Complete garment knitting technology is a method of producing knitted products, generally fashion garments, ready-made directly in the knitting machine without additional operations such as cutting and sewing. This makes it possible to manufacture a knitted fashion garment with fewer processes then with conventional production methods. In the fashion business customer demand is always changing due to fashion trends, so to be able to manufacture and deliver products rapidly is important. Mass customisation is a customer co-design process of products and services that tries to meets the needs of an individual customer’s demand for certain product features. In the fashion business this means that the customer can order a garment with a customised style, colour, size, and other personal preferences. The principal objective of this dissertation was to examine if and how complete garment technology can be applied to the customisation of knitted fashion products. It was pursued through several independent studies in knitting technology, mass customisation, and fashion logistics against a theoretical frame of reference in these areas. The papers in this thesis present various examples of how knitted fashion garments can be customised and integrated into fashion retailing concepts. The starting point of the research was the Knit-on-Demand research project conducted at the Swedish School of Textiles in collaboration with a knitting manufacturing and retailing company. The aim was to develop a shop concept built on the complete garment technology where a garment could be customised, produced, and delivered as quickly as possible. This initial idea failed due to the expense of investing in complete garment knitting technology, and so other avenues of research had to be found. The Knit-on-Demand project continued, using a business model similar to the complete garment concept but with the retail store and the production unit situated in different locations. The overall research question addressed in this thesis is: How can complete garment knitting technology be applied in a retail concept for customised garments? This question is then divided in two problems: What are the fashion logistics effects of combining complete garment technology and mass customisation? How does the co-design process function in the customisation of knitted fashion garments?The following is a qualitative study based on five research articles applying different research methodologies: case studies, simulations, and interviews. The empirical context is the area of mass customisation of fashion products and knitting technology, more specifically called complete garment knitting production technology. No prior studies describing mass customisation of complete garment knitting technology in combination with fashion logistics were found in the literature. The main contribution of this study is the demonstration that complete garment knitting technology can be applied in the customisation of fashion products. It also illustrates the importance of the co-design process between the company and the customer through which a knitted garment can be customised, produced, and delivered to the customer in three to five hours. The process of co-design and manufacture of a customised complete fashion product is examined, and the advantages and disadvantages associated with customisation of knitted garments are identified and described.

Current global business competition has resulted in significant challenges for manufacturing and production sectors focused on shorter product lifecyc1es, more diverse and customized products as well as cost pressures from competitors and customers. To remain competitive, manufacturers, particularly in automotive industry, require the next generation of manufacturing paradigms supporting flexible and reconfigurable production systems that allow quick system changeovers for various types of products. In addition, closer integration of shop floor and business systems is required as indicated by the research efforts in investigating "Agile and Collaborative Manufacturing Systems" in supporting the production unit throughout the manufacturing lifecycles. The integration of a business enterprise with its shop-floor and lifecycle supply partners is currently only achieved through complex proprietary solutions due to differences in technology, particularly between automation and business systems. The situation is further complicated by the diverse types of automation control devices employed. Recently, the emerging technology of Service Oriented Architecture's (SOA's) and Web Services (WS) has been demonstrated and proved successful in linking business applications. The adoption of this Web Services approach at the automation level, that would enable a seamless integration of business enterprise and a shop-floor system, is an active research topic within the automotive domain. If successful, reconfigurable automation systems formed by a network of collaborative autonomous and open control platform in distributed, loosely coupled manufacturing environment can be realized through a unifying platform of WS interfaces for devices communication. The adoption of SOA- Web Services on embedded automation devices can be achieved employing Device Profile for Web Services (DPWS) protocols which encapsulate device control functionality as provided services (e.g. device I/O operation, device state notification, device discovery) and business application interfaces into physical control components of machining automation. This novel approach supports the possibility of integrating pervasive enterprise applications through unifying Web Services interfaces and neutral Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) message communication between control systems and business applications over standard Ethernet-Local Area Networks (LAN's). In addition, the re-configurability of the automation system is enhanced via the utilisation of Web Services throughout an automated control, build, installation, test, maintenance and reuse system lifecycle via device self-discovery provided by the DPWS protocol.

This study analyzed participants in an online professional development and certification program can to see if they could predict the learning value of individual distance education tools. The Texas Center for Educational Technology (TCET) funded by the Texas Telecommunications Infrastructure Fund (TIF) designed the Technology Applications Certification Program (TACP). In the TACP, students are offered four graduate level classes which, when combined, meet the standards for the State Board for Educator Certification (SBEC) Technology Applications certification. The four courses that comprise the TACP are Computers in Education, Introduction to the Internet, Multimedia in Technology Applications, and Introduction to Video Technologies. The first course started in January 2002 with approximately 706 participants in 40 cohorts across the state of Texas. The TACP combines two different worlds of technology training. Half of the coursework was completed through asynchronous content and discussions, while the remaining classes were hands-on classes in local district computer labs. These face-to-face meetings enabled learners to get hands-on training with direct assistance. Between the online and face-to-face segments, a variety of learning tools were introduced to the participants. Participants were surveyed through the online Snapshot Survey in January and again in September.

A capacidade de customização de produtos é considerada atualmente um fator de competitividade muito importante para a sobrevivência das empresas. A interferência dos clientes na concepção e na fabricação dos produtos está cada vez mais intensa. Dentre as várias estratégias de customização, a tipologia de produção Engineer to Order (ETO), na qual o cliente é envolvido nas fases de design e desenvolvimento do produto, é considerada a mais complexa e ineficiente. Embora o número de organizações classificadas como ETO seja bastante elevado e os problemas associados a esta tipologia sejam bem conhecidos, não existem registros consolidados na literatura sobre qual é a melhor abordagem de gestão das cadeias produtivas destes ambientes. Além disso, as práticas de gestão sugeridas por alguns pesquisadores consideram a tipologia ETO um sistema homogêneo, no qual todas as empresas recebem as mesmas abordagens. No entanto, dentro do universo ETO existem empresas com diferentes tipos de customização. Algumas empresas fabricam produtos completamente novos, desenvolvidos para clientes específicos. Outras empresas fornecem produtos com estrutura híbrida, na qual alguns componentes são padronizados e outros são customizados. A grande diferença entre os sistemas produtivos ETO exige que cada ambiente receba uma abordagem específica para o seu modelo de negócio. Com o intuito de preencher esta lacuna, o presente trabalho propõe uma classificação da tipologia ETO com recomendações das melhores práticas de manufatura para cada subtipologia ETO definida. A classificação proposta foi baseada em estudos de caso com implementações de projetos de melhoria em diferentes ambientes ETO. / The ability of customizing products is considered a very important competitive factor for the survival of nowadays companies. The power of customers influence on products conception and manufacturing is increasing. Among the various customization strategies, the Engineer to Order (ETO) production typology, in which customers are involved at product design and development stages, is considered the most complex and inefficient. Although there are many organizations classified as ETO and the problems associated with this typology are very known, there is a lack of agreement in literature about the best practices for the value chain management of these environments. Furthermore, the practices suggested by some researchers consider the ETO typology as a homogeneous system where all the companies receive the same approach. However, the companies of the ETO universe show different customization approaches. Some companies produce products completely new and designed for specific customers. Other companies provide products with a hybrid structure which is formed by standardized and customized components. The big difference found between all kinds of ETO production systems implies that specific approaches have to be applied for each business model. In order to fill this gap, this work offers a classification for the ETO typology with some recommendations of the best manufacturing practices for each ETO sub typology defined. The proposed classification was based on cases of improvement projects implemented in different ETO environments.

A capacidade de customização de produtos é considerada atualmente um fator de competitividade muito importante para a sobrevivência das empresas. A interferência dos clientes na concepção e na fabricação dos produtos está cada vez mais intensa. Dentre as várias estratégias de customização, a tipologia de produção Engineer to Order (ETO), na qual o cliente é envolvido nas fases de design e desenvolvimento do produto, é considerada a mais complexa e ineficiente. Embora o número de organizações classificadas como ETO seja bastante elevado e os problemas associados a esta tipologia sejam bem conhecidos, não existem registros consolidados na literatura sobre qual é a melhor abordagem de gestão das cadeias produtivas destes ambientes. Além disso, as práticas de gestão sugeridas por alguns pesquisadores consideram a tipologia ETO um sistema homogêneo, no qual todas as empresas recebem as mesmas abordagens. No entanto, dentro do universo ETO existem empresas com diferentes tipos de customização. Algumas empresas fabricam produtos completamente novos, desenvolvidos para clientes específicos. Outras empresas fornecem produtos com estrutura híbrida, na qual alguns componentes são padronizados e outros são customizados. A grande diferença entre os sistemas produtivos ETO exige que cada ambiente receba uma abordagem específica para o seu modelo de negócio. Com o intuito de preencher esta lacuna, o presente trabalho propõe uma classificação da tipologia ETO com recomendações das melhores práticas de manufatura para cada subtipologia ETO definida. A classificação proposta foi baseada em estudos de caso com implementações de projetos de melhoria em diferentes ambientes ETO. / The ability of customizing products is considered a very important competitive factor for the survival of nowadays companies. The power of customers influence on products conception and manufacturing is increasing. Among the various customization strategies, the Engineer to Order (ETO) production typology, in which customers are involved at product design and development stages, is considered the most complex and inefficient. Although there are many organizations classified as ETO and the problems associated with this typology are very known, there is a lack of agreement in literature about the best practices for the value chain management of these environments. Furthermore, the practices suggested by some researchers consider the ETO typology as a homogeneous system where all the companies receive the same approach. However, the companies of the ETO universe show different customization approaches. Some companies produce products completely new and designed for specific customers. Other companies provide products with a hybrid structure which is formed by standardized and customized components. The big difference found between all kinds of ETO production systems implies that specific approaches have to be applied for each business model. In order to fill this gap, this work offers a classification for the ETO typology with some recommendations of the best manufacturing practices for each ETO sub typology defined. The proposed classification was based on cases of improvement projects implemented in different ETO environments.

本研究以大量客製化的方式，在兼顧成本及客製化的雙重需求下，歸納出醫療產業可採取九種大量客製化模式，平衡醫療供需及促進醫療創新。如：〝共享〞─相同的元件，可以被橫跨使用在不同的產品，達到範疇經濟。〝替換〞─不同的元件可以使用在相同的基礎元件上。〝裁切〞─元件可以依客戶的需求做裁減。〝混搭〞─混搭不同的元件形成一個獨特的產品。〝平台化〞─建立一個標準架構，使其可以承載不同的元件。〝介面化〞─允許不同的元件做任意的組合。〝移除〞─移除指定元素，進而產生客製化的產品或服務。〝置入〞─依顧客的需求對於既有的標準產品或服務，進行置入。〝取代〞以置入的方式取代另一被移除元素。 此外，本研究涵蓋非醫療產業(硬體、軟體及服務業)與醫療產業(醫療服務及醫療生技)的跨產業分析比較，一方面可得知醫療服務及醫療生技如何進行大量客製化，另一方面借鏡觀形，了解醫療服務及醫療生技仍有待改進的地方。 最後，為了方便企業找出適合的大量客製化模式，本研究共整理醫療服務及醫療生技的12種大量客製化應用方式，而且這十二種應用方式，並非互相排斥，可混合運用於企業的營運模式之中。

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L’impact de ce travail de doctorat se concentre sur l’inclusion sociale des Personnes en Situation de Handicap (PSH). Cette inclusion dépend de plusieurs d’initiatives comme l’Accessibilité des espaces et des informations mais aussi de l’offre de Produits d’Assistance (PA) qui peuvent soulager voire compenser les situations de handicap. Notre travail se place sur ce second terrain, en particulier sur les insatisfactions et abandons des PA par les PSH et la difficulté des fabricants à offrir une variété de produits ciblés sur besoins et avec des prix abordables. Nous pensons que la solution à une telle pro-blématique peut être faite dès la conception des PA. Ainsi, nous proposons un modèle de référence pour l’organisation du processus de conception de ces produits autour d’une philosophie et d’une méthodologie de conception. Ce modèle a été construit à partir de recherches bibliographiques sur les processus de conception de produits de manière générale, telles que la conception lean et la customi-sation de masse, et aussi quelques approches et modèles de conception de produits qui intègrent les PSH dans le public de consommateurs. Suite à son développement, la proposition a été testée et amé-liorée à partir de deux cas d’étude réalisés dans le cadre de la Mobilité Personnelle. Le premier cas d’étude se concentre sur la conception de Dispositifs d’Aide à la Marche (DAM), tels que les cannes, les béquilles et les cadres de marche. Ensuite, la deuxième expérience est focalisée sur la conception de Véhicules non-motorisés (VNM), comme les cycles et les fauteuils roulants. Le résultat de ces expéri-mentations et les révisions du modèle de référence pour la conception de PA nous ont permis d'abou-tir à une configuration des principes et à une méthodologie qui accordent les attentes tangibles et in-tangibles des PSH à travers la conception et l’offre de produits personnalisables tout en respectant les exigences des systèmes de fabrication et distribution. / The impact of this PhD work focuses on the social inclusion of Persons with Disabilities (PWD). This inclusion depends on several initiatives such as spacial and informational accessibility, and the offer of Assistive Products (AP), which can alleviate or compensate disability situations. Our work focuses on this second point, particularly under the dissatisfaction and abandonment of AP by the PWD and the inability of the manufacturers to offer a variety of products that respond to the users’ needs with affordable prices. We believe that the solution to this problem can be found in the AP design process. Thus, we propose a reference model for the a AT design process organization around a philosophy and a design methodology. This model was constructed from bibliographic research on product de-sign processes in general, such as lean design and mass customization, as well as some product design approaches and models that integrate the PWD as customers. After this, the proposal was tested and improved through two case studies carried out in the Personal Mobility context. The first case study focuses on the design of Walking Aid Devices (WADs), such as walking sticks, crutches and walking frames. Second, the second one focuses on the design of non-motorized vehicles (NMVs), such as cycles and wheelchairs. The result of these experiments and the revisions of the reference model for AP design enabled us deliver a configuration of principles and a methodology of design that matches the tangible and intangible expectations of the PWD through the conception and offering of customi-zed products that respond to the requirements of manufacturing and distribution systems.

[pt] A Indústria Automotiva vem passando por grandes transformações que implicam em mudanças na Gestão de suas Cadeias de Suprimentos (Supply Chain Management - SCM). A acirrada competição existente no mercado globalizado vêm forçando as montadoras a buscarem novas vantagens competitivas. Diferentes modelos de produção de veículos vêm sendo introduzidos procurando alcançar nichos de mercado. Porém, o cliente ainda se vê obrigado a se satisfazer com a oferta de veículos disponíveis no mercado, que muitas vezes estão fora de suas reais necessidades e preferências. Além disso, os custos de imobilização de capital ao longo da Cadeia de Suprimentos continuam muito elevados. O autor desta dissertação procura então investigar os principais métodos e modelos de produção de veículos da Indústria Automotiva e esclarecer os conceitos de Customização em Massa e de Produção sob Encomenda (Build to Order – BTO), tendências que aparecem como alternativas para as montadoras de veículos aumentarem sua competitividade. O presente trabalho parte dos principais métodos de produção da Indústria Automotiva como a Produção Artesanal, a Produção em Massa e a Produção Enxuta destacando suas principais características, passa pelos modelos de produção procurando ressaltar as diferenças existentes entre eles, para, então, chegar aos conceitos, benefícios, desafios e outras particularidades das Tendências de Produção sob Encomenda e de Customização em Massa. A dissertação procura, finalmente, analisar os métodos e modelos de produção de veículos sob a ótica destas tendências. / [en] The Automotive Industry has been going through great transformations that are calling for modifications in its Supply Chain Management (SCM). The huge competition on the current globalized market have been compelling the vehicles manufacturers to search for new competitive advantages. Different vehicles production models have been introduced in order to reach market niches. However, the customer is still obligated to be satisfied with the available vehicles in the market, which often do not match with their real needs and preferences. Besides, the cost of capital immobilization along the supply chain continues very high. The author of this dissertation wishes to investigate the main vehicles production methods and models in the Automotive Industry and to present the Mass Customization and Build to Order concepts, trends that come as alternatives to vehicles manufacturers to increase it competition. This work starts with the main production methods in the Automotive industry, as Handcraft Production, Mass Production, and Lean Production highlighting its. Then it covers the production models showing the differences between them and presents the concepts, benefits, challengers, and others particular characteristics of the Build to Order and Mass Customization trends. Finally, the dissertation analyses the vehicles production methods and models under these trends perspective.

Orientador: Yuzo Iano / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T04:44:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Schneider_HomeroMauricio_D.pdf: 3315215 bytes, checksum: 24f2739a680bd64590516d28c5900606 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Um conceito chave na área de customização em massa é o de família de produtos. Embora o projeto de uma família de produtos é uma tarefa difícil e desafiadora, derivar os membros da família de produtos para atender os requisitos de clientes individuais pode ser uma tarefa de design rotineira. Neste trabalho, propomos uma abordagem formal para modelar o processo de customização de famílias de produtos, que alcançar este objetivo. De fato, construímos uma teoria para a customização de famílias de produtos. Esta abordagem é baseada em uma estrutura de conhecimento para a representação de famílias de produtos que combina uma estrutura de produto genérica e uma rede de restrições estendida com funções de design. O método para derivar os membros da família de produtos é um processo de instanciação com duas fases. Primeiramente, uma solução para o modelo de rede de restrição consistente com os requisitos do cliente é encontrada. Em seguida, esta solução é utilizada para transformar a estrutura de produto genérica em uma estrutura especifica que corresponde a um membro da família de produtos. Neste trabalho, provamos que, se o modelo de rede de restrição estendida com funções de design satisfaz algumas condições de modelagem, então encontrar soluções se torna um processo livre de retrocessos. Embora existam outros trabalhos na literatura que também afirmam ser livre de retrocessos, um fato notável sobre a nossa abordagem é que conseguimos isso através da introdução de conhecimento sobre a família de produtos, em vez de recorrer ao poder computacional e pré-processamento como naquelas abordagens. Outro aspecto notável da nossa abordagem é que os componentes podem ser projetados como parte do processo de personalização através das funções de design. Isto implica que é possível dispor de um processo de customização eficiente sem comprometer a flexibilidade da família de produtos. Na conclusão deste trabalho, argumentamos que a nossa abordagem pode lidar com problemas de customização que estão fora da área de configuração de produtos. Dois apêndices também são adicionados à tese. Um deles é uma modelagem completa de uma família de produtos Chave de Transferência Automática (ATS) baseado em nossa abordagem. Este exemplo é usado no corpo principal da tese para ilustrar os conceitos que estão sendo introduzidos. A outra é uma implementação computacional do primeiro estágio do processo de customização da família de produtos ATS / Abstract: Product family is a key concept is the area of mass customisation. Although the design of a product family is a difficult and challenging task, to derive members of the product family to meet the requirements of individual customers can be a routine design task. In this work, we propose a formal approach to model the customisation of product families that achieves this goal. In fact, we are setting up a theory for the customization of product families. This approach is based on a knowledge framework for the representation of product families, which combines a generic product structure and a constraint network extended with design functions. The method for deriving members of the product family is a two-stage instantiation process. First, a solution to the constraint network model consistent with the customer requirements is found. Next, this solution is used to transform the generic product structure into a specific structure that corresponds to a member of the product family. In this work, we prove that if the constraint network model extended with design functions satisfies a few modelling conditions, then to find solutions become a backtrack-free process. Although there are other works in the literature that also claim to be backtrack-free, a remarkable fact about our approach is that we achieve this by the introduction of knowledge about the product family, instead of resorting to computational power and pre-processing as in those approaches. Another remarkable aspect of our approach is that components can be designed as part of the customisation process using the design functions. This implies that it is possible to have an efficient customisation process without compromising the flexibility of the product family. In the conclusion of this work, we argue that our approach can deal with customisation problems outside the product configuration area. Two appendixes are also added to the thesis. One is a compete modelling of the Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS) product family using our approach. This example is used in the main body of the thesis to illustrate the concepts that are being introduced. The other one is the computational implementation of the first-stage customisation process of the ATS product family / Doutorado / Telecomunicações e Telemática / Doutor em Engenharia Elétrica