The heating of the solar corona has been investigated during four of decades and several mechanisms able to produce heating have been proposed. It has until now not been possible to produce quantitative estimates that would establish any of these heating mechanism as the most important in the solar corona. In order to investigate which heating mechanism is the most important, a more detailed approach is needed. In this thesis, the heating problem is approached ”ab initio”, using well observed facts and including realistic physics in a 3D magneto-hydrodynamic simulation of a small part of the solar atmosphere. The ”engine” of the heating mechanism is the solar photospheric velocity field, that braids the magnetic field into a configuration where energy has to be dissipated. The initial magnetic field is taken from an observation of a typical magnetic active region scaled down to fit inside the computational domain. The driving velocity field is generated by an algorithm that reproduces the statistical and geometrical fingerprints of solar granulation. Using a standard model atmosphere as the thermal initial condition, the simulation goes through a short startup phase, where the initial thermal stratification is quickly forgotten, after which the simulation stabilizes in statistical equilibrium. In this state, the magnetic field is able to dissipate the same amount of energy as is estimated to be lost through radiation, which is the main energy loss mechanism in the solar corona. The simulation produces heating that is intermittent on the smallest resolved scales and hot loops similar to those observed through narrow band filters in the ultra violet. Other observed characteristics of the heating are reproduced, as well as a coronal temperature of roughly one million K. Because of the ab initio approach, the amount of heating produced in these simulations represents a lower limit to coronal heating and the conclusion is that such heating of the corona is unavoidable.

Viral marknadsföring har på senare tid blivit allt mer uppmärksammat då många har insett fördelar med att kommunicera sitt varumärke via sociala medier. Idag kan ett budskap spridas oerhört snabbt via olika kommunikationskanaler och därmed skapa en "snackis", vilket naturligtvis är ett önskvärt läge för företagen. Det innebär dock inte att denna spridning är lätt att uppnå. För att ett innehåll ska bli viralt måste det helt enkelt förtjänas. Termen "viral marknadsföring" och därmed dess användning kan upplevas som tvetydig då några anser att det är möjligt att i förväg utforma en viral kampanj medan andra menar att det aldrig i förväg går att veta om någonting kommer att bli viralt eller ej. Idag flyter även vår fysiska yta samman med den digitala vilket skapar en dynamisk miljö som företag är verksamma inom och som vidare leder till att det krävs ett nytt förhållningssätt för att kunna möta denna dynamik. Vi har i undersökningen valt att med hjälp av sense, seize och transform ur ramverket Dynamic Capabilities skapa en ökad förståelse och bidra med ett nytt förhållningssätt till denna dynamik inom den virala marknadsföringen.

Die vorliegende Arbeit kombiniert Aspekte der nichtlinearen Dynamik mit denen der Unordnungsphysik. Die bekannte Standardabbildung wird mit einem räumlich ungeordneten aber periodischen Potential modifiziert. Transportexponenten sowohl für den Impuls als auch die kanonisch konjugierte Koordinate für das Standard- und das Zufallsmodell werden gegenübergestellt. Für das Zufallspotential ergibt sich verstärkter Transport. Gemittelte Transportexponenten des Zufallspotentials werden präsentiert und für verschiedene Systemausdehnungen verglichen. / The thesis at hand combines aspects of nonlinear dynamics with the physics of disorder. The standard map potential is replaced by a spatially quenched random periodic potential. Transport exponents for the standard and the random model are determined for the momentum as well as the canonically conjugate coordinate. Transport for the disordered potential is increased in comparison to the standard map. For the random case, quenched average transport exponents are presented. Finite-size effects are examined.

Zugl.: Hamburg-Harburg, Univ., Habil.-Schr., 2008

The thesis strives to reveal the dynamics between a central and a peripheral shopping area in Kalmar, Sweden. The establishment of larger shopping centers has become a hallmark of postindustrial cities. Cities globally are at risk of creating an urban economic rift between the central and peripheral shopping areas. By establishing major shopping venues around the traditional central business districts, cities hope to create a larger customer hinterland and thereby also increased economic growth. The aim of this thesis is answered by two research questions regarding collaboration and competition between two shopping areas; the central Kvarnholmen and peripheral Hansa City Mall. As it theoretical framework, the thesis mobilizes discussions on the postindustrial city as well as additional economic theory concerning the so-called Disneyization. An overview over previous research is provided, and empirical data was produced through the following methods; Semi-structured interview, structured interview, simple observation and document analysis. The results were analyzed using a universal approach.   The thesis concludes that the dynamics between the two shopping areas are fluctuating; sometimes characterized by cooperation, other times by competition. Kalmar municipality’s retail strategy aims and encourages the shopping areas to collaborate. When seeing Kalmar on a smaller scale, this is surely the case: the shopping areas are seemingly united, with common image production and working together towards their hinterland. Viewing the dynamics on a larger local scale, however, a strong competition between Kvarnholmen and Hansa City Mall is evident; as both shopping areas strive to retain their consumers on their specific area of trade.

Zugl.: Darmstadt, Techn. Univ., Diss., 2006

Universiẗat, Diss., 2005--Göttingen. / Zsfassung in dt. u. engl. Sprache.

Konstanz, Univ., Diplomarbeit, 2007.

Zugl.: Stuttgart, Univ., Diss., 2008.

Frankfurt (Main), University, Diss., 2008.