Thesis (MComm)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Recently countries have become more aware of the potential anti-competitive effects of anti-dumping measures. This is mostly due to the view that anti-dumping measures, as trade policy instruments, are at odds with the objectives of competition policy. According to many economic writers the only rational economic justification for anti-dumping measures is predatory dumping as an extreme form of price discrimination. Apart from the dramatic change in the economic justification for the use of anti-dumping measures over the last decades, there has also been a significant change in the countries that implement these measures. Since the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations there has been a shift from developed countries to developing countries being the main users of these policy tools. In the last couple of years the member countries of the Southern African Customs Union have been under increased pressure by private firms to enable the use of anti-dumping measures on intra-regional goods trade. However, the appropriateness of utilising these measures on intra-regional trade in the context of a custom union has been a contentious issue in recent economic debate. These measures erect trade barriers among the member states which are against the basic premise of a customs union. This has resulted in most economists calling for the prohibition and replacement of anti-dumping measure with either coordinated domestic or harmonised regional competition policies. In developing the regional and national policies on anti-dumping the SACU member states can follow two main stream approaches. The first is the incorporation of various competition principles into anti-dumping rules to limit the negative welfare and anti-competitive effects of utilising anti-dumping measures, while the second is the abolition of anti-dumping measures in the region which is then replaced by competition policy. The option best suited for SACU depends on the differing viewpoints on implementing anti-dumping measures in a customs union. However, irrespective of which policy combination is chosen, regional and national polices and authorities will have to be created, adapted and/or amended in order to have an effective interaction between anti-dumping and competition policies applicable to intra-regional trade. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Lande het ontlangs meer bewus geword van die moontlike negatiewe uitwerking wat maatreëls teen storting van goedere in markte kan hê op plaaslike en internasionale mededinging. Dit is hoofsaaklik as gevolg van die siening dat teen-stortingsmaatreëls, as instrumente van handelsbeleid, se doelwitte teenstrydig is met die van mededingingsbeleid. Volgens vele ekonomiese skrywers is die enigste rasionele ekonomiese regverdiging vir teen-stortingsmaatreëls predatoriese storting as ‘n uiterse vorm van prysdiskriminasie. Afgesien van die dramatiese verandering in die ekonomiese regverdiging vir die gebruik van teen-storingsmaatreëls oor die laaste dekades, het daar ook ‘n beduidende verandering plaasgevind in die lande wat hierdie maatreëls om goedere handel implementeer. Sedert die Uruguay Rondte van Multi-laterale Handelsooreenkomste het daar ‘n verskuiwing plaasgevind van ontwikkelde lande na ontwikkellende lande as die belangrikste gebruikers van hierdie beleidsinstrumente. In die laaste paar jaar het private firmas die lidlande van die Suider-Afrikaanse Doeane-Unie onder toenemede druk begin plaas vir die gebruik van teen-storingsmaatreëls op invoere vanaf die res van die streek. Alhoewel, huidiglik is die toepaslikehid van die gebruik van hierdie maatreëls op handel, in die konteks van ‘n doeane-unie, steeds ‘n omstrede kwessie binne ekonomiese dabatte. Hierdie maatreëls rig handelsversperrings tussen lidlande op wat teen die basiese veronderstelling van ‘n doeane-unie is. As gevolg hiervan is die meeste ekonome van die opinie dat teen-storingsmaatreëls vervang moet word met óf gekoördineerde binnelandse of geharmoniseerde streeks- mededingingsbeleid. Die SADU-lidlande kan twee benaderings volg in die ontwikkeling van streeks- en nasionale beleid oor teen-storingsmaatreëls. Die eerste is the insluiting van verskillende mededingingsbeginsels in bepalings wat handel oor teen-storingsmaatreëls om sodoende die moontlike negatiewe gevolge van hierdie maatreëls te beperk. Die tweede opsie is om teen-storingsmaatreëls op streeks-invoere met bededingingsbeleid te vervang. Die mees gepasde opsie sal af hang van die verskillende standpunte rondom die toepaslikheid van teen-stortingsmaatreëls in ‘n doeane-unie. Alhoewel, ongeag die beleidskombinasie wat gekies word sal nasionale en streeks-beleid en owerhede geskep, aangepas en/of gewysig moet word ten einde ‘n effektiewe interaksie tussen teen-storingsmaatreëls en mededingingsbeleid binne SADU te verseker.

Apesar de o fluxo de comércio afetado por medidas antidumping não chegar nem a 1% do comércio global, aproximadamente 20% das disputas na OMC são sobre antidumping. A OMC é um órgão intergovernamental e seu sistema de solução de controvérsias tem por objetivo analisar se as medidas adotadas por seus Membros estão em conformidade com os compromissos assumidos nos acordos abrangidos. O Acordo Antidumping da OMC (ADA) estabelece os procedimentos investigatórios a serem seguidos por seus Membros para combater o dumping que comprovadamente causa dano à indústria doméstica. O objetivo é evitar que sejam adotadas medidas em circunstâncias descabidas, com o mero intuito protecionista de criar barreiras ao comércio. O dumping é uma prática do setor privado e não dos governos. Portanto, não é o dumping que é questionado perante a OMC, e sim a obediência pela autoridade investigadora dos procedimentos investigatórios estabelecidos no ADA. Tanto os órgãos da Administração Pública como a OMC exercem uma função fundamental para que o devido processo legal seja observado em matéria antidumping. A função legislativa é criar as normas que regularão o procedimento, a função executiva é aplicar/monitorar o procedimento, e a função judiciária é verificar se o procedimento tem sido aplicado corretamente. À luz dessas considerações, a tese a ser defendida é que: (i) diante das limitações trazidas aos painéis e ao Órgão de Apelação pelo Artigo 17.6 do ADA, a função do sistema de solução de controvérsias da OMC e dos judiciários nacionais, em matéria antidumping, muito se assemelham: ambos buscam controlar a discricionariedade da autoridade investigadora; (ii) mais efetivo para os importadores e/ou exportadores que pretendem questionar uma medida antidumping seria buscar inicialmente uma solução mediante recurso ao judiciário do país importador. O recurso ao sistema da OMC, além de depender do interesse do governo e ser oneroso, apresenta dificuldades no momento de implementação das recomendações; (iii) entretanto, tendo em vista o despreparo do Judiciário Brasileiro, sugerimos a criação de cortes especializadas; (iv) o recurso ao Judiciário, mesmo perante cortes especializadas, não resolveria os problemas do processo antidumping apontados ao longo da tese. Para sanar, fazemos algumas outras sugestões de mudanças estruturais para aplicação: (a) no âmbito da OMC, com vistas a delimitar a atuação do Órgão de Apelação e garantir segurança jurídica aos Membros; e (b) no âmbito brasileiro, com vistas a modificar a dinâmica das investigações antidumping conduzidas pela autoridade administrativa e assegurar o cumprimento de sua real finalidade. / Despite the fact that the flow of trade affected by anti-dumping measures does not reach 1% of global trade, approximately 20% of the disputes at the WTO are about these measures. The WTO is an intergovernmental organization and its dispute settlement system has the objective of analyzing if the measures adopted by its Members are in accordance with the commitments accepted in the covered agreements. The WTOs Anti-Dumping Agreement (ADA) sets forth the investigation proceedings to be followed by its Members in order to deal with dumping proven to have caused damage to domestic industry. The aim is to avoid that measures are taken under inappropriate circumstances, with the mere protectionist purpose of creating trade barriers. Dumping is a private practice, and not a governmental one. Thus, it is not the practice of dumping itself that is questioned before the WTO, but the obedience by the investigating authority of the proceedings established in the ADA. The Public Administration organs and the WTO are equally responsible by a fundamental role of guaranteeing that the due process of law is respected in the matter of anti-dumping measures. The legislative duty is to create rules that will govern the proceedings, the executive duty is to apply/monitor the proceedings and the judiciary duty is to verify if the proceedings have been applied correctly. In light of these aspects, the thesis to be defended is: (i) considering the limitations to panels and the Appellate Body by Article 17.6 of the ADA, the duties of the WTOs dispute settlement system and the national judiciaries, in terms of anti-dumping, are similar: both try to control the discretion of the investigating authority; (ii) it would be more effective to importers and/or exporters who want to challenge an anti-dumping measure to resort initially to the judiciary system of the importer country. The resort to the WTO system, besides depending on the government`s political interest and being expensive, has difficulties when it comes to implement the recommendations; (iii) in spite of that, considering the lack of preparation of the Brazilian Judiciary, it is suggested the creation of specialized courts; (iv) the resort to the Judiciary, even before specialized courts, would not solve the problems of the anti-dumping process pointed out throughout this thesis. To tackle these problems, we make some other suggestions of structural nature: (a) in what concerns the WTO, aiming at limiting the Appellate Body`s role and guaranteeing legal security to its Members; (b) in what concerns Brazil, aiming at changing the dynamics of the anti-dumping investigations conducted by the administrative authority and securing the fulfillment of its real purpose.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:30:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jannice Amoras Monteiro.pdf: 1308031 bytes, checksum: 2a66112ab87075d35574ed61609a8637 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-21 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Globalization is a phenomenon whose effects are felt both in the legal harvest, and in various areas of human knowledge, claiming all - theoretical and practical - the adoption of new perspectives are compatible with the current changes observed, particularly in foreign trade, which have come to understand new mechanisms and instruments, as are examples of unfair trade practices that undermine productivity and performance of all firms, justifying thus their study in this work. Among such practices, one of the most obvious and present in international trade is the practice of dumping, which occurs when the price of a particular good or service introduced into the commerce of another country is below its normal price (BARRAL, 2002).This study focuses on the impact of the theory of Public International Law Development (JACKSON, 2006) applied to the dumping, and unfair or restrictive trade, exports of Brazilian orange juice concentrate, operationalized by the four largest exporter of concentrated orange juice based in Brazil, in order to contribute objectively to understand to understand the regulation of trade and restrictive practices or unfair to him and their characteristics, and highlight the multilateral trading system, with a special analysis of the normative scenario incident on the agricultural sector and operation of the WTO Dispute Settlement WTO, highlighting the case of Brazilian orange juice led to the consideration of this, after all, check in the Brazilian case, how would the system of agribusiness across orange chain and how the Brazilian government has acted in the interests of national export of this product. In this light, what are the effects of dumping on Brazilian exports of concentrated orange juice from the case study of four leading exporters of orange juice concentrate? To answer this question, were used as stock methodological case study done with multidisciplinary exports of concentrated orange juice, Brazil, combined with exploratory research and qualitative information on the system of citrus agribusiness, with particular focus on production and exports of orange juice concentrate, based on secondary data, covering numbers on production, consumption and exports of orange and its products in the databases of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the Secretariat of Foreign Trade and Ministry of Development, Industry and Foreign Trade (SECEX) and the interview technique to collect data, it is the best suited to the small universe of informants. The research aims to address the legal aspects related terms, demonstrating how they will interact, how they are driven through the WTO and what practical results for this sector representative of the Brazilian economy. In this respect, also emphasized the increasing Brazilian participation in the international arena to defend the national interests, recording some progress and challenges of many governments and industry to ensure the effective and free trade in Brazilian exports of concentrated orange juice and thus ensure sustainable development and poverty eradication / A globalização é um fenômeno cujos reflexos são sentidos tanto na seara jurídica, quanto nas mais variadas áreas do conhecimento humano, reclamando de todos - teóricos e práticos - a adoção de novas perspectivas compatíveis com as mudanças hodiernamente observadas, em especial nas relações comerciais exteriores, as quais passaram a compreender novos mecanismos e instrumentos, como são exemplos as práticas comerciais desleais, que comprometem a produtividade e o bom desempenho do conjunto de empresas, justificando-se, assim, seu estudo no presente trabalho. Dentre tais práticas, uma das mais corriqueiras e presentes no comércio internacional é a prática do dumping, que ocorre quando o preço de um determinado bem ou serviço introduzido no comércio de outro país é inferior ao seu preço normal (BARRAL, 2002). O presente trabalho enfoca o impacto da teoria do Direito Internacional Público Econômico (JACKSON, 2006) aplicada ao dumping, como prática desleal ou restritiva ao comércio, às exportações brasileiras de suco concentrado de laranja, operacionalizadas pelas quatro maiores exportadoras de suco de laranja concentrado sediadas no Brasil, de modo a contribuir objetivamente para a compreensão para a compreensão da regulação do comércio e das práticas restritivas ou desleais a ele e suas características, além de destacar o sistema multilateral de comércio, com especial análise do cenário normativo incidente sobre o setor agrícola e o funcionamento do Órgão de Solução de Controvérsias da OMC, destacando-se o caso do suco de laranja brasileiro levado à apreciação desta para, ao fim e ao cabo, verificar, no caso brasileiro, como se comporta o sistema agroindustrial da laranja em toda a sua cadeia e como o governo brasileiro tem atuado na defesa dos interesses nacionais das exportações desse produto. Diante do exposto, quais os efeitos do dumping nas exportações brasileiras de suco de laranja concentrado a partir do estudo de caso das quatro maiores empresas exportadoras do suco de laranja concentrado? Para responder a esse questionamento, foram utilizadas como ações metodológicas o estudo de caso multidisciplinar feito com as exportações do suco de laranja concentrado brasileiro, combinado com pesquisa exploratória e qualitativa sobre o sistema agroindustrial citrícola, com especial enfoque na produção e exportação do suco de laranja concentrado, a partir de dados secundários, abordando números sobre produção, consumo e exportação de laranja e de seus produtos nas bases de dados do United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) e da Secretaria do Comércio Exterior e Ministério do Desenvolvimento, Indústria e Comércio Exterior (SECEX) e com a técnica de entrevista para a coleta de dados, pois é a que melhor se adequa ao reduzido universo de informantes. A pesquisa visa abordar os aspectos jurídicos dos termos relacionados, demonstrando de que forma interagem entre si, como são acionados via OMC e quais resultados práticos para esse setor representativo da economia brasileira. Neste aspecto, destaca ainda a crescente participação brasileira no cenário internacional na defesa dos interesses nacionais, com o registro de alguns avanços e de muitos desafios governamentais e setoriais, a fim de assegurar o efetivo e livre comércio nas exportações brasileiras de suco de laranja concentrado e garantir, assim, o desenvolvimento sustentável e a erradicação da pobreza

Orientador: Luiz Antonio Soares Hentz / Banca: Marcos Paulo de Almeida Salles / Banca: Aclibes Bulgarelli / Resumo: O processo de globalização intensificou as relações comerciais entre os países no final do Século XX, tornando mais freqüentes práticas empresariais desleais como o dumping e a respectiva utilização da legislação pertinente pelos países participantes do comércio internacional. A aplicação de medidas antidumping para neutralizar os efeitos da prática desleal protege a concorrência em benefício dos empresários do país importador, entretanto, se essas medidas forem aplicadas com finalidade protecionista, prejudicam a livre concorrência, impedindo a entrada de produtos estrangeiros em condições de concorrência com os produtos nacionais. As análises realizadas demonstraram que a legislação brasileira antidumping, de forma genérica, encontra-se em consonância com as normas da Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC), que direcionam a aplicação de medidas antidumping no âmbito mundial. Apesar da evolução verificada na Rodada Uruguai, o estudo demonstrou a necessidade de algumas alterações na legislação antidumping da OMC para impedir a possibilidade de diferentes interpretações às normas antidumping pelos Países-Membros. As alterações devem proporcionar maior precisão a alguns conceitos presentes na legislação, como os referentes ao valor normal e à comprovação de dano, devendo também impor a aplicação de direitos antidumping em valores suficientes apenas para neutralizar os efeitos da prática desleal. A revisão da legislação antidumping mostra-se fundamental para a consolidação das normas antidumping no âmbito mundial e, sobretudo, para assegurar sua finalidade de proteger a concorrência em benefício dos empresários locais, sem causar prejuízos à concorrência internacional. / Abstract: The globalization process increased commercial relations among the countries at the end of the twentieth century, making more frequent disloyal enterprise practice like dumping and the respective utilization of apt legislation towards countries of the international trade. The aplication of antidumping measurement to neutralize the effects of disloyal practice protects the competition in the businessmenþs benefit of importer country, howerver, if these measures were applied with protecting goals they would damage the free competition, holding back the entry of foreign products in terms of competition, holding back the entry of foreign products in terms of competition with the national products. The analysis made, show that antidumping brazilian legislation, in general, is along with the rules of the World Trade Organization (WTO), that take control of the aplication of antidumping measures in the world. In spite of the evolution checked in the Uruguay Round, the study showed the necessity of some alteration in the antidumping legislation of the WTO to avoid the possibility of different interpretations at antidumping rules from member countries. The alterations have to bring bigger precision in some concepts that are present in the legislation, like the referent to the normal value and the damage checking that must impose the application of antidumping dues in enough values only to neutralise the disloyal practice effects. The review of antidumping legislation shows itself essential to the antidumping rules consolidation in the world and, above all, to assure its purpose to protect the competition into the benefit of local businessmen, without causing impairments to the international competition. / Mestre

A presente dissertação tem por escopo indicar o cenário legislativo, econômico e fático atual acerca do trabalho análogo ao de escravo e o dumping social na indústria da moda, no estado de São Paulo, discorrendo, ainda, sobre temas conexos, a exemplo do tráfico de pessoas. Visa, ainda, discutir acerca da constitucionalidade de leis e portarias interministeriais que regulamentam o tema e analisar casos práticos em que se identificou e buscou cessar o trabalho análogo ao de escravo na indústria da moda. A pesquisa foi realizada através de fontes bibliográficas, documentais, entrevistas e pesquisa de campo. / This dissertations scope is to indicate the legislative, economic and factual current scenario regarding the analog to slave labor and social dumping in the fashion industry, in the state of São Paulo, also discoursing on related issues, such as peoples trafficking. It also aims to discuss the constitutionality of laws and joint ministerial ordinances regulating the issue and examine case studies that identified and sought to terminate the analog to slave labor in the fashion industry. The survey was conducted through literature sources, documentary, interviews and field research.

<p>The aim of this thesis is to analyze China-EU trade relations with focus on the period after 1975, when the diplomatic relations between China and EU developed. The research questions are (i) what is the driver in the development of China-EU trade relations? This question is subdivided into two questions: how do economic factors impact on China-EU trade relations and how do political factors influence China-EU trade relations? (ii) what are the existing problems in the current China-EU relations? (iii) what are the future prospects? </p><p>To carry out the research questions and fulfill the aim of the paper, a qualitative and quantitative method has been chosen in order to interpret and understand China-EU traderelations. The theoretical framework of this study is neo-realism and neo-liberalism with particular attention focusing on political issues and economic issues respectively. </p><p>A number of conclusions can be drawn from research. First, China-EU trade has developed very rapidly. Trade relations between the two sides are good. They are the third largest traders with each other. Secondly, the momentum for the development of China-EU trade relations is rooted in their common interests in both the political and economic fields. Thirdly, the prospect of China-EU trade relations is promising. These factors include (i) the establishment of a foundation to promote the healthy development of China-EU trade (for example, a set of legal framework provides both sides with the legal basis for their economic relations); and (ii) the prediction of future political and economic environment as favorable to the development of China-EU trade relations. </p><p>All factors show optimistically that China-EU trade will continue to prosper. The China-EU trade relationship is not without friction and the author theorizes that there are some potential danger factors; such as the Taiwan issue and trade disputes that may shadow the future development of China-EU trade relations and cannot be overlooked. At the end the author puts forward four suggestions to promote the further development of China-EU trade relations: (i) maintain the existing high-level of exchanges such as the annual EU-China summit; (ii) set up a warning mechanism to prevent trade disputes escalating; (iii) provide a method for establishing negotiations; (iv) prevent the politicizing of trade relations, for example, do not connect human right issue with trade relations. Unrelated issues should be addressed separately.</p>

The aim of this thesis is to analyze China-EU trade relations with focus on the period after 1975, when the diplomatic relations between China and EU developed. The research questions are (i) what is the driver in the development of China-EU trade relations? This question is subdivided into two questions: how do economic factors impact on China-EU trade relations and how do political factors influence China-EU trade relations? (ii) what are the existing problems in the current China-EU relations? (iii) what are the future prospects? To carry out the research questions and fulfill the aim of the paper, a qualitative and quantitative method has been chosen in order to interpret and understand China-EU traderelations. The theoretical framework of this study is neo-realism and neo-liberalism with particular attention focusing on political issues and economic issues respectively. A number of conclusions can be drawn from research. First, China-EU trade has developed very rapidly. Trade relations between the two sides are good. They are the third largest traders with each other. Secondly, the momentum for the development of China-EU trade relations is rooted in their common interests in both the political and economic fields. Thirdly, the prospect of China-EU trade relations is promising. These factors include (i) the establishment of a foundation to promote the healthy development of China-EU trade (for example, a set of legal framework provides both sides with the legal basis for their economic relations); and (ii) the prediction of future political and economic environment as favorable to the development of China-EU trade relations. All factors show optimistically that China-EU trade will continue to prosper. The China-EU trade relationship is not without friction and the author theorizes that there are some potential danger factors; such as the Taiwan issue and trade disputes that may shadow the future development of China-EU trade relations and cannot be overlooked. At the end the author puts forward four suggestions to promote the further development of China-EU trade relations: (i) maintain the existing high-level of exchanges such as the annual EU-China summit; (ii) set up a warning mechanism to prevent trade disputes escalating; (iii) provide a method for establishing negotiations; (iv) prevent the politicizing of trade relations, for example, do not connect human right issue with trade relations. Unrelated issues should be addressed separately.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2001-06-01Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:12:14Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 taddei_mg_me_fran.pdf: 1612342 bytes, checksum: b4b2e0918928ffd071160e00d2225ff3 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O processo de globalização intensificou as relações comerciais entre os países no final do Século XX, tornando mais freqüentes práticas empresariais desleais como o dumping e a respectiva utilização da legislação pertinente pelos países participantes do comércio internacional. A aplicação de medidas antidumping para neutralizar os efeitos da prática desleal protege a concorrência em benefício dos empresários do país importador, entretanto, se essas medidas forem aplicadas com finalidade protecionista, prejudicam a livre concorrência, impedindo a entrada de produtos estrangeiros em condições de concorrência com os produtos nacionais. As análises realizadas demonstraram que a legislação brasileira antidumping, de forma genérica, encontra-se em consonância com as normas da Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC), que direcionam a aplicação de medidas antidumping no âmbito mundial. Apesar da evolução verificada na Rodada Uruguai, o estudo demonstrou a necessidade de algumas alterações na legislação antidumping da OMC para impedir a possibilidade de diferentes interpretações às normas antidumping pelos Países-Membros. As alterações devem proporcionar maior precisão a alguns conceitos presentes na legislação, como os referentes ao valor normal e à comprovação de dano, devendo também impor a aplicação de direitos antidumping em valores suficientes apenas para neutralizar os efeitos da prática desleal. A revisão da legislação antidumping mostra-se fundamental para a consolidação das normas antidumping no âmbito mundial e, sobretudo, para assegurar sua finalidade de proteger a concorrência em benefício dos empresários locais, sem causar prejuízos à concorrência internacional. / The globalization process increased commercial relations among the countries at the end of the twentieth century, making more frequent disloyal enterprise practice like dumping and the respective utilization of apt legislation towards countries of the international trade. The aplication of antidumping measurement to neutralize the effects of disloyal practice protects the competition in the businessmenþs benefit of importer country, howerver, if these measures were applied with protecting goals they would damage the free competition, holding back the entry of foreign products in terms of competition, holding back the entry of foreign products in terms of competition with the national products. The analysis made, show that antidumping brazilian legislation, in general, is along with the rules of the World Trade Organization (WTO), that take control of the aplication of antidumping measures in the world. In spite of the evolution checked in the Uruguay Round, the study showed the necessity of some alteration in the antidumping legislation of the WTO to avoid the possibility of different interpretations at antidumping rules from member countries. The alterations have to bring bigger precision in some concepts that are present in the legislation, like the referent to the normal value and the damage checking that must impose the application of antidumping dues in enough values only to neutralise the disloyal practice effects. The review of antidumping legislation shows itself essential to the antidumping rules consolidation in the world and, above all, to assure its purpose to protect the competition into the benefit of local businessmen, without causing impairments to the international competition.

Apesar de o fluxo de comércio afetado por medidas antidumping não chegar nem a 1% do comércio global, aproximadamente 20% das disputas na OMC são sobre antidumping. A OMC é um órgão intergovernamental e seu sistema de solução de controvérsias tem por objetivo analisar se as medidas adotadas por seus Membros estão em conformidade com os compromissos assumidos nos acordos abrangidos. O Acordo Antidumping da OMC (ADA) estabelece os procedimentos investigatórios a serem seguidos por seus Membros para combater o dumping que comprovadamente causa dano à indústria doméstica. O objetivo é evitar que sejam adotadas medidas em circunstâncias descabidas, com o mero intuito protecionista de criar barreiras ao comércio. O dumping é uma prática do setor privado e não dos governos. Portanto, não é o dumping que é questionado perante a OMC, e sim a obediência pela autoridade investigadora dos procedimentos investigatórios estabelecidos no ADA. Tanto os órgãos da Administração Pública como a OMC exercem uma função fundamental para que o devido processo legal seja observado em matéria antidumping. A função legislativa é criar as normas que regularão o procedimento, a função executiva é aplicar/monitorar o procedimento, e a função judiciária é verificar se o procedimento tem sido aplicado corretamente. À luz dessas considerações, a tese a ser defendida é que: (i) diante das limitações trazidas aos painéis e ao Órgão de Apelação pelo Artigo 17.6 do ADA, a função do sistema de solução de controvérsias da OMC e dos judiciários nacionais, em matéria antidumping, muito se assemelham: ambos buscam controlar a discricionariedade da autoridade investigadora; (ii) mais efetivo para os importadores e/ou exportadores que pretendem questionar uma medida antidumping seria buscar inicialmente uma solução mediante recurso ao judiciário do país importador. O recurso ao sistema da OMC, além de depender do interesse do governo e ser oneroso, apresenta dificuldades no momento de implementação das recomendações; (iii) entretanto, tendo em vista o despreparo do Judiciário Brasileiro, sugerimos a criação de cortes especializadas; (iv) o recurso ao Judiciário, mesmo perante cortes especializadas, não resolveria os problemas do processo antidumping apontados ao longo da tese. Para sanar, fazemos algumas outras sugestões de mudanças estruturais para aplicação: (a) no âmbito da OMC, com vistas a delimitar a atuação do Órgão de Apelação e garantir segurança jurídica aos Membros; e (b) no âmbito brasileiro, com vistas a modificar a dinâmica das investigações antidumping conduzidas pela autoridade administrativa e assegurar o cumprimento de sua real finalidade. / Despite the fact that the flow of trade affected by anti-dumping measures does not reach 1% of global trade, approximately 20% of the disputes at the WTO are about these measures. The WTO is an intergovernmental organization and its dispute settlement system has the objective of analyzing if the measures adopted by its Members are in accordance with the commitments accepted in the covered agreements. The WTOs Anti-Dumping Agreement (ADA) sets forth the investigation proceedings to be followed by its Members in order to deal with dumping proven to have caused damage to domestic industry. The aim is to avoid that measures are taken under inappropriate circumstances, with the mere protectionist purpose of creating trade barriers. Dumping is a private practice, and not a governmental one. Thus, it is not the practice of dumping itself that is questioned before the WTO, but the obedience by the investigating authority of the proceedings established in the ADA. The Public Administration organs and the WTO are equally responsible by a fundamental role of guaranteeing that the due process of law is respected in the matter of anti-dumping measures. The legislative duty is to create rules that will govern the proceedings, the executive duty is to apply/monitor the proceedings and the judiciary duty is to verify if the proceedings have been applied correctly. In light of these aspects, the thesis to be defended is: (i) considering the limitations to panels and the Appellate Body by Article 17.6 of the ADA, the duties of the WTOs dispute settlement system and the national judiciaries, in terms of anti-dumping, are similar: both try to control the discretion of the investigating authority; (ii) it would be more effective to importers and/or exporters who want to challenge an anti-dumping measure to resort initially to the judiciary system of the importer country. The resort to the WTO system, besides depending on the government`s political interest and being expensive, has difficulties when it comes to implement the recommendations; (iii) in spite of that, considering the lack of preparation of the Brazilian Judiciary, it is suggested the creation of specialized courts; (iv) the resort to the Judiciary, even before specialized courts, would not solve the problems of the anti-dumping process pointed out throughout this thesis. To tackle these problems, we make some other suggestions of structural nature: (a) in what concerns the WTO, aiming at limiting the Appellate Body`s role and guaranteeing legal security to its Members; (b) in what concerns Brazil, aiming at changing the dynamics of the anti-dumping investigations conducted by the administrative authority and securing the fulfillment of its real purpose.

A presente dissertação tem por escopo indicar o cenário legislativo, econômico e fático atual acerca do trabalho análogo ao de escravo e o dumping social na indústria da moda, no estado de São Paulo, discorrendo, ainda, sobre temas conexos, a exemplo do tráfico de pessoas. Visa, ainda, discutir acerca da constitucionalidade de leis e portarias interministeriais que regulamentam o tema e analisar casos práticos em que se identificou e buscou cessar o trabalho análogo ao de escravo na indústria da moda. A pesquisa foi realizada através de fontes bibliográficas, documentais, entrevistas e pesquisa de campo. / This dissertations scope is to indicate the legislative, economic and factual current scenario regarding the analog to slave labor and social dumping in the fashion industry, in the state of São Paulo, also discoursing on related issues, such as peoples trafficking. It also aims to discuss the constitutionality of laws and joint ministerial ordinances regulating the issue and examine case studies that identified and sought to terminate the analog to slave labor in the fashion industry. The survey was conducted through literature sources, documentary, interviews and field research.