This study explores the underlying causes and deterrent control mechanisms of police misconduct in the United States. Outcomes of causes and control mechanisms constitute the basis for an applicable model for the Turkish National Police (TNP). Why is some police behavior deviate? What are the main determinants of police misconduct? Is police misconduct a result of sociological behavior and subcultural development within police organizations or a psychological behavior as an outcome of officers' personal traits? What are the control mechanisms for police misconduct? What are their strengths and weaknesses? Do they deter or not? Is there a control mechanism that deters better than others? What is the best deterrence model for the TNP?

The main purpose of this essay has been to discover shortcomings in the Criminal law conserning sexual offences and in the application of this law. The primary material of the study has therefore been two different government bills considering 2005 and 2013 years’ provisions on rape, three rape cases, and the proposal for a new provision on rape based on consent as the primary legal definition of rape. From gender theories about power, gender and sexuality I have used discourse analysis as a method to analyze the material to see how the government relates to these questions when reasoning around a new provision on rape. I have also tried to examine why there are so few rape cases that get convicted by analyzing the cases to see how the judges reason around the woman´s responsibility in the events. Another purpose has been to examine how the new potential provision on rape built on consent could change the situation for the woman in rape cases. My conclusions are that there are flaws in the way that the rape provision is built and that a new law built on consent probably won´t have a significant impact on the situation of the woman other than that it might have a normative effect. The study has also shown that the government doesn’t consider elements as male dominance, gender and sexuality when arguing for a new law, which undermines the women’s situation. The study has also shown that the judges in rape cases has indirectly put responsibility on the women, while the prosecuted is acquitted due to his lack of understanding of the women’s resistance. / Huvudsyftet med denna uppsats har varit att synliggöra brister i sexualbrottslagstiftningen och tillämpningen av denna. Det primära materialet i studien har därför varit två propositioner som behandlar våldtäktsbestämmelsen, den ena från år 2005 och den andra från 2013, tre olika rättsfall samt det nya förslaget till en samtyckeslag. Utifrån genusvetenskapliga teorier om makt, kön och sexualitet har jag använt diskursanalysen som metod för att analysera materialet för att se hur regeringen förhåller sig till dessa typer av frågor när de resonerar kring en ny våldtäktslag. Jag har också försökt undersöka varför det är så få våldtäktsfall som får fällande domar genom att analysera de olika fallen för att se hur domarna resonerar kring kvinnan och hennes ansvar under händelserna. Ett annat syfte har varit att undersöka hur det nya samtyckesförslaget skulle kunna förändra kvinnans situation i rättsfall. Mina slutsatser är att det finns brister i de sätt som våldtäktsbestämmelsen är uppbyggd på och att en ny samtyckeslag förmodligen inte har någon större inverkan på kvinnans situation förutom att den kan ha en normativ effekt. Studien har också visat att regeringen inte tar hänsyn till frågor som manlig dominans, kön och sexualitet i argumenten för en ny lag, vilket leder till att kvinnornas situation undergrävs. Studien har också visat att domarna i våldtäktsmål ställer ansvar på kvinnorna, medan den åtalade frikänns p.g.a. dennes bristande förståelse för kvinnornas motstånd.

In this paper I examine the factors that affect the likelihood an individual is a registered organ donor. Unlike many studies which focus on subpopulations in specific regions, I utilize national data to get a broader assessment of individuals from around the country across a number of racial and religious classifications. Using a probit model and controlling for a variety of parameters, I find that some racial and religious variables are negatively and significantly associated with organ donor registration rates, while education and being female are positively associated with organ donor registration rates. I conclude by discussing the implications of my results and the potential for future research.

La problématique du consentement éclairé en santé mentale demeure au coeur des préoccupations des cliniciens, médecins spécialistes et médecins experts. Le travail auprès des cérébrolésés ou des patients souffrant de troubles mentaux graves, tout comme les questions qui me sont adressées depuis près de 20 ans par les médecins spécialistes, juristes ou résidents en psychiatrie, m’ont amenée à y réfléchir davantage. J’ajouterais que le constat personnel d’une compréhension des comportements, attitudes, motivations et jugements des patients vulnérables qui s’est modifiée au fil des ans, et le constat de l’importance de la notion du consentement vs le flou de sa définition et la fragilité des paramètres établis pour l’évaluer et la définir ont ravivé cette réflexion. La présente étude n’a aucunement pour but d’élaborer quelque règle de conduite que ce soit, ni de définir ce que devrait être le consentement éclairé en psychiatrie, mais plutôt d’explorer les dilemmes éthiques et les questionnements cliniques auxquels sont confrontés les médecins psychiatres afin de raviver une réflexion éthique qui semble s’estomper au profit de procédures juridiques et administratives. / In the mental health field, the topic of informed consent has always been among the most important problems to address for clinicians and psychiatrists. My clinical work with head injured patients and patients with severe mental health disorder, as well as all the questions addressed by physicians, residents or lawyers for the last decade lead me to think about it more deeply. Moreover, the personal observation of cognitively impaired patients and the fact that the concept of informed consent is so present compared to the lack of parameters to assess it has lead me to think about it otherwise. This study does not pretend to lead the actions or clinical behaviour, nor as it pretend to find a better definition of the concept of informed consent. It is only a way to explore some aspects of the complexity and clinical difficulties over the legal and administrative frame in which the medical field is evolving.

The selected aspects of the legal relationship of doctor, parents and minor patient - the criminal aspects. (Abstract) This paper discusses various legal aspects of the relationship, which may arise between a minor patient, his parents and his doctor (or other appropriate health professional). The most important general rule holds good also in the Czech healthcare law. The general rule says that any interference with bodily integrity, and therefore each therapeutic medical intervention, can take place only with the consent of the patient. To be eligible to make such an agreement is a crucial legal capacity according to the arrangements of the Czech Civil Code. If someone is not eligible in this way about himself decide to grant consent to an intervention, it must be done by his legal guardian. In the case of minors it is usually intended by both parents. The most important regulation of the legal issues that arise in the care of the patient is found in Act No. 20/1966 Coll. Health Care. However from the perspective of the Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine this regulation appears to be somewhat outdated and patients and physicians (as well as other medical staff) find the law like overly complex, unintelligible and therefore unsuitable for their use. Unfortunately this law should help and serve...

Informed consent is a basic institution of health services. This work aims at comparison of the basic components of informed consent in the Czech and English law. The beginning is dedicated to the development and the current relationship between patient and doctor. The traditional paternalistic approach that was prevailing until recently in the health care will be examined more in detail. Furthermore, the work deals with the concept of informed consent as such. The components of the informed consent will be specified as well as the form of the informed consent. Disclosure of the risks and other information must precede for the informed consent to be valid and the consent also have to meet the requirements of legal actions. Text will also focus on informed consent of the minors. Finally, an advance decision will be examined including its conditions of validity. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

Cette étude se référera au caractère contractuel de la responsabilité civile médicale en droit chilien comparé avec le droit français. Je commencerai donc par une analyse historique de la privatisation de la santé et du phénomène de la contractualisation de l’activité sanitaire au Chili. Le principal problème a été que les demandeurs ont échappé au caractère contractuel de la responsabilité et ce principalement à cause du problème du cumul des responsabilités. Ce problème présent en droit chilien peut être résolu à travers une étude approfondie du contrat médical, de ses conditions d'existence et de validité, de ses principales caractéristiques et des différentes théories qui ont tenté d'expliquer sa nature juridique. Nous analyserons également les cas où la relation médicale initiale n'a pas pour source le contrat médical, bien qu’il ait de toute façon été considéré par la jurisprudence et la doctrine comme ayant un caractère contractuel. Nous étudierons dans le même temps les différentes théories qui ont eu comme finalité de contractualiser la responsabilité des centres hospitaliers, tant publics que privés, par le fait de leurs salariés, pour ainsi éviter que la responsabilité de ces centres devienne effective conformément aux normes de la responsabilité extracontractuelle. / The contractual nature of the medical liability had no the same interest in chilean law that french law. However, the increasing privatization of health and the phenomenon of contracting activity for Chilean takes us a deal to make a further study to determinate the contours from the French law. The main problem was that the applicants have escaped the contractual liability and mainly because of the problem of overlapping responsibilities. This problem present in chilean law can be resolved through a thorough study of the medical contract, the conditions of its existence and validity of its main characteristics and different theories have attempted to explain its legal nature and it provide a legal regime that atypical contracts. On the other hand we have to deal with all cases where the initial medical relationship does not source the medical contract, although it has been considered anyway by courts and commentators as having a contractual, and why try to analyze the different theories that have had the purpose of contractualize responsibility for private and public hospitals,, by the fact of their employees, to avoid the responsibility of these centers become effective in accordance with standards of tort.

Alors que le droit de la santé a toujours prôné et protégé une relation médicale librement consentie entre patients et médecins, de nombreuses exceptions au consentement libre et éclairé viennent obscurcir le schéma classique de la relation médicale. Etudier l'acte médical imposé en tant que concept juridique autonome devient alors nécessaire pour clarifier et ordonner juridiquement les droits et devoirs applicables à chaque « acteur » de cet acte médical imposé. La conceptualisation a aussi pour objectif de dégager un régime juridique autonome permettant de garantir les droits et libertés des individus concernés tout en garantissant les intérêts de la société. Pour parvenir à cet objectif, cette thèse s'attache à unifier et clarifier la nature de l'acte médical imposé, afin de parvenir à un régime unifié, lisible et autonome, devant servir au législateur, en s'intéressant à toutes les branches du Droit privé et public. C'est ainsi que par une étude transversale de tous les actes médicaux imposés, faisant aujourd'hui l'objet d'un « éclatement » dans tous les domaines du Droit, cette thèse propose de modifier de nombreuses législations et codifications afin de prendre en considération, ces « exceptions » trop nombreuses pour être encore aujourd'hui considérées comme telles / Although health legislation has always advocated and protected the freely-entered-into doctor/patient relationship, many exceptions to free and informed consent have come to cloud this classical medical relationship. Compulsory medical treatment must be studied as a stand-alone legal concept if one is to identify the legal rights and responsibilities of each of the 'players' in this treatment. The objective of this conceptualisation is to draw out a stand-alone legal framework which would guarantee the rights and freedoms of the individuals concerned whilst guaranteeing the interests of Society. To reach this objective, this thesis endeavours to unify and clarify the nature of compulsory medical treatment with a view to attaining a unified, easily-read and stand-alone system to be used by legislators whether for private or public law purposes. It is therefore only as a result of a cross-disciplinary study of all compulsory medical treatments (which are 'exploding' in all spheres of the law) that this thesis is able to propose modifications to many laws and codifications in order to take into account the 'exceptions' which today are so numerous that they cannot be considered as such

This play is a translation and adaptation of a Spanish play originally written in 1806 by Leandro Fernández de Moratín, El sí de las niñas. Because that play was not available to English-speaking actors, I translated the work directly from the original Spanish. The resulting manuscript was not the finished product of this play, however. Through a series of workshops with actors trained in a physical method of theatre I devised in order to modernize classic works to a more modern audience's tastes, the script morphed and grew into the play that follows.

Notre recherche concerne l’éthique des soins prodigués aux personnes âgées institutionnalisées, spécialement les questions de la capacité à consentir et du traitement involontaire. Notre travail est basé sur la Théorie Fonctionnelle de l'Intégration de l'information de N.H. Anderson (1981). En ce qui concerne l'étude portant sur la capacité à consentir : 98 Hommes de la rue, 21 psychologues, 37 infirmières et 14 médecins ont jugé de la capacité de la personne âgée à faire des choix dans chacun des 50 scénarios proposés, résultants de la combinaison de trois facteurs: "type de Décision", "type de Trouble", et "Soutien social". Pour l'étude portant sur le traitement involontaire : 101 personnes du grand public, 20 psychologues, 20 infirmières et 10 médecins ont jugé de l'acceptabilité du traitement involontaire des 48 scénarios proposés, combinaison de quatre facteurs: "type de Trouble", "Décision du médecin", "Explications données au résident ", "état Cognitif". Les résultats montrent que pour les deux études, le grand public et les professionnels de santé ont intégré les facteurs de la même manière. Pour la première étude, le facteur « type de Trouble » a le plus de poids, suivi par le facteur « Soutien social ». Quatre groupes de répondants se distinguent par les poids qu'ils donnent aux différents facteurs. Concernant l'étude portant sur le traitement involontaire, le facteur le plus influent est « Explications», suivi par « Décision du médecin ». Trois groupes de répondants se distinguent en fonction des patterns de réponse. Les variables individuelles telles que l’âge, le sexe, le niveau d’éducation et l’expérience n’ont pas d’effet. L'évaluation de la capacité à consentir et l’acceptabilité du traitement involontaire sont influencées par les facteurs proposés et il apparaît qu’il existe des positions différentes face à ces questions éthiques. / Our research deals with ethical questions in gerontology, especially the capacity to consent and involuntary treatment. Our research is based on the Integration Information Theory of N.H. Anderson (1981). 98 lay people, 21 psychologists, 37 nurses and 14 physicians judged a nursing home resident’s capacity to consent on 50 scenarios combining 3 factors : “type of Decision”, “type of Problem”, “social Support”. 101 lay people, 20 psychologists, 20 nurses and 10 physicians judged the acceptability of involuntary treatment on 48 scenarios combining 4 factors : “type of Disease”, “physician’s Decision”, “Explanations”, and “Cognitive status”. Results don’t show differences between lay people and health professionals in the way they integrate the factors presented. In the first study, the factor “type of Problem” is the most significant, followed by “social Support”. 4 groups of participants distinguish themselves by the way the weigh the factors. In the second study, the factor “Explanations” is the most significant, followed by “physician’s Decision”. 3 groups of participants distinguish themselves. Individual variables like age, gender, educational level or experience have no effect. Assessment of the capacity to consent and acceptability of involuntary are influenced by the factors presented and it appears that there are different positions among the participants.