In plural democratic societies, individuals or organizations often use all kinds of channels to express opinions to governments and tend to impact or change particular policies on behalf of themselves. Though it is ordinary phenomenon in democratic systems; while¡A the source is limited, and its distributions have been done to be as possibly fair as we can. If pressure groups lobby in policymaking process, it might lead in such problems as corruptions, tortuosity benefits feeding and illegalities, etc. It does not only decline the policy-making qualities, but also is unfair to the citizens. To prevent this kind of canker and to improve the fairness and justice of policymaking process, we should establish a system of adequate lobbying disclosure laws. In one hand, protecting people¡¦s rights to petite to public departments, the freedom to speak, the freedom to associate; in the other hand, making a lobbying and meaningful law that suits for the political environments. For the goals above, the article will discuss the theories about lobbying, the law making process of the lobbying law, and introduce the lobbying legist rations and experiences in America. Finally, the advance research developments and suggestions Are offered.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--State University of New York at Buffalo, 2006. / Adviser: Roger Des Forges. Includes bibliographical references (p. 363-390)

Eligible insolvency petition is the only way how to initiate insolvency proceedings and therefore to achieve the highest and usually proportional satisfaction of creditors claims of the debtor. The quality of administered insolvency petitions according to actual statistics may not match the requirements set out by the Insolvency Act and the decision-making practice of the courts. Because of this fact, my goal was mainly to point out the repetitive mistakes, which are made by insolvency petitors in administation, to define the particulars of such petitions, and to provide the instruction how to give the eligible petition for consideration. My diploma thesis is divided into five chapters, where there is a gradual refinement of the requirements for insolvency petition. The first part includes basic definition of decline and impending bankruptcy when these institutions are a precondition for the commencement of insolvency proceedings and insolvency petitioner in its proposal must say that the debtor is insolvent, or that it may threaten him. The second chapter defines the decision of insolvency petition to be sure how the insolvency court may respond to such petitions, there is also a defined responsibility of insolvency petitioner for submission of undiscussed petition. The third chapter refers to...

Worldwide, representative democracies have been experiencing declining levels of voter turnout, lower membership levels in political parties, and apathy towards their respective political systems and their ability to influence the political process. E-democracy, and specifically E-petitioning, have been touted as a possible solution to this problem by scholars of electoral systems. In 1999, the Scottish Parliament reconvened for the first time in nearly three hundred years, and quickly set out to change the way politics were handled in Scotland by launching the world's first online E-petition system. Analyzing the Scottish Parliament's E-petition system, and assessing the extent to which it fulfilled the aspiration and goals of its designers serves as a litmus test to see whether it is an effective medium to increase public political participation, and whether it could be replicated in other democratic countries. Data was collected from the Scottish Parliament's E-petitioning website, which hosts all the E-petitions and details of who signed them, each E-petition's path through the Parliament, who sponsored the petition, and other important information. Since success of an E-petition is highly subjective due to the original petitioner's own desired goals, three case studies of E-petitions and a data analysis were utilized to evaluate the system. Results suggest that the Scottish Parliament's E-petition system has engaged Scots in the political process, given them a medium to participate in meaningful policy formulation, and produced tangible changes in policy through E-petitions.

The goal of this thesis is to explain the conception of the insolvency petition and to solve issues arising from the misuse of the insolvency petition including the motivation to file such an unlawful claim. Under the Czech law, the Insolvency petition is an important part of the insolvency proceedings that are initiated at the moment when an insolvency court receives the insolvency petition. Particular legal requirements of the insolvency petition, which would be able to initiate demanded consequences, were analysed step by step in this thesis too. Differences between the situations when the insolvency proceedings were initiated by the creditor or by the debtor were also specified. Significant part of this thesis deals with matters relating to the misuse of the insolvency petition. The overview of the principle of misuse of law in civil law was given at the beginning of this part. One of the objects of the chapter was also to determine the motivation to submit an unlawful insolvency petition as well as the characteristics of this illegal claim. Subsequently, the possibilities of defense against the unlawful insolvency petition were stated. Some of these defence mechanisms are explicitly mentioned in the Act No. 182/2006 Coll., on Insolvency and methods of its Resolution (Insolvency Act), the rest...

Petitions of different kinds are emerging as an increasingly used source for studies of early modern Sweden and beyond. Supplications offer historians great opportunities to examine claims coming from people of various backgrounds, and the larger complex of contemporary ideas these arguments were built on. In these documents, petitioners often bring up the issue of poverty. The purpose of the thesis has been to elucidate this language of poverty and the ideas and values behind its invocation, through studying how people described and used it in their communication with the County Administration of Uppsala between 1730 and 1734. The study has shown that statements of poverty were deployed by a large variety of people, but women were more prone to speak about it than men, especially in echelons above the peasantry. Poverty was used in several ways: to denote a subordinate relation in the social hierarchy, as an enhancer of plight or as something which was not deserved as the petitioners had fulfilled the duties expected of them. By calling themselves poor or emphasizing their blameless destitution, supplicants could ask for the County governor’s protection, try to establish themselves as deserving of help or invoke notions of Christian compassion. Behind the statements of poverty lay ideas of hierarchy and reciprocity set out in the Lutheran Table of Duties, which provided a base for the supplicants’ claims for help.

Zugl.: Leipzig, Univ., Diss., 2007 u.d.T.: Graf, Philipp: Diplomatie ohne Staat

Zugl.: Berlin, Freie Universiẗat, Diss., 2006.

Univ., Diss.--Göttingen, 2000.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Johns Hopkins University, 1925. / Vita. Published also as Johns Hopkins university studies in historical and political science, ser. XLV, no. 1. Includes bibliographical references.