Studiens syfte var att undersöka huruvida ett pilotprojekt bestående av en ny typ av medarbetar- och lönesamtal i Sandvikens kommun givit någon effekt på rolltydlighet, empowerment och arbetstillfredsställelse. Vidare var syftet att undersöka sambanden mellan rolltydlighet, empowerment och arbetstillfredsställelse. En enkät besvarades av 62 förskollärare. Genom t-test undersöktes skillnaden mellan förskollärare som deltar i projektet (N=34) och andra förskollärare (N=28) gällande dessa variabler, men inga signifikanta skillnader kunde visas. En multivariat regressionsanalys visade i enlighet med tidigare forskning ett samband mellan rolltydlighet och arbetstillfredsställelse, men något samband mellan empowerment och arbetstillfredsställelse visades inte. Relationerna analyserades med en stiganalys som visade att rolltydlighet medierar 64 % av effekten av empowerment på arbetstillfredsställelse. Rolltydlighet förklarar 33 % av variansen i arbetstillfredsställelse och slutsatsen är att vikten av rollförtydligande information till medarbetare är av väldigt stor betydelse. / The aim of this study was to investigate whether a project with a new type of performance appraisal in Sandviken Municipality affects role clarity, empowerment and job satisfaction. The further aim was to investigate the relationship between role clarity, empowerment and job satisfaction. A survey was answered by 62 preschool teachers. Student’s t-test analyzed the difference in these variables between the preschool teachers from the project (N=34) and other preschool teachers (N=28) but no significant differences were found. A multiple regression analysis showed a significant relationship between role clarity and job satisfaction in accordance with previous research, but there were no relationship between empowerment and job satisfaction to be found. The relationships were analyzed further with a path analysis that showed that empowerment is mediated by role clarity. Role clarity explains 33 % of the variance in job satisfaction and the conclusion is therefore that information to the employees containing role clarification is of great importance.

¡§How to empower the community¡¨ is the most important element to advance the performance of the community development affairs in Taiwan. To encourage the community people to care about their community public affairs and to solve their problems by themselves is the major aims of community renaissance. During 2002-2005, the Council for Cultural Affairs of the Executive Yuan had a program to empower community people. Four regional empowerment centers were appointed to execute this program. The main purpose of this study are: (1) to assess the training effectiveness of the empowerment project; (2) to explore what the factors may affect the training effectiveness of community empowerment; and (3) to evaluate the trainees¡¦ satisfaction during the training periods. In order to achieve the above three purposes, this study developed a questionnaire of community empowerment evaluation by reviewing literatures and interviewing the executives of the program. All of the four regional trainees targeted as a sample that attended this program. It adopted self- evaluation by trainees, and applied SPSS10.0 statistics software to analyze it. The results of this study revealed five indications: 1.The program was successful in strengthening community empowerment after the training courses. 2.What status people serve in their community is the only individual factor which will affect the effectiveness. 3.Personality and encouragement are also the factors will affect the effectiveness. 4.By the factor analysis, this study distinguished personality into two factors, including enthusiastic amicability and motivation. 5.There is a positive relationship between the residents¡¦ satisfaction and effectiveness.

Bakgrund: Diabetes är sjukdom som kan leda till sänkt livskvalitet och lidande för personen som drabbats men även till höga kostnader för samhället. Behandlingen kan bestå av en kombination av läkemedel och livsstilsförändringar, där sjuksköterskan stödjer vårdtagarna genom att undervisa och främja deras empowerment. Forskning visar att det är vanligt förekommande att personer med diabetes har låg följsamhet till sin behandling vilket kan leda till sämre blodsockerkontroll samt ökad risk för diabetesrelaterade komplikationer. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva faktorer som påverkar följsamheten till behandling vid diabetes typ 2. Metod: En litteraturöversikt där tolv kvantitativa artiklar sammanställdes. Resultat: Högre ålder verkar vara en faktor som främjar följsamheten medan lägre ålder innebär lägre följsamhet. Vårdtagarens uppfattning om sjukdomen och behandlingen visade sig också påverka följsamheten. Personens förmåga att ta läkemedel påverkade följsamheten, där minnesproblematik framstår som ledande orsak till låg följsamhet. Socialt stöd och delaktighet i behandlingen samt patientundervisning är andra faktorer som främjar följsamheten. Slutsats: Litteraturstudien visar på faktorer som sjuksköterskan kan uppmärksamma för att identifiera personer som har risk för låg följsamhet och tidigt sätta in åtgärder. Undervisning och stöd är omvårdnadsåtgärder som skulle kunna påverka vårdtagarnas följsamhet positivt. / Background: Diabetes means lower quality of life amongst the ones that suffer from the disease and it also means high costs for society. The treatment consists of a combination of drugs and lifestyle changes where the nurse supports the patient by providing patient education and promoting empowerment. Research has shown that diabetes patients have a low adherence to treatment which may lead to poorer glucose control and an increased risk of diabetesrelated complications. Purpose: The purpose was to describe factors that contributes to non-adherence in persons that are treated for diabetes type 2. Method: A literature review where twelve quantitative articles where analyzed. Results: Older age seems to be a factor that contributes to adherence while younger age seems to predict non-adherence. The persons view and understanding of the disease and treatment seems to influence the adherence. The ability to take medication seems to be important, with memory problems as a leading cause for non-adherence. Social support, patient participation and patient education are other factors that promotes adherence. Conclusion: This literature review shows factors that can be used by the nurse to identify persons in risk of non-compliance and thereby take action early. The nurse’s measures, such as education and support, may have a positive impact on adherence to treatment.

This study explores the effect of two NGO empowerment programs on the lives of women in urban slum communities of Ghana and India. In particular, the research aims to understand whether and to what extent economic empowerment through microfinance and skills training addresses women’s basic need and gender inequality in contexts of urban poverty. Considering the centrality of “empowerment” to collective feminist politics as well as development policy and practice, the purpose of this study is to contemplate what “empowerment” actually means from the perspective of those actively engaged in the process. Based on the survey and interview responses of program clients, this project explores the depth and scope of NGO empowerment interventions and considers steps that can be taken to further women’s empowerment. / text

The aim of this qualitative study was to investigate the participants experiences of a parent support group and the effect of their participation on their parental role from a learning perspective. As the parent support group takes place as a group activity, the focus was on the individual learning processes which, in turn, are influenced by both the group itself as well as the leaders of the group. The empirical data was collected from a focus group interview with four mothers, and analyzed using empowerment and coping theories. Based on the participants´ narratives, the result showed that the parent support group had a great social and pedagogic effect on the participants. As a result of the received knowledge in the group from both leaders as well as from other participants, they felt less stressed and more confident in their parental role. Keywords: Parent support group, empowerment, coping

This study sets out to test the hypothesis that the Eskom Black Economic Empowerment, as implemented by the Transmission Division of Eskom Holdings Limited, has had only limited success in fostering sustainable businesses. Although Eskom Transmission has been reporting excellent achievements in terms of the programme, the author argues that the performance measures are flawed in that they do not distinguish between small black owned businesses and large international businesses which conform to the Eskom definition of a Black Economic Empowerment supplier. Large companies with at least a 10% black shareholding, and meeting other criteria in terms of skills transfer, black management and procurement from other black owned suppliers could qualify as a Black Economic Empowered supplier. By including spend on such suppliers together with the Transmission spend on small, black owned suppliers, distorts the effects of the programme. The research has highlighted the following concerns: • The most important reason that employees support the BEE programme is because it is a policy requirement; • No development of suppliers apart from the indiscriminate use of price matching and setting aside of contracts; • Supplier assessments are inconsistent and are not always transparent; • Contract conditions and contracting methods are not always conducive to growth and development of small suppliers; • Minimal performance evaluation of suppliers is conducted; • The BEE programme is perceived as being most successful in enriching a few elite black individuals. In addition, it is perceived as having been successful in the creation of non value adding agents for white owned companies;Henk Langenhoven - MComm UKZN 2005 • Very few respondents to the survey indicated that they spend any time on the development of or giving advice to suppliers; • There is a 50% impression that BEE suppliers are capable of taking part in Eskom Transmission business; • A very low percentage of Small Medium and Micro Enterprises and Black Woman Owned suppliers applying for listing in the database are qualified to supply Eskom Transmission; • The very same suppliers tend to win contracts all the time, hence the indication is that there are few new entrants; • Historically, the indication is that the suppliers have generally have been on the database since before the implementation of the BEE programme. They have continuously changed ownership to keep pace with the changing requirements of policy; • The support ofBWO suppliers has come at the direct expense ofSMME suppliers. Recommendations derived from this research include: • Continuing with the current BEE reporting which is external to Eskom, but • Enhancing Key Performance Indicators to include measurements and targets for job creation as well as support of both SMME and BWO suppliers; • Structured supplier development programme with dedicated resources to take ownership of the programme; • Consideration is to be given to the methods of contracting when dealing with SMME and BWO suppliers; • Supplier performance evaluation is to be enhanced for inclusion of a wider spectrum of suppliers and end users. / Thesis (M. Com.)-University of Kwazulu-Natal, 2008.

Bakgrund: I Sverige lever ca 20 000 personer med stomi. En stomi medför en kroppslig förändring som individen måste förhålla sig till. Både kroppen och dess funktioner som tidigare tagits för givna medvetandegörs. Det finns en oro för vad andra ska tycka och att stomin ska hindra i det dagliga livet. Empowerment sågs som en röd tråd i bloggarna och växte fram som referensram under arbetets gång. Syfte: Att belysa vad som skrevs om stomi i sjukdomsbloggar där stomiopererade skriver om sin vardag. Metod: Studien var en empirisk studie av sjukdomsbloggar. Fem sjukdomsbloggar om stomi valdes ut för manifest innehållsanalys med induktiv ansats. Resultat: I resultatet framgick vad personerna som skrev bloggarna upplevde som viktigt för att kunna hantera livet med stomi. I resultatet framkom de tre kategorierna stöd, självkännedom och egenvård. Slutsats: Empowerment kan hjälpa de stomiopererade att få tillbaka kontrollen över sitt liv efter stomioperationen. / Background: Around 20 000 people are currently living with ostomy in Sweden today. An ostomy involves a physical change that the individual has to relate to. It raises awareness of the body and its functions which were previously taken for granted. There is a concern for what others will think and also a concern that the ostomy will prevent them from living a normal life. Empowerment could be seen as a common theme in the blogs that were studied and emerged as the framework during the working process. Aim: To study what was written about ostomy in illness blogs where ostomates writes about their daily life. Method: The study was an empirical study of illness blogs. Five illness blogs about ostomy was selected for a manifest content analysis with an inductive approach. Results: The results showed what the people who wrote the blogs perceived as important in order to be able to handle a life with ostomy. The results of the study revealed the three main categories - support, self-knowledge and self-care. Conclusion: Empowerment can help the ostomates to regain control of their life after the ostomy surgery.

I många år har det stått klart att på grund av ökning av antalet äldre kommer det blir svårt med framtida bemanning i hemtjänsten. Arbeten anses vara låg status och underbetalda. Om arbeten i hemtjänsten anses ge anställda upplevelser av empowerment är det möjligt att flera söker sig till dessa arbeten och att befintlig personal stannar kvar. Syftet med denna uppsats är att få ökad förståelse för hur personal i hemtjänst upplever empowerment i sitt arbete samt att studera på vilket sätt ledare inom hemtjänsten kan arbeta med att stödja upplevelser av empowerment hos sina anställda.   Undersökningen är genomförd som en kvalitativ fallstudie i hemtjänsten i Reykjavík. Med semistrukturerade intervjuer har sex anställda och tre ledare intervjuats och materialet har analyserats med en tematisk analys. Det visar sig att de anställda i hemtjänsten i Reykjavík upplever delvis strukturell empowerment i sina arbeten samt pyskologisk empowerment genom alla fyra kognitionerna; mening, kompetens, självbestämmande och påverkan. Ledarna stödjer personalens upplevelser av empowerment genom tillit, respekt och värdighet samt tillåtelse att göra misstag. / For years it has been foreseen that the increase in number of the elderly living at home will cause difficulties when it comes to providing homecare. The cause of those difficulties are mainly because of difficulties in recruiting new employees and keeping those who are working in the home care. Recruiting problems are mainly because employment in the elderly care is considered low status and underpaid. If the employees are empowered in their work there is a possibility that employment would be considered attractive and would therefore attract more young people.  The purpose of this essay is to gain increased understanding of experiences of empowerment by the employees in home care. Another purpose is to see in what way the leaders in home care can encourage empowerment of their employees.  The survey was conducted as a qualitative case study in home care in Reykjavík. With semi-structured interviews six employees and three managers were interviewed and the material has been analyzed with a thematic analysis.  It turns out that the employees of home care services in Reykjavík experience to a certain degree structural empowerment in their jobs and to a higher degree psychological empowerment. The leaders, can to some extent, support the experience

In response to increasing global competition, companies are continuously under pressure to undergo dramatic changes. Organisations have flattened their structures to replace their traditional hierarchical management structures with empowered work teams. These are teams that have full responsibility of what they do and handle things traditionally handled by management in the past. In order to achieve this, the management challenge is to create working conditions in which individuals in these teams voluntary choose to commit, collaborate and act towards accomplishment of organizational goals (Duvall, 1999). Today's highly competitive environment, technological improvement, complex customer needs, corporate restructuring and continuous search for innovative ways to take organizations to new heights, affect companies throughout the world. To survive in today's difficult economic conditions, organizations demands more from employees. This study conceptualizes empowerment, dividing empowerment into three categories: structural empowerment, leadership empowerment and motivational empowerment. The study narrows to examine psychological empowerment specifically, an aspect of motivational empowerment. The theory of Spreitzer (1995) of four cognitions and the three principles of Menon (2001) is combined to conceptualize psychological empowerment. Job satisfaction is also discussed with emphasis on intrinsic and extrinsic satisfaction. Organisational commitment is examined from the three-component theory of Allen and Meyer (1991). The objective of this study is to determine the relationship between psychological empowerment, job satisfaction and organisational commitment in a chemical industry. A correlation design was used to determine the relationship between the constructs. Data from a sample of 61 (N=61) employees were used. A correlation design is used to determine the relationship between psychological empowerment, job satisfaction and organisational commitment. Data were gathered and explored in terms of descriptive statistics. Cronbach alpha coefients and factor analysis are calculated to give an indication of the validity and reliability of the measuring instruments. Pearson product moment correlation coefficients and canonical correlations were used to obtain the empirical results. A regression analysis and multiple stepwise regression analysis was carried out to determine the extent to which psychological empowerment predict job satisfaction and organisational commitment. The results of the empirical study indicated practically significant differences between psychological empowerment as a total and two variables: Intrinsic job satisfaction and affective commitment. It was found that psychological empowerment could be used to predict job satisfaction to a certain degree, but could not predict organizational commitment as a total. However, there are indications that it could be used to predict affective commitment. / Thesis (M.A. (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2004.

Smärta är det vanligaste symtomet för vilket människor söker vård. Trots ökad kunskap inom smärthantering fortsätter underbehandlad smärta vara ett problem. Att utstå smärta är en obehaglig upplevelse och sjuksköterskor har en betydande roll i smärtbehandlingen och ska lindra patienters lidande. Ibland kan sjuksköterskors stävan efter egen empowerment påverka deras omvårdnad av patienter med smärta negativt. Syfte: Att undersöka sjuksköterskors omvårdnad av patienter med smärta. Metod: Litteraturstudie med en deduktiv riktad innehållsanalys. Resultatet visade att sjuksköterskor i grunden hade en yrkesstolthet och en vilja att förmedla god omvårdnad till patienter med smärta och att deras handlande oftast utgick från detta. Ibland styrdes dock deras handlande av deras egna behov av att kuva sina egna känslor vilket kunde resultera i att patienterna fick sämre omvårdnad; de kunde rentav misstros eller bli ignorerade. Både sjuksköterskor och patienter upplever välbefinnande genom empowerment och smärtbehandlingen påverkas således positivt. Vården bör därför organiseras så att sjuksköterskor ges utökad möjlighet att utföra omvårdnad utifrån personcentrerad vård. Forskning rekommenderas angående bakomliggande orsaker till varför sjuksköterskor undervärderar patienters smärtupplevelse och hur sjuksköterskors uppfattning av sitt egna inflytande i smärtbehandlingen kan stärkas så att patienter inte blir lidande. / Pain is the most common symptom for which people seek care. Despite increased knowledge of pain management, untreated pain persists to be a problem. Enduring pain is an unpleasant experience and nurses have an important role to relieve patients’ suffering. It seems that at times nurses strive to receive empowerment can affect their caring of patients with pain negatively. Aim: to investigate nurses caring for patiens with pain. Method: Literature study with a deductive directed content analysis. The result showed that nurses have a pride in their work and a will to perform good nursing for patients with pain and their actions were usually directed by that. Sometimes, however, nurses’ actions were ruled by coping strategies and their own needs to suppress their own emotions which could result in patients receiving poorer care. The investigation showed that patients could even be mistrusted and ignored by nurses. Both nurses and patients experiences health through empowerment and the pain treatment thus get positively affected. The care should therefore be organized so that nurses are given greater opportunity to perform nursing based on person-centered care. Research is recommended regarding the underlying reasons why nurses underestimates patients 'pain perception and how nurses' own influence in pain treatment can be strengthened so that patients do not suffer