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In this comparative study were four alternative windows researched to find the most suitable ones for replacement when renovating the Million Programme housing. The methodology in the study involves a combination of methods, using interviews with companies and tenants, email correspondence with people who contributed to the study, and observation of a multi-family building built during the Million Programme. The result shows that all alternatives are ideal, and the only difference is the insulation performance and the energy-efficiency, which can be said to be minimal. CO2-emissions and thus climate impact will be lowered regardless of the choice of windows for replacement based on the alternatives investigated. The interviews show that the customer/client decides the choice of window, which the construction companies pass on to the window-suppliers. The existing windows in the observed building showed low quality of energy efficiency, comfort and thus high climate impact. Finally, it is concluded that focus should be on low U-values and emissions rather than on costs which should not be the deciding factor. Buildings should be renovated within the renovation cycle developed by the Energimyndigheten and Boverket for impact on CO2-emissions and climate. Other measures for improvements are also proposed in this study.

Throughout time man has discovered that the human form, in all its harmonious proportion, can be used as a guide, gauge and tool to design and build structures. However, the human figure has not been the only organic form used to create architecture. Many animals create dwellings that synchronize with not only their own unique physical characteristics and survival instincts, but with their aesthetic preferences as well. It is logical that a design should respond to its surroundings, program and most importantly, its inhabitants. This thesis design is for two specific occupants: the cat and the human. They are both meant to inhabit the building wholly and simultaneously. The way each of them experiences and uses the space, however, differs greatly. For a building to survive it needs many of the same things as living creatures: sunlight, air and movement, to name a few. It also needs to function like a living creature. It must breathe, sleep, respond to the changing seasons, and adapt over time. This thesis is an investigation of how both human and cat can dwell in a building of harmonious proportion, scale, light, and material. / Master of Architecture

Dans les dernières décennies, les changements morphologiques des maisons iraniennes, l’arrivage de l'éclairage artificiel et le manque de connaissance suffisante de la valeur de la lumière du jour pour le bien-être des occupants ont résulté une diminution de l'utilisation de la lumière du jour dans les habitations iraniennes contemporaines. En conséquence, le niveau du bien-être des occupants a décru ce qui peut être corrélée avec la diminution de l'utilisation de la lumière du jour. Considérant l'architecture traditionnelle iranienne et l'importance de la lumière du jour dans les habitations traditionnelles, cette recherche étudie l’utilisation de la lumière du jour dans les habitations traditionnelles et explore comment extrapoler ces techniques dans les maisons contemporaines pourrait augmenter l'utilisation de la lumière du jour et par conséquence améliorer le bien-être des occupants. Une revue de littérature, une enquête des experts iraniens et une étude de cas des maisons à cour traditionnelles à la ville de Kashan ont permis de recueillir les données nécessaires pour cette recherche. De par le contexte de recherche, la ville de Kashan a été choisie particulièrement grâce à sa texture historique intacte. L’analyse de la lumière du jour a été faite par un logiciel de simulation pour trois maisons à cour de la ville de Kashan ayant les mêmes caractéristiques de salon d’hiver. Cette étude se concentre sur l’analyse de la lumière du jour dans les salons d'hiver du fait de la priorité obtenue de l'enquête des experts et de la revue de littérature. Les résultats de cette recherche montrent que l’extrapolation des techniques traditionnelles de l'utilisation de lumière du jour dans les habitations modernes peut être considéré comme une option de conception alternative. Cette dernière peut optimiser l'utilisation de lumière du jour et par conséquence améliorer le bien-être des occupants. L'approche utilisée dans cette recherche a fourni une occasion d’étudier l'architecture du passé et d’évaluer plus précisément son importance. Cette recherche contribue ainsi à définir un modèle en tirant les leçons du passé pour résoudre les problèmes actuels. / In the past several decades, the morphological changes of Iranian houses, the advent of artificial lighting and the lack of knowledge about the value of daylight on occupants’ well-being have caused a decrease in the use of daylight in contemporary Iranian dwellings. As a consequence, there was a reduction in occupants' well-being that may be correlated with the reduced use of daylight. Considering Iranian traditional architecture and the significance of daylight in traditional dwellings, this research has studied using daylight in traditional dwellings and has explored how extrapolating these techniques into contemporary houses might increase the use of daylight and consequently to enhance occupants’ well-being. The required data for this research were collected through literature review, the survey of Iranian experts and the case study of traditional courtyard houses in Kashan city. Kashan city was selected as the context of this research mainly because of its pure historic texture. Amongst the traditional courtyards of Kashan city, three traditional courtyard houses were chosen according to the same features of their winter living rooms and analyzed by daylight simulation software in the worst-case design scenario. The winter living rooms were selected as the focus area based on the extracted results of the survey of Iranian experts and literature review. According to the results that were extracted from this research, it was clarified that extrapolating the traditional techniques of using daylight into modern dwellings can be considered as a design option to optimize the use of daylight and as a result to enhance occupants’ well-being. The approach utilized in this research has provided an opportunity for studying the past architecture more precisely and evaluating its significance. Thus, this research contributes to define a pattern by learning from the past in order to solve the current problems.

O presente estudo investiga as condições que dão suporte à habitabilidade em cidades e em regiões áridas no Peru. Através da avaliação de uma realidade concreta pretende-se revisitar raciocínios sobre a ocupação dos solos áridos, a utilização de recursos e as condições naturais disponíveis, empregados nos últimos 1.500 anos na história local; e, a partir deste estudo, evidenciar a forma como ainda hoje representam e estimulam alternativas projetuais para habitar solos desérticos no Sul do Peru. / The present study investigates the conditions that support habitability in arid cities and regions in Peru. Through the evaluation of a concrete reality we intend to revisit reasonings about the occupation of the dry soils, the use of resources and the available natural conditions, used in the last 1,500 years in the local history; and, based on this study, to highlight the way in which they still represent and stimulate alternative projects for inhabiting desert soils in southern Peru.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T18:21:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Joao Luiz Portolan Galvao Minnicelli.pdf: 2771943 bytes, checksum: a3fe7d2be80e26e4ac8ca144f6714918 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-05-26 / Master?s research with the scope of looking into the origin and the motivation of conflicts that arise between urban planners and environmentalists when the objective is to regulate and legalize situations of dwellings in irregular settlements that have already been established, being those dwellings located in Areas of Permanent Protection (APPs). These are environmental locations that are especially protected. This normatization is carried out by means of land legalization , the beginnings and evolution of which are hereby also researched. Cases of land legalization of inhabited areas located in APPs of Campinas have also been studied; said legalizations have been sponsored by the local municipal government. The objective of the study was verifying the conditions under which said legalizations were conceived, effected and then evaluated. / Pesquisa de Mestrado destinada a averiguar a g?nese e a motiva??o dos conflitos que surgem entre urbanistas e ambientalistas nos casos em que se pretende regular e regularizar situa??es de moradia em assentamentos irregulares j? consolidados, quando tais moradias se situam em ?reas de Prote??o Permanente (APP?s) que s?o espa?os ambientais especialmente protegidos. A regulariza??o se d? por meio do instrumento da regulariza??o fundi?ria cujas origem e evolu??o tamb?m aqui se pesquisa. Estudam-se igualmente os casos de regulariza??o fundi?ria de ?reas de moradia situadas em ?rea de APP em Campinas promovidas pela municipalidade local para se averiguar a forma como tais regulariza??es foram concebidas, realizadas e posteriormente avaliadas.

O presente estudo investiga as condições que dão suporte à habitabilidade em cidades e em regiões áridas no Peru. Através da avaliação de uma realidade concreta pretende-se revisitar raciocínios sobre a ocupação dos solos áridos, a utilização de recursos e as condições naturais disponíveis, empregados nos últimos 1.500 anos na história local; e, a partir deste estudo, evidenciar a forma como ainda hoje representam e estimulam alternativas projetuais para habitar solos desérticos no Sul do Peru. / The present study investigates the conditions that support habitability in arid cities and regions in Peru. Through the evaluation of a concrete reality we intend to revisit reasonings about the occupation of the dry soils, the use of resources and the available natural conditions, used in the last 1,500 years in the local history; and, based on this study, to highlight the way in which they still represent and stimulate alternative projects for inhabiting desert soils in southern Peru.

<p>This case study explores how geo-political power structures influence and/or determine the conception, acceptance and maintenance of what is considered to be valid archaeological knowledge. The nature of this contingency is exemplified through an examination of how the prehistory of Norrland, a region traditionally considered and portrayed as peripheral vis-à-vis the centre-South, was interpreted and presented by Swedish archaeologists during the 20th century. This contextual situation is analysed through the implementation of three interrelated and complimentary perspectives;</p><p>1) The relationship between northern and southern Sweden is examined using concepts concerning the nature of colonialism, resulting in the formulation of 20 particulars that typify the colonial experience, circumstances that characterise the historical, and unequal, association that has existed between these two regions for the last 600 years.</p><p>2) Ideals of national identity and heritage as manufactured and employed by the kingdom and later by the nation-state, with the assistance of antiquarianism, archaeology and/or centralised cultural management, are outlined. The creation of these various concepts have reinforced and perpetuated the colonial and asymmetrical association between what has naturally come to be viewed as the peripheral-North and the centre-South.</p><p>3) A century of archaeological research into the Norrlandian past is studied using the concepts ‘thoughtstyle’ and ‘thought-collective’ as devised by Ludwik Fleck. This analysis disclosed a persistent set of reoccurring explanations that have constantly been invoked when interpreting and presenting the prehistory of Norrland. This archaeological thought-style has normalised the unbalanced power relationship between North and South that has existed for the last 600 years by projecting it far back into the prehistoric past.</p><p>This case study has demonstrated that archaeologists, unless acutely aware of the historical context in which they themselves move and work, risk legitimising debilitating economic and political power relationships in the present through their study and presentation of the past.</p>

<p>The principal aim was to study selected aspects of indoor environment in dwellings and their association with symptoms compatible with the sick building syndrome (SBS). A validated questionnaire was developed specifically for residential indoor investigations, using sociological principles and test procedures. The questionnaire was mailed to 14,243 multi-family dwellings in Stockholm, selected by stratified random sampling. Females, subjects with a history of atopy, those above 65 y, and those in new buildings reported more symptoms. Subjects owning their own dwelling had less symptoms. A multiple regression model was developed, to identify residential buildings with a higher than expected occurrence of SBS. In total, 28.5% reported at least one sign of building dampness in their home (condensation on windows, humidity in the bathroom, mouldy odour, water leakage). All indicators of dampness were related to symptoms, even when adjusting for demographic data, and other building characteristics (OR=2.9-6.0). Associations between symptoms and other building data was evaluated in older houses, built before 1961. Subjects in older buildings with a mechanical ventilation system had fewer symptoms. Heating by electric radiators, and wood heating was associated with an increase of most types of symptoms (OR=1.2-5.0). Multiple sealing measures (OR=1.3), and major reconstruction (OR=1.1-1.9), was associated with an increase of symptoms. The effect of seasonal adapted ventilation (SAV) was studied in a small experimental study. A 20% reduction of ventilation flow from 0.5-0.8 ac/h to 0.4-0.5 ACH during the heating season increased the perception of poor indoor air quality in the dwelling in general, and in the bedroom. In conclusion, low building age, and building dampness in the dwelling are associated with SBS. In older houses, mechanical ventilation is beneficial. The thesis did not support the view that energy saving measures in general is an important risk factor for SBS, but major reconstruction and multiple sealing measures can be risk factor for symptoms. Reducing the outdoor ventilation flow below the current Swedish ventilation standard (0.5 ACH) may increase the perception of impaired air quality. </p>