que dicha organización ha instaurado importantes principios comerciales que en la actualidad rigen tanto a nuestro país como a sus principales socios comerciales.

Dumping, no sentido técnico-jurídico do termo, vem a ser, segundo definição encontrada no próprio Acordo Antidumping, da OMC Organização Mundial do Comércio (artigo VI, GATT 1994), a exportação de um produto por valor inferior ao preço que ele normalmente seria vendido no mercado exportador. Como se pode vislumbrar a partir desta definição, é uma prática que ocorre em razão de uma operação de comércio internacional. O processo de investigação do dumping, que poderá resultar na adoção de direitos antidumping, normalmente é complexo, sendo um dos mais instigantes e atuais temas relacionados ao direito econômico internacional e ao direito do comércio internacional. A aplicação de direitos antidumping, ao mesmo tempo que deve buscar a anulação dos efeitos danosos causados pela prática do dumping, deve ser utilizada de forma comedida pelo país lesado, ou seja, não podem tais direitos significar uma barreira injusta ao livre comércio, sob pena de restar violado e desvirtuado um dos principais fins do sistema OMC, qual seja, a busca de um comércio internacional livre, isto é, isento de quaisquer espécies de barreiras, sejam elas tarifárias, ou não tarifárias. Por derradeiro, cabe dizer ainda, que esta dissertação de Mestrado será dividida em duas partes: a primeira, na qual se abordará os principais aspectos relacionados ao dumping e aos direitos antidumping; e, a segunda, onde será analisado o caso WT/DS141/R Comunidades Européias vs. Índia Direitos antidumping sobre importações de roupa de cama. / Dumping, in its technical-judicial meaning, is the exportation of a product at a price lower than the one at which it usually would be sold in the exporting market, as defined by the WTO World Trade Organization Anti-Dumping Agreement itself (Article VI, GATT 1994). As we can see, based on this definition, dumping is a practice that necessarily occurs as the result of an international trade operation. The dumping investigation process, which may lead to anti-dumping duties, is often complex, and it is one of the most provocative and present subjects related to the International Economic Law and to the International Trade Law. The application of anti-dumping duties, while one must seek to nullify the damaging effects caused by dumping imports, on the other hand, one can not forget that the anti-dumping duties must be reasonably utilized by the injured country, that means, such duties can not lead to an unfair barrier to the free trade, otherwise one the WTO systems main goals, which is the search for free international trade exempt from any kind of barrier, be they tariff or non-tariff barriers, may be violated and disparaged. Finally, this thesis for the Master Degree at USP, will be divided in two parts: the first one will discuss the main aspects of dumping and the anti-dumping duties; and the second one, where the author will analyse, in a deep approach, a specific case decided in the scope of the dispute settlement body (DSB), where the occurrence of dumping and the application of anti-dumping duties was discussed (WT/DS141/R European Communities vs Índia cotton-type bed linen).

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This essay analyse the anti-dumping policy of the European Union, with specific focus on the anti-dumping tariff imposed on imports of ertain footwear from the People’s Republic of China from 1997 to 2002. Even though free trade is expected from the members of the World Trade Organization (WTO) there are certain exceptions. One is when there is a suspicion that goods are being dumped in a foreign market, i.e. the exporter sells the product at a lower price in the foreign market than in its home market. Article VI in GATT regulates this together with the Anti-dumping Agreement. In 1997 EU imposed an anti-dumping measure on certain footwear imported from the People’s Republic of China. This measure was in effect until 2002 (the maximum time for an anti-dumping tariff is five years). We expect to see a decrease of footwear exports from the People’s Republic of China to the European Union during this period. By using a log-linear regression analysis we can see that the EU imports of Chinese footwear did indeed decrease from its trend otherwise during 1997 to 2002. Since the industry overall increased its sales during the same period, we draw the conclusion that the tariff was the reason for the decreased imports.

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